Durability Study of Pultruded CFRP Plates under Sustained Bending in Distilled Water and Seawater Immersions: Effects on the Visco-Elastic Properties
This paper presents effects of distilled water, seawater
and sustained bending strains of 30% and 50% ultimate strain at
room temperature, on the durability of unidirectional pultruded
carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates. In this study,
dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) was used to investigate the
synergic effects of the immersions and bending strains on the viscoelastic
properties of (CFRP) such as storage modulus, tan delta and
glass transition temperature. The study reveals that the storage
modulus and glass transition temperature increase while tan delta
peak decreases in the initial stage of both immersions due to the
progression of curing. The storage modulus and Tg subsequently
decrease and tan delta increases due to the matrix plasticization. The
blister induced damages in the unstrained seawater samples enhance
water uptake and cause more serious degradation of Tg and storage
modulus than in water immersion. Increasing sustained bending
decreases Tg and storage modulus in a long run for both immersions
due to resin matrix cracking and debonding. The combined effects of
immersions and strains are not clearly reflected due to the statistical
effects of DMA sample sizes and competing processes of molecular
reorientation and postcuring.
[1] J. Renard, AR Bunsell, Fundamentals of Fibre Reinforced Composite
Materials (Materials Science and Engineering. Bristol and Philadelphia,
Institute of Physics Publishing, 2005. [2] M. A. Masuelli, Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied
for Concrete Repair. San Luis: CC BY 3.0, 2013.
[3] L. l. Ravi Jain, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for
Infrastructure Applications. Focusing on Innovation, Technology
Implementation and Sustainability. Dordrecht Heidelberg London New
York: Springer 2012.
[4] G. M. Shoshana Neumann "Free-volume dependent moisture diffusion
under stress in composite materials," Journal of materials Science, vol.
21, 1986, pp. 26-30.
[5] A. K. Choi, "Hygroscopic aspects of epoxy/carbon fiber composite
laminates in aircraft environments," Composites Part A:Applied Science
and Manufacturing, vol. 32, 2001, pp. 709-720,.
[6] E. Pérez-Pacheco, "Effect of moisture absorption on the mechanical
behavior of carbon fiber/epoxy matrix composites," journal of material
science, vol. 48, 2013 pp. 1873-1882.
[7] M. J. Adamson, "Thermal Expansion and Swelling of Cured Epoxy
Resin Used in Graphite/Epoxy Composite Materials," Journal of
materials science, vol. 15, 1980 pp. 1736-1745.
[8] S. Christopher L, Fernando T, "Contributions of the Nanovoid Structure
to the Kinetics of Moisture Transport in Epoxy Resins," Journal of
Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics, vol. 38, 2000, pp. 776-791.
[9] A. F. Y. Christopher L. Soles, "A Discussion of the Molecular
Mechanisms of Moisture Transport in Epoxy Resins," Journal of
Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics, vol. 38, 2000,pp. 792-802
[10] V. M. Karbhari, Guijun Xian, "DMTA Based Investigation of
Hygrothermal Ageing of an Epoxy System Used in Rehabilitation,"
Journal of applied polymer science, vol. 104, 2006, pp. 1084-1094.
[11] Guijun Xian, "Segmental relaxation of water-aged ambient cured
epoxy," Polymer Degradation and Stability vol. 92, 2007,pp. 1650-
1659.
[12] G. Youssef, F. Jacquemin, "Stress-dependent Moisture Diffusion in
Composite Materials Journal of Composite Materials" Journal of
Composite Materials, vol. 43, 2009, pp. 1621-1637.
[13] Guijun Xian, "Effects of immersion and sustained bending on water
absorption and thermomechanical properties of ultraviolet cured glass
fiber-reinforced acylate polymer composites," Composite Materials, vol.
47, 2013, pp. 2275-2285.
[14] C.Helbling, VM Karbhari"Durability Assessment of Combined
Environmental Exposure and Bending,American concrete institute"
American concrete institute, vol. 230, 2005, pp. 1397-1418,.
[15] Anil Kumar, Fundamentals of Polymer Engineering, New York • Basel:
Marcel Dekker, Inc, 2003.
[16] A.Montazeri, "Viscoelastic and mechanical properties of multi walled
carbon nanotube/epoxy composites with different nanotube content,"
Jounal of material and design, vol. 32, 2011,pp. 2301-2307.
[17] FN. Kelley, "Viscosity and glass temperature relations for polymerdiluent
systems," Journal of Polymer Science, vol. 50, 1961, pp. 549-
556.
[18] Jiming Zhou, "Hygrothermal effects of epoxy resin. Part II: variations of
glass transition temperature," Polymer, vol. 40, 1998, pp. 5513-5522.
[19] S. K. Miriyala, "Galvanic blistering in carbon fiber polymer
composites," Doctor of Philosophy, Chemical Engineering, University
of Rhode Island, Kingston USA, 1994.
[20] N.Venkateshwaran "Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of
Woven Banana/Epoxy Composite," Journal of polymer environment,
vol. 20, 2012, pp. 565-572.
[1] J. Renard, AR Bunsell, Fundamentals of Fibre Reinforced Composite
Materials (Materials Science and Engineering. Bristol and Philadelphia,
Institute of Physics Publishing, 2005. [2] M. A. Masuelli, Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied
for Concrete Repair. San Luis: CC BY 3.0, 2013.
[3] L. l. Ravi Jain, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for
Infrastructure Applications. Focusing on Innovation, Technology
Implementation and Sustainability. Dordrecht Heidelberg London New
York: Springer 2012.
[4] G. M. Shoshana Neumann "Free-volume dependent moisture diffusion
under stress in composite materials," Journal of materials Science, vol.
21, 1986, pp. 26-30.
[5] A. K. Choi, "Hygroscopic aspects of epoxy/carbon fiber composite
laminates in aircraft environments," Composites Part A:Applied Science
and Manufacturing, vol. 32, 2001, pp. 709-720,.
[6] E. Pérez-Pacheco, "Effect of moisture absorption on the mechanical
behavior of carbon fiber/epoxy matrix composites," journal of material
science, vol. 48, 2013 pp. 1873-1882.
[7] M. J. Adamson, "Thermal Expansion and Swelling of Cured Epoxy
Resin Used in Graphite/Epoxy Composite Materials," Journal of
materials science, vol. 15, 1980 pp. 1736-1745.
[8] S. Christopher L, Fernando T, "Contributions of the Nanovoid Structure
to the Kinetics of Moisture Transport in Epoxy Resins," Journal of
Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics, vol. 38, 2000, pp. 776-791.
[9] A. F. Y. Christopher L. Soles, "A Discussion of the Molecular
Mechanisms of Moisture Transport in Epoxy Resins," Journal of
Polymer Science: Part B: Polymer Physics, vol. 38, 2000,pp. 792-802
[10] V. M. Karbhari, Guijun Xian, "DMTA Based Investigation of
Hygrothermal Ageing of an Epoxy System Used in Rehabilitation,"
Journal of applied polymer science, vol. 104, 2006, pp. 1084-1094.
[11] Guijun Xian, "Segmental relaxation of water-aged ambient cured
epoxy," Polymer Degradation and Stability vol. 92, 2007,pp. 1650-
1659.
[12] G. Youssef, F. Jacquemin, "Stress-dependent Moisture Diffusion in
Composite Materials Journal of Composite Materials" Journal of
Composite Materials, vol. 43, 2009, pp. 1621-1637.
[13] Guijun Xian, "Effects of immersion and sustained bending on water
absorption and thermomechanical properties of ultraviolet cured glass
fiber-reinforced acylate polymer composites," Composite Materials, vol.
47, 2013, pp. 2275-2285.
[14] C.Helbling, VM Karbhari"Durability Assessment of Combined
Environmental Exposure and Bending,American concrete institute"
American concrete institute, vol. 230, 2005, pp. 1397-1418,.
[15] Anil Kumar, Fundamentals of Polymer Engineering, New York • Basel:
Marcel Dekker, Inc, 2003.
[16] A.Montazeri, "Viscoelastic and mechanical properties of multi walled
carbon nanotube/epoxy composites with different nanotube content,"
Jounal of material and design, vol. 32, 2011,pp. 2301-2307.
[17] FN. Kelley, "Viscosity and glass temperature relations for polymerdiluent
systems," Journal of Polymer Science, vol. 50, 1961, pp. 549-
556.
[18] Jiming Zhou, "Hygrothermal effects of epoxy resin. Part II: variations of
glass transition temperature," Polymer, vol. 40, 1998, pp. 5513-5522.
[19] S. K. Miriyala, "Galvanic blistering in carbon fiber polymer
composites," Doctor of Philosophy, Chemical Engineering, University
of Rhode Island, Kingston USA, 1994.
[20] N.Venkateshwaran "Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of
Woven Banana/Epoxy Composite," Journal of polymer environment,
vol. 20, 2012, pp. 565-572.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:69706", author = "Innocent Kafodya and Guijun Xian", title = "Durability Study of Pultruded CFRP Plates under Sustained Bending in Distilled Water and Seawater Immersions: Effects on the Visco-Elastic Properties", abstract = "This paper presents effects of distilled water, seawater
and sustained bending strains of 30% and 50% ultimate strain at
room temperature, on the durability of unidirectional pultruded
carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates. In this study,
dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) was used to investigate the
synergic effects of the immersions and bending strains on the viscoelastic
properties of (CFRP) such as storage modulus, tan delta and
glass transition temperature. The study reveals that the storage
modulus and glass transition temperature increase while tan delta
peak decreases in the initial stage of both immersions due to the
progression of curing. The storage modulus and Tg subsequently
decrease and tan delta increases due to the matrix plasticization. The
blister induced damages in the unstrained seawater samples enhance
water uptake and cause more serious degradation of Tg and storage
modulus than in water immersion. Increasing sustained bending
decreases Tg and storage modulus in a long run for both immersions
due to resin matrix cracking and debonding. The combined effects of
immersions and strains are not clearly reflected due to the statistical
effects of DMA sample sizes and competing processes of molecular
reorientation and postcuring.
", keywords = "Pultruded CFRP plate, bending strain, glass
transition temperature, storage modulus, tan delta.", volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "141-7", }
