Cognitive Landscape of Values – Understanding the Information Contents of Mental Representations
The values of managers and employees in organizations are phenomena that have captured the interest of researchers at large. Despite this attention, there continues to be a lack of agreement on what values are and how they influence individuals, or how they are constituted in individuals- mind. In this article content-based approach is presented as alternative reference frame for exploring values. In content-based approach human thinking in different contexts is set at the focal point. Differences in valuations can be explained through the information contents of mental representations. In addition to the information contents, attention is devoted to those cognitive processes through which mental representations of values are constructed. Such informational contents are in decisive role for understanding human behavior. By applying content-based analysis to an examination of values as mental representations, it is possible to reach a deeper to the motivational foundation of behaviors, such as decision making in organizational procedures, through understanding the structure and meanings of specific values at play.
[1] J. Maksimainen & P. Saariluoma, "How Human Resource Management
and Human Capital Management Influence Corporate Social
Responsibility," The International Journal of Knowledge, Culture and
Change Management, Vol. 10, 2, pp. 111-126, 2010.
[2] S. Schwartz & W. Bilsky, "Toward a Universal Psychological Structure
of Human Values," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.
53, 3, pp. 550-562, 1987.
[3] C. Kluckhohn, "Values and Value Orientations in the Theory of Action:
An Exploration in Definition and Classification," in T. Parsons & E.A.
Shills (eds.), Toward a General Theory of Action. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, pp. 388-433, 1951/1954.
[4] M. Rokeach, The Nature of Human Values. A Theory of Organization
and Change. New York, NY: The Free Press, 1973.
[5] R.H. Kilmann, "Toward a Unique/Useful Concept of Values for
Interpersonal Behavior: A Critical Review of the Literature on Value,"
Psychological Reports, Vol. 48, pp. 939-959, 1981.
[6] G.W. England, "Personal Values Systems of American Managers,"
Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 10, pp. 107-117, 1967.
[7] W.A. Scott, Values and Organizations. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally,
1965.
[8] M. Rokeach, Beliefs, Attitudes and Values. San Francisco, Washington,
London: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1968.
[9] E.A. Locke, "The Nature and Consequences of Job Satisfaction," in
M.D. Dunnette (ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational
Psychology, pp. 1297-1349. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976.
[10] E.H. Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass, 1985.
[11] R.M. Jr. Williams, "Change and Stability in Values and Value Systems:
A Sociological Perspective," in M. Rokeach (ed.), Understanding
Human Values. New York, NY: Free Press, pp. 15-46, 1979.
[12] L. Postman, J.S. Bruner & E. McGinnies, "Personal Values as Selective
Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,
Vol. 43, pp. 142-154, 1948.
[13] W.R. Nord, A.P. Brief, J.M. Atieh & E.M. Doherty, "Work Values and
the Conduct of Organizational Behavior," in B. Staw & L. Cummings
(eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 9, pp. 1-42.
Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1988.
[14] S. Epstein, "The Stability of Behavior: 1. On Predicting Most of the
People Much of the Time," Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, Vol. 37, pp. 1097-1126, 1979.
[15] T.R. Mitchell & W.G. Scott, "America-s Problems and Needed Reforms:
Confronting the Ethic of Personal Advantage," Academy of Management
Executive, Vol. 4, pp. 23-35, 1990.
[16] T.R. Mitchell & M. O-Neal, "Managing by Values: Is Levi Strauss-
Approach Visionary - or Flaky?" Business Week, Aug. 1, pp. 46-52,
1994.
[17] C.A. O-Reilly & J.A. Chatman, "Culture as Social Control:
Corporations, Cults and Commitment," in B. Staw & L. Cummings
(eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 8, pp. 157-200.
Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1996.
[18] M. Rokeach & S.J. Ball-Rokeach, "Stability and Change in American
Values, 1969-1981," in American Psychologist, Vol. 44, pp. 775-784,
1989.
[19] P.E. Connor & B.W. Becker, “Values and the Organization: Suggestions
for Research,” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 550-561,
1979.
[20] P.E. Connor & B.W. Becker, “Personal Values and Management: What
Do We Know and Why Don’t We Know More?” Journal of
Management Inquiry, Vol. 3, pp. 67-73, 1994.
[21] C. Argyris & D.A. Schön, Organizational Learning. Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley, 1978.
[22] P.S. Goodman, E.C. Ravlin & L. Argote, “Current Thinking about
Groups: Setting the Stage for New Ideas,” in P.S. Goodman &
Associates (eds.), Designing Effective Work Groups. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass, 1986.
[23] D.G. Zytowski, “The Concept of Work Values,” Vocational Guidance
Quarterly, Vol. 18, pp. 176-186, 1970.
[24] R.G.L. Pryor,“Tracing the Development of the Work Aspect Preference
Scale,” Australian Psychologist, Vol. 16, pp. 241-257, 1981.
[25] R.H. Fazio & M.P. Zanna, “Direct Experience and Attitude-Behavior
Consistency,” in L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social
Psychology, Vol. 14, pp. 161-202, 1981.
[26] A. Bandura, Social Learning Theory. Morristown, NJ: General Learning
Press, 1977.
[27] S.L. Payne, “Organizational Ethics and Antecedents to Social Control
Processes,” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 5, pp. 409-414,
1980.
[28] G. Hofstede, “The Cultural Relativity of the Quality of Life Concept,”
Academy of Management Review, Vol. 9, pp. 389-398, 1984.
[29] T.M. Jones, “Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations:
An Issue Contingent Model,” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16,
pp. 366-395, 1991.
[30] D.E. Super, “The Work Values Inventory,” in D.G. Zytowski (ed.),
Contemporary Approaches to Interest Measurement. Minneapolis, MN:
University of Minnesota Press, pp. 189-205, 1973.
[31] R.G.L. Pryor, “In Search of a Concept: Work Values,” Vocational
Guidance Quarterly, Vol. 27, pp. 250-256, 1979.
[32] T.A. Judge & R.D. Bretz, “Effects of Work Values on Job Choice
Decisions,“ Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 77, pp. 261-271, 1992.
[33] M.A. Brown, “Values – A Necessary but Neglected Ingredient of
Motivation on the Job,” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 3, pp.
15-23, 1976.
[34] G.K. Saul, “Business Ethics: Where Are We Going?” Academy of
Management Review, Vol. 6, pp. 269-276, 1981.
[35] J. Maksimainen, Aspects of Values in Human-Technology Interaction
Design – A Content-Based View to Values. University of Jyväskylä:
Jyväskylä Studies in Computing, 144, 2011.
[36] D. Koehn, The Ground of Professional Ethics. London: Routledge,
1994.
[37] E. Levinas, Entre Nous: On Thinking-of-the-Other. Transl. M. B. Smith
& B. Harshav. London: Athlone Press, 1998.
[38] K. Nevala, Content-Based Design Engineering Thinking. In the Search
for Approach. University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä: Jyväskylä Studies in
Computing 60, 2005.
[39] N.P. Suh, The Principles of Design. New York, NY: Oxford University
Press, 1990.
[40] U. Lindemann, Methodische Entwicklung Technischer Producte. Berlin:
Springer, 2005.
[41] P. Saariluoma & K. Nevala, “The Focus of Content-Based Approach to
Design Engineering – A Reply to Eder,” AEDS Workshop Proceedings,
University of Western Bohemia: Pilsen, pp. 105-110, 2006.
[42] P. Saariluoma, K. Nevala & M. Karvinen, ”Content-Based Analysis of
Modes in Design Engineering,” J.S. Gero (ed.) Design, Computing and
Cognition ’06, The Netherlands: Springer, pp. 325-344, 2006.
[43] P. Saariluoma, K. Kaario, K. Miettinen & M.M. Mäkelä, ”Mental
Contents in Interacting with a Multi-Objective Optimization Program,”
International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction, Vol. 4, pp.
43-67, 2008.
[44] H.A. Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1969.
[45] O. Akin, The Psychology of Architectural Design. London: Pion, 1990.
[46] N. Cross, H. Christiaans & K. Dorst, Analyzing Design Activity. New
York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
[47] M. Kavalki & J.S. Gero, ”Strategic Knowledge Differences between an
Expert and a Novice Designer,” in. U. Lindeman (ed.) Human Behaviour in Design. Individuals, Teams, Tools. Berlin: Springer, pp.
42-52, 2003.
[48] B. Tversky, “Sketches for Design and Design for Sketches,” in U.
Lindemann (ed.) Human Behavior in Design. Individuals, Teams, Tools.
Berlin: Springer, pp. 25-41, 2003.
[49] W. Visser, “Dynamic Aspects of Individual Design Activities. A
Cognitive Ergonomics Viewpoint,” in U. Lindemann (ed.) Human
Behavior in Design. Individuals, Teams, Tools. Berlin: Springer, pp. 87-
96, 2003.
[50] P. Saariluoma, “Apperception and Restructuring in Chess Players’
Problem Solving,” in Gilhooly, K.J., Keane, M.T.G., Logie, R.H. &
Erdos, G. (eds.) Lines of thought: Reflections on the Psychology of
Thinking, London: Wiley, pp. 41-57, 1990.
[51] P. Saariluoma, Foundational Analysis. London: Routledge, 1997.
[52] P. Saariluoma, “Chess and Content-Oriented Psychology of Thinking,”
Psicologia, Vol. 22, pp. 143-164, 2001.
[53] P. Saariluoma, Chess players’ thinking. London: Routledge, 1995.
[54] P. Saariluoma, “Does Classification Explicate the Contents of
Concepts?” In I. Pyysiäinen & V. Anttonen (eds.) Current Approaches
in the Cognitive Science of Religion. London: Continuum, pp. 229-259,
2002.
[55] P. Saariluoma & I. Maarttola, “Spatial Mental Content and Visual
Design,” in J.S. Gero, B. Tversky & T. Purcell (eds.) Visual and Spatial
Reasoning in Design II. Sydney: Key Centre of Design Computing and
Cognition, University of Sydney, 2001.
[56] P. Saariluoma & I. Maarttola, ”Errors and Functional Reasons in
Architectural Design,” Journal of Architectural and Planning Research,
Vol. 20, pp. 344-354, 2003a.
[57] P. Saariluoma & I. Maarttola, “Stumbling Blocks in Novice Building
Design,” Journal of Architectural and Planning Design, Vol. 20, pp.
344-354, 2003b.
[58] N. Carroll, “Aesthetic Experience. A Question of Content,” in M. Kieran
(ed.) Contemporary Debates in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art.
Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 69-97, 2006.
[59] A. Newell & H.A. Simon, Human Problem Solving. Engelwood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972.
[60] D.A. Allport, “Patterns of Actions: Cognitive Mechanisms Are Content
Specific,” in G. Claxton (ed.) Cognitive Psychology. New Directions.
London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 26-64, 1980.
[61] D. Broadbent, Perception and Communication. London: Pergamon
Press, 1958.
[62] R. Atkinson & R. Shiffrin, “Human Memory. A Proposed System,” in
K.W. Spence & J.T. Spence (eds.) The Psychology of Learning and
Motivation, Vol. 2, pp. 89-195. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1968.
[63] D.A. Norman, Memory and Attention. An Introduction to Human
Information Processing. New York, NY: Wiley & Sons, 1969.
[64] A.D. Baddeley & G. Hitch, “Working Memory,” in G. Bower (ed.) The
Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 8, pp. 47-89. New York,
NY: Academic Press, 1974.
[65] D. Billman, “Representations,” in W. Bechtel & G. Graham (eds.) A
Companion to Cognitive Science. Malden, Oxford, Victoria: Blackwell,
pp. 649-659, 1998.
[66] A.D. Baddeley, “The influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on
long-term memory for word sequences,” The Quarterly Journal of
Experimental Psychology, Vol. 18, 4, pp. 302–309, 1966.
[67] E. Tulving, “Episodic and Semantic Memory,” in E. Tulving & W.
Donaldson (eds.) Organization of Memory. New York, NY: Academic
Press, pp. 381-403, 1972.
[68] E. Tulving, Elements of Episodic Memory. Oxford & New York, NY:
Clarendon Press & Oxford University Press, 1983.
[69] R.L. Solso, The Psychology of Art and the Evolution of the Conscious
Brain. Cambridge & London: A Bradford Book & The MIT Press, 2003.
[70] E. Rosch, “Classification of Real-World Objects: Origins and
Representations in Cognition,” in P.N. Johnson-Laird & P.C. Wason
(eds.),Thinking. Readings in Cognitive Science. Cambridge, London,
New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, pp. 212-222, 1977.
[71] R. Barrett, Building a Values-Driven Organisation: A Whole System
Approach to Cultural Transformation, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston,
2006.
[72] R.L. Keeney, “Creativity in Decision Making with Value-Focused
Thinking.” Sloan Management Review,Vol. 35, pp. 33-41, 1994.
[73] P. Selznick, Leadership in Administration: A Sociological
Interpretation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957.
[74] P. Cappelli, “Is the "Skills Gap" Really About Attitudes?” California
Management Review, Vol. 37, pp. 108-124, 1995.
[75] J. Barker, “Tightening the Iron Cage: Concertive Control in Self-
Managing Teams,” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 38, pp.
408-437, 1993.
[1] J. Maksimainen & P. Saariluoma, "How Human Resource Management
and Human Capital Management Influence Corporate Social
Responsibility," The International Journal of Knowledge, Culture and
Change Management, Vol. 10, 2, pp. 111-126, 2010.
[2] S. Schwartz & W. Bilsky, "Toward a Universal Psychological Structure
of Human Values," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.
53, 3, pp. 550-562, 1987.
[3] C. Kluckhohn, "Values and Value Orientations in the Theory of Action:
An Exploration in Definition and Classification," in T. Parsons & E.A.
Shills (eds.), Toward a General Theory of Action. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, pp. 388-433, 1951/1954.
[4] M. Rokeach, The Nature of Human Values. A Theory of Organization
and Change. New York, NY: The Free Press, 1973.
[5] R.H. Kilmann, "Toward a Unique/Useful Concept of Values for
Interpersonal Behavior: A Critical Review of the Literature on Value,"
Psychological Reports, Vol. 48, pp. 939-959, 1981.
[6] G.W. England, "Personal Values Systems of American Managers,"
Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 10, pp. 107-117, 1967.
[7] W.A. Scott, Values and Organizations. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally,
1965.
[8] M. Rokeach, Beliefs, Attitudes and Values. San Francisco, Washington,
London: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1968.
[9] E.A. Locke, "The Nature and Consequences of Job Satisfaction," in
M.D. Dunnette (ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational
Psychology, pp. 1297-1349. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976.
[10] E.H. Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass, 1985.
[11] R.M. Jr. Williams, "Change and Stability in Values and Value Systems:
A Sociological Perspective," in M. Rokeach (ed.), Understanding
Human Values. New York, NY: Free Press, pp. 15-46, 1979.
[12] L. Postman, J.S. Bruner & E. McGinnies, "Personal Values as Selective
Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology,
Vol. 43, pp. 142-154, 1948.
[13] W.R. Nord, A.P. Brief, J.M. Atieh & E.M. Doherty, "Work Values and
the Conduct of Organizational Behavior," in B. Staw & L. Cummings
(eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 9, pp. 1-42.
Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1988.
[14] S. Epstein, "The Stability of Behavior: 1. On Predicting Most of the
People Much of the Time," Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, Vol. 37, pp. 1097-1126, 1979.
[15] T.R. Mitchell & W.G. Scott, "America-s Problems and Needed Reforms:
Confronting the Ethic of Personal Advantage," Academy of Management
Executive, Vol. 4, pp. 23-35, 1990.
[16] T.R. Mitchell & M. O-Neal, "Managing by Values: Is Levi Strauss-
Approach Visionary - or Flaky?" Business Week, Aug. 1, pp. 46-52,
1994.
[17] C.A. O-Reilly & J.A. Chatman, "Culture as Social Control:
Corporations, Cults and Commitment," in B. Staw & L. Cummings
(eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 8, pp. 157-200.
Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1996.
[18] M. Rokeach & S.J. Ball-Rokeach, "Stability and Change in American
Values, 1969-1981," in American Psychologist, Vol. 44, pp. 775-784,
1989.
[19] P.E. Connor & B.W. Becker, “Values and the Organization: Suggestions
for Research,” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 550-561,
1979.
[20] P.E. Connor & B.W. Becker, “Personal Values and Management: What
Do We Know and Why Don’t We Know More?” Journal of
Management Inquiry, Vol. 3, pp. 67-73, 1994.
[21] C. Argyris & D.A. Schön, Organizational Learning. Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley, 1978.
[22] P.S. Goodman, E.C. Ravlin & L. Argote, “Current Thinking about
Groups: Setting the Stage for New Ideas,” in P.S. Goodman &
Associates (eds.), Designing Effective Work Groups. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass, 1986.
[23] D.G. Zytowski, “The Concept of Work Values,” Vocational Guidance
Quarterly, Vol. 18, pp. 176-186, 1970.
[24] R.G.L. Pryor,“Tracing the Development of the Work Aspect Preference
Scale,” Australian Psychologist, Vol. 16, pp. 241-257, 1981.
[25] R.H. Fazio & M.P. Zanna, “Direct Experience and Attitude-Behavior
Consistency,” in L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social
Psychology, Vol. 14, pp. 161-202, 1981.
[26] A. Bandura, Social Learning Theory. Morristown, NJ: General Learning
Press, 1977.
[27] S.L. Payne, “Organizational Ethics and Antecedents to Social Control
Processes,” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 5, pp. 409-414,
1980.
[28] G. Hofstede, “The Cultural Relativity of the Quality of Life Concept,”
Academy of Management Review, Vol. 9, pp. 389-398, 1984.
[29] T.M. Jones, “Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations:
An Issue Contingent Model,” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 16,
pp. 366-395, 1991.
[30] D.E. Super, “The Work Values Inventory,” in D.G. Zytowski (ed.),
Contemporary Approaches to Interest Measurement. Minneapolis, MN:
University of Minnesota Press, pp. 189-205, 1973.
[31] R.G.L. Pryor, “In Search of a Concept: Work Values,” Vocational
Guidance Quarterly, Vol. 27, pp. 250-256, 1979.
[32] T.A. Judge & R.D. Bretz, “Effects of Work Values on Job Choice
Decisions,“ Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 77, pp. 261-271, 1992.
[33] M.A. Brown, “Values – A Necessary but Neglected Ingredient of
Motivation on the Job,” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 3, pp.
15-23, 1976.
[34] G.K. Saul, “Business Ethics: Where Are We Going?” Academy of
Management Review, Vol. 6, pp. 269-276, 1981.
[35] J. Maksimainen, Aspects of Values in Human-Technology Interaction
Design – A Content-Based View to Values. University of Jyväskylä:
Jyväskylä Studies in Computing, 144, 2011.
[36] D. Koehn, The Ground of Professional Ethics. London: Routledge,
1994.
[37] E. Levinas, Entre Nous: On Thinking-of-the-Other. Transl. M. B. Smith
& B. Harshav. London: Athlone Press, 1998.
[38] K. Nevala, Content-Based Design Engineering Thinking. In the Search
for Approach. University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä: Jyväskylä Studies in
Computing 60, 2005.
[39] N.P. Suh, The Principles of Design. New York, NY: Oxford University
Press, 1990.
[40] U. Lindemann, Methodische Entwicklung Technischer Producte. Berlin:
Springer, 2005.
[41] P. Saariluoma & K. Nevala, “The Focus of Content-Based Approach to
Design Engineering – A Reply to Eder,” AEDS Workshop Proceedings,
University of Western Bohemia: Pilsen, pp. 105-110, 2006.
[42] P. Saariluoma, K. Nevala & M. Karvinen, ”Content-Based Analysis of
Modes in Design Engineering,” J.S. Gero (ed.) Design, Computing and
Cognition ’06, The Netherlands: Springer, pp. 325-344, 2006.
[43] P. Saariluoma, K. Kaario, K. Miettinen & M.M. Mäkelä, ”Mental
Contents in Interacting with a Multi-Objective Optimization Program,”
International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction, Vol. 4, pp.
43-67, 2008.
[44] H.A. Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1969.
[45] O. Akin, The Psychology of Architectural Design. London: Pion, 1990.
[46] N. Cross, H. Christiaans & K. Dorst, Analyzing Design Activity. New
York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
[47] M. Kavalki & J.S. Gero, ”Strategic Knowledge Differences between an
Expert and a Novice Designer,” in. U. Lindeman (ed.) Human Behaviour in Design. Individuals, Teams, Tools. Berlin: Springer, pp.
42-52, 2003.
[48] B. Tversky, “Sketches for Design and Design for Sketches,” in U.
Lindemann (ed.) Human Behavior in Design. Individuals, Teams, Tools.
Berlin: Springer, pp. 25-41, 2003.
[49] W. Visser, “Dynamic Aspects of Individual Design Activities. A
Cognitive Ergonomics Viewpoint,” in U. Lindemann (ed.) Human
Behavior in Design. Individuals, Teams, Tools. Berlin: Springer, pp. 87-
96, 2003.
[50] P. Saariluoma, “Apperception and Restructuring in Chess Players’
Problem Solving,” in Gilhooly, K.J., Keane, M.T.G., Logie, R.H. &
Erdos, G. (eds.) Lines of thought: Reflections on the Psychology of
Thinking, London: Wiley, pp. 41-57, 1990.
[51] P. Saariluoma, Foundational Analysis. London: Routledge, 1997.
[52] P. Saariluoma, “Chess and Content-Oriented Psychology of Thinking,”
Psicologia, Vol. 22, pp. 143-164, 2001.
[53] P. Saariluoma, Chess players’ thinking. London: Routledge, 1995.
[54] P. Saariluoma, “Does Classification Explicate the Contents of
Concepts?” In I. Pyysiäinen & V. Anttonen (eds.) Current Approaches
in the Cognitive Science of Religion. London: Continuum, pp. 229-259,
2002.
[55] P. Saariluoma & I. Maarttola, “Spatial Mental Content and Visual
Design,” in J.S. Gero, B. Tversky & T. Purcell (eds.) Visual and Spatial
Reasoning in Design II. Sydney: Key Centre of Design Computing and
Cognition, University of Sydney, 2001.
[56] P. Saariluoma & I. Maarttola, ”Errors and Functional Reasons in
Architectural Design,” Journal of Architectural and Planning Research,
Vol. 20, pp. 344-354, 2003a.
[57] P. Saariluoma & I. Maarttola, “Stumbling Blocks in Novice Building
Design,” Journal of Architectural and Planning Design, Vol. 20, pp.
344-354, 2003b.
[58] N. Carroll, “Aesthetic Experience. A Question of Content,” in M. Kieran
(ed.) Contemporary Debates in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art.
Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 69-97, 2006.
[59] A. Newell & H.A. Simon, Human Problem Solving. Engelwood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972.
[60] D.A. Allport, “Patterns of Actions: Cognitive Mechanisms Are Content
Specific,” in G. Claxton (ed.) Cognitive Psychology. New Directions.
London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 26-64, 1980.
[61] D. Broadbent, Perception and Communication. London: Pergamon
Press, 1958.
[62] R. Atkinson & R. Shiffrin, “Human Memory. A Proposed System,” in
K.W. Spence & J.T. Spence (eds.) The Psychology of Learning and
Motivation, Vol. 2, pp. 89-195. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1968.
[63] D.A. Norman, Memory and Attention. An Introduction to Human
Information Processing. New York, NY: Wiley & Sons, 1969.
[64] A.D. Baddeley & G. Hitch, “Working Memory,” in G. Bower (ed.) The
Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Vol. 8, pp. 47-89. New York,
NY: Academic Press, 1974.
[65] D. Billman, “Representations,” in W. Bechtel & G. Graham (eds.) A
Companion to Cognitive Science. Malden, Oxford, Victoria: Blackwell,
pp. 649-659, 1998.
[66] A.D. Baddeley, “The influence of acoustic and semantic similarity on
long-term memory for word sequences,” The Quarterly Journal of
Experimental Psychology, Vol. 18, 4, pp. 302–309, 1966.
[67] E. Tulving, “Episodic and Semantic Memory,” in E. Tulving & W.
Donaldson (eds.) Organization of Memory. New York, NY: Academic
Press, pp. 381-403, 1972.
[68] E. Tulving, Elements of Episodic Memory. Oxford & New York, NY:
Clarendon Press & Oxford University Press, 1983.
[69] R.L. Solso, The Psychology of Art and the Evolution of the Conscious
Brain. Cambridge & London: A Bradford Book & The MIT Press, 2003.
[70] E. Rosch, “Classification of Real-World Objects: Origins and
Representations in Cognition,” in P.N. Johnson-Laird & P.C. Wason
(eds.),Thinking. Readings in Cognitive Science. Cambridge, London,
New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, pp. 212-222, 1977.
[71] R. Barrett, Building a Values-Driven Organisation: A Whole System
Approach to Cultural Transformation, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston,
2006.
[72] R.L. Keeney, “Creativity in Decision Making with Value-Focused
Thinking.” Sloan Management Review,Vol. 35, pp. 33-41, 1994.
[73] P. Selznick, Leadership in Administration: A Sociological
Interpretation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957.
[74] P. Cappelli, “Is the "Skills Gap" Really About Attitudes?” California
Management Review, Vol. 37, pp. 108-124, 1995.
[75] J. Barker, “Tightening the Iron Cage: Concertive Control in Self-
Managing Teams,” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 38, pp.
408-437, 1993.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:63087", author = "J. Maksimainen", title = "Cognitive Landscape of Values – Understanding the Information Contents of Mental Representations", abstract = "The values of managers and employees in organizations are phenomena that have captured the interest of researchers at large. Despite this attention, there continues to be a lack of agreement on what values are and how they influence individuals, or how they are constituted in individuals- mind. In this article content-based approach is presented as alternative reference frame for exploring values. In content-based approach human thinking in different contexts is set at the focal point. Differences in valuations can be explained through the information contents of mental representations. In addition to the information contents, attention is devoted to those cognitive processes through which mental representations of values are constructed. Such informational contents are in decisive role for understanding human behavior. By applying content-based analysis to an examination of values as mental representations, it is possible to reach a deeper to the motivational foundation of behaviors, such as decision making in organizational procedures, through understanding the structure and meanings of specific values at play.
", keywords = "Content-based Approach, Mental Content, Mental Representations, Organizational values, Values", volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "658-7", }
