Bed Evolution under One-Episode Flushing in a Truck Sewer in Paris, France
Sewer deposits have been identified as a major cause
of dysfunctions in combined sewer systems regarding sewer
management, which induces different negative consequents resulting
in poor hydraulic conveyance, environmental damages as well as
worker’s health. In order to overcome the problematics of
sedimentation, flushing has been considered as the most operative
and cost-effective way to minimize the sediments impacts and
prevent such challenges. Flushing, by prompting turbulent wave
effects, can modify the bed form depending on the hydraulic
properties and geometrical characteristics of the conduit. So far, the
dynamics of the bed-load during high-flow events in combined sewer
systems as a complex environment is not well understood, mostly due
to lack of measuring devices capable to work in the “hostile” in
combined sewer system correctly. In this regards, a one-episode
flushing issue from an opening gate valve with weir function was
carried out in a trunk sewer in Paris to understand its cleansing
efficiency on the sediments (thickness: 0-30 cm). During more than
1h of flushing within 5 m distance in downstream of this flushing
device, a maximum flowrate and a maximum level of water have
been recorded at 5 m in downstream of the gate as 4.1 m3/s and 2.1
m respectively. This paper is aimed to evaluate the efficiency of this
type of gate for around 1.1 km (from the point -50 m to +1050 m in
downstream from the gate) by (i) determining bed grain-size
distribution and sediments evolution through the sewer channel, as
well as their organic matter content, and (ii) identifying sections that
exhibit more changes in their texture after the flush. For the first one,
two series of sampling were taken from the sewer length and then
analyzed in laboratory, one before flushing and second after, at same
points among the sewer channel. Hence, a non-intrusive sampling
instrument has undertaken to extract the sediments smaller than the
fine gravels. The comparison between sediments texture after the
flush operation and the initial state, revealed the most modified zones
by the flush effect, regarding the sewer invert slope and hydraulic
parameters in the zone up to 400 m from the gate. At this distance,
despite the increase of sediment grain-size rages, D50 (median grainsize)
varies between 0.6 mm and 1.1 mm compared to 0.8 mm and 10
mm before and after flushing, respectively. Overall, regarding the
sewer channel invert slope, results indicate that grains smaller than
sands (< 2 mm) are more transported to downstream along about 400
m from the gate: in average 69% before against 38% after the flush
with more dispersion of grain-sizes distributions. Furthermore, high
effect of the channel bed irregularities on the bed material evolution
has been observed after the flush.
[1] G. Chebbo, D. Laplace, A. Bachoc, Y. Sanchez, and B. Le Guennec,
‘Technical solutions envisaged in managing solids in combined sewer
networks’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 237–244, 1996.
[2] R. M. Ashley, J. L. Bertrand-Krajewski, T. Hvitved-Jacobsen, and M. A.
Verbanck, Solids in sewers - Characteristics, effects and control of
sewer solids and associated pollutants. 2005.
[3] W. C. Pisano, G. L. Aronson, C. S. Queiroz, F. C. Blanc, and J. C. O.
Shaughnessy, ‘Dry-weather deposition and flushing for combined
sewer’, 1979.
[4] J. L. Bertrand-Krajewski, A. Campisano, E. Creaco, and C. Modica,
‘Experimental analysis of the hydrass flushing gate and field validation
of flush propagation modelling.’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 51, no. 2, pp.
129–37, Jan. 2005.
[5] E. Ristenpart, ‘Solids transport by flushing of combined sewers’, Water
Sci. Technol., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 171–178, 1998.
[6] E. Ristenpart, ‘Sediment properties and their changes in a sewer’, Water
Sci. Technol., vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 77–83, 1995.
[7] Y. L. Lau and I. G. Droppo, ‘Influence of antecedent conditions on
critical shear stress of bed sediments’, Water Res., vol. 34, no. 2, pp.
663–667, 2000.
[8] R. H. S. M. Shirazi, R. Bouteligier, P. Willems, and J. Berlamont,
‘Preliminary results of investigating proper location of flushing tanks in
combined sewer networks for optimum effect’, in 11th international
Conference on Urban Drainage, 2008, pp. 1–9.
[9] A. Campisano and C. Modica, ‘Flow velocities and shear stresses during
flushing operations in sewer collectors.’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 47,
no. 4, pp. 123–8, Jan. 2003.
[10] A. Campisano, E. Creaco, and C. Modica, ‘Dimensionless approach for
the design of flushing gates in sewer channels’, J. Hydraul. Eng., vol.
133, no. 8, pp. 964–972, 2007.
[11] A. Campisano, E. Creaco, and C. Modica, ‘Laboratory investigation on
the effects of flushes on cohesive sediment beds’, Urban Water J., vol.
5, no. 1, pp. 3–14, Mar. 2008.
[12] C. H. J. Bong, T. L. Lau, and A. Ab Ghani, ‘Hydraulics characteristics
of tipping sediment flushing gate.’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 68, no. 11,
pp. 2397–406, Jan. 2013.
[13] A. Campisano, E. Creaco, and C. Modica, ‘Experimental analysis of the
Hydrass flushing gate and laboratory validation of flush propagation
modelling’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 54, no. 6–7, p. 101, Oct. 2006.
[14] S. Todeschini, C. Ciaponi, and S. Papiri, ‘Experimental and numerical
analysis of erosion and sediment transport of flushing waves’, pp. 1–10,
2008.
[15] J. Dettmar and P. Staufer, ‘Behavior of the activated storage-volume of
flushing waves on cleaning performance’, in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on
Urban Drainage, 2005, no. August, pp. 1–8.
[16] P. Balayn, ‘Modélisation du transfert de sédiments lors d’un lâcher d'eau
en réseau d'assainissement – approche numérique’, 1996.
[17] T. Sakakibara, ‘Sediments flushing experiment in a trunk sewer’, Water
Sci. Technol., vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 229–235, 1996.
[18] J. Dettmar and P. Staufer, ‘Modelling of Flushing Waves for Optimising
Cleaning Operations’, in Urban Drainage Modelling, 2004, pp. 241–
248.
[19] K. El Kadi A. and A. Paquier, ‘Numerical modeling of flushing waves in
sewer channels’, Novatech, vol. session 6., pp. 1285–1292, 2007.
[20] Q. Guo, C. Y. Fan, R. Raghaven, and R. Field, ‘Gate and Vacuum
Flushing of Sewer Sediment: Laboratory Testing’, J. Hydraul. Eng., vol.
130, no. 5, pp. 463–466, 2004.
[21] K. J. J. Williams, S. J. Tait, and R. M. Ashley, ‘In-sewer sedimentation
associated with active flow control’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 60, no. 1,
pp. 55–63, Jan. 2009.
[22] P. Staufer and J. Pinnekamp, ‘In situ measurements of shear stresses of a
flushing wave in a circular sewer using ultrasound’, Water Sci. Technol.,
vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 1363–1368, 2008.
[23] A. Lorenzen, E. Ristenpart, and W. Pfuhl, ‘Flush cleaning of sewers’,
Water Sci. Technol., vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 221–228, 1996.
[24] M. H. García, Sedimentation engineering. 2008.
[25] ORSTOM, ‘Méthodes d’analyses utilisées au laboratoire de physique
des sols.’
[26] P. Staufer, J. Dettmar, and J. Pinnekamp, ‘Upstream processes within a
flushing wave’, in Urban Drainage, 2008, no. 2005, pp. 1–10.
[27] H. Chamley, Sedimentology. Springer, 1990.
[28] R. W. Crabtree, ‘Sediments in Sewers’, Water Environ. J., vol. 3, no. 6,
pp. 569–578, 1989.
[29] M. Ahyerre, C. Oms, and G. Chebbo, ‘The erosion of organic solids in
combined sewers’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 43, pp. 95–102, 2001.
[30] D. Laplace, C. Oms, M. Ahyerre, G. Chebbo, J. Lemasson, and L.
Felouzis, ‘Removal of the organic surface layer in combined sewer
sediment using a flushing gate’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 47, no. 4, pp.
19–26, 2003.
[31] C. Oms, M. C. Gromaire, and G. Chebbo, ‘In situ observation of the
water-sediment interface in combined sewers, using endoscopy’, Water
Sci. Technol., vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 11–18, 2003.
[32] W. C. Pisano, J. Barsanti, and J. Joyce, ‘Sewer and Tank Sediment
Flushing, Case Studies’, no. December, p. 113, 1998. [33] J. L. Bertrand-Krajewski, J. P. Bardin, C. Gibello, and D. Laplace,
‘Hydraulics of a sewer flushing gate’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 47, no.
4, pp. 129–136, 2003.
[34] T. Walski, J. Falco, M. McAloon, and B. Whitman, ‘Transport of large
solids in unsteady flow in sewers’, Urban Water J., vol. 8, no. 3, pp.
179–187, Jun. 2011.
[35] P. Staufer, J. Dettmar, and J. Pinnekamp, ‘Improvement of water quality
by sewer network flushing’, Novatech, pp. 1317–1324, 2007.
[36] Www.meteociel.fr, ‘Meteociel.’.
[1] G. Chebbo, D. Laplace, A. Bachoc, Y. Sanchez, and B. Le Guennec,
‘Technical solutions envisaged in managing solids in combined sewer
networks’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 237–244, 1996.
[2] R. M. Ashley, J. L. Bertrand-Krajewski, T. Hvitved-Jacobsen, and M. A.
Verbanck, Solids in sewers - Characteristics, effects and control of
sewer solids and associated pollutants. 2005.
[3] W. C. Pisano, G. L. Aronson, C. S. Queiroz, F. C. Blanc, and J. C. O.
Shaughnessy, ‘Dry-weather deposition and flushing for combined
sewer’, 1979.
[4] J. L. Bertrand-Krajewski, A. Campisano, E. Creaco, and C. Modica,
‘Experimental analysis of the hydrass flushing gate and field validation
of flush propagation modelling.’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 51, no. 2, pp.
129–37, Jan. 2005.
[5] E. Ristenpart, ‘Solids transport by flushing of combined sewers’, Water
Sci. Technol., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 171–178, 1998.
[6] E. Ristenpart, ‘Sediment properties and their changes in a sewer’, Water
Sci. Technol., vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 77–83, 1995.
[7] Y. L. Lau and I. G. Droppo, ‘Influence of antecedent conditions on
critical shear stress of bed sediments’, Water Res., vol. 34, no. 2, pp.
663–667, 2000.
[8] R. H. S. M. Shirazi, R. Bouteligier, P. Willems, and J. Berlamont,
‘Preliminary results of investigating proper location of flushing tanks in
combined sewer networks for optimum effect’, in 11th international
Conference on Urban Drainage, 2008, pp. 1–9.
[9] A. Campisano and C. Modica, ‘Flow velocities and shear stresses during
flushing operations in sewer collectors.’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 47,
no. 4, pp. 123–8, Jan. 2003.
[10] A. Campisano, E. Creaco, and C. Modica, ‘Dimensionless approach for
the design of flushing gates in sewer channels’, J. Hydraul. Eng., vol.
133, no. 8, pp. 964–972, 2007.
[11] A. Campisano, E. Creaco, and C. Modica, ‘Laboratory investigation on
the effects of flushes on cohesive sediment beds’, Urban Water J., vol.
5, no. 1, pp. 3–14, Mar. 2008.
[12] C. H. J. Bong, T. L. Lau, and A. Ab Ghani, ‘Hydraulics characteristics
of tipping sediment flushing gate.’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 68, no. 11,
pp. 2397–406, Jan. 2013.
[13] A. Campisano, E. Creaco, and C. Modica, ‘Experimental analysis of the
Hydrass flushing gate and laboratory validation of flush propagation
modelling’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 54, no. 6–7, p. 101, Oct. 2006.
[14] S. Todeschini, C. Ciaponi, and S. Papiri, ‘Experimental and numerical
analysis of erosion and sediment transport of flushing waves’, pp. 1–10,
2008.
[15] J. Dettmar and P. Staufer, ‘Behavior of the activated storage-volume of
flushing waves on cleaning performance’, in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on
Urban Drainage, 2005, no. August, pp. 1–8.
[16] P. Balayn, ‘Modélisation du transfert de sédiments lors d’un lâcher d'eau
en réseau d'assainissement – approche numérique’, 1996.
[17] T. Sakakibara, ‘Sediments flushing experiment in a trunk sewer’, Water
Sci. Technol., vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 229–235, 1996.
[18] J. Dettmar and P. Staufer, ‘Modelling of Flushing Waves for Optimising
Cleaning Operations’, in Urban Drainage Modelling, 2004, pp. 241–
248.
[19] K. El Kadi A. and A. Paquier, ‘Numerical modeling of flushing waves in
sewer channels’, Novatech, vol. session 6., pp. 1285–1292, 2007.
[20] Q. Guo, C. Y. Fan, R. Raghaven, and R. Field, ‘Gate and Vacuum
Flushing of Sewer Sediment: Laboratory Testing’, J. Hydraul. Eng., vol.
130, no. 5, pp. 463–466, 2004.
[21] K. J. J. Williams, S. J. Tait, and R. M. Ashley, ‘In-sewer sedimentation
associated with active flow control’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 60, no. 1,
pp. 55–63, Jan. 2009.
[22] P. Staufer and J. Pinnekamp, ‘In situ measurements of shear stresses of a
flushing wave in a circular sewer using ultrasound’, Water Sci. Technol.,
vol. 57, no. 9, pp. 1363–1368, 2008.
[23] A. Lorenzen, E. Ristenpart, and W. Pfuhl, ‘Flush cleaning of sewers’,
Water Sci. Technol., vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 221–228, 1996.
[24] M. H. García, Sedimentation engineering. 2008.
[25] ORSTOM, ‘Méthodes d’analyses utilisées au laboratoire de physique
des sols.’
[26] P. Staufer, J. Dettmar, and J. Pinnekamp, ‘Upstream processes within a
flushing wave’, in Urban Drainage, 2008, no. 2005, pp. 1–10.
[27] H. Chamley, Sedimentology. Springer, 1990.
[28] R. W. Crabtree, ‘Sediments in Sewers’, Water Environ. J., vol. 3, no. 6,
pp. 569–578, 1989.
[29] M. Ahyerre, C. Oms, and G. Chebbo, ‘The erosion of organic solids in
combined sewers’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 43, pp. 95–102, 2001.
[30] D. Laplace, C. Oms, M. Ahyerre, G. Chebbo, J. Lemasson, and L.
Felouzis, ‘Removal of the organic surface layer in combined sewer
sediment using a flushing gate’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 47, no. 4, pp.
19–26, 2003.
[31] C. Oms, M. C. Gromaire, and G. Chebbo, ‘In situ observation of the
water-sediment interface in combined sewers, using endoscopy’, Water
Sci. Technol., vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 11–18, 2003.
[32] W. C. Pisano, J. Barsanti, and J. Joyce, ‘Sewer and Tank Sediment
Flushing, Case Studies’, no. December, p. 113, 1998. [33] J. L. Bertrand-Krajewski, J. P. Bardin, C. Gibello, and D. Laplace,
‘Hydraulics of a sewer flushing gate’, Water Sci. Technol., vol. 47, no.
4, pp. 129–136, 2003.
[34] T. Walski, J. Falco, M. McAloon, and B. Whitman, ‘Transport of large
solids in unsteady flow in sewers’, Urban Water J., vol. 8, no. 3, pp.
179–187, Jun. 2011.
[35] P. Staufer, J. Dettmar, and J. Pinnekamp, ‘Improvement of water quality
by sewer network flushing’, Novatech, pp. 1317–1324, 2007.
[36] Www.meteociel.fr, ‘Meteociel.’.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:70762", author = "Gashin Shahsavari and Gilles Arnaud-Fassetta and Roberto Bertilotti and Alberto Campisano and Fabien Riou", title = "Bed Evolution under One-Episode Flushing in a Truck Sewer in Paris, France", abstract = "Sewer deposits have been identified as a major cause
of dysfunctions in combined sewer systems regarding sewer
management, which induces different negative consequents resulting
in poor hydraulic conveyance, environmental damages as well as
worker’s health. In order to overcome the problematics of
sedimentation, flushing has been considered as the most operative
and cost-effective way to minimize the sediments impacts and
prevent such challenges. Flushing, by prompting turbulent wave
effects, can modify the bed form depending on the hydraulic
properties and geometrical characteristics of the conduit. So far, the
dynamics of the bed-load during high-flow events in combined sewer
systems as a complex environment is not well understood, mostly due
to lack of measuring devices capable to work in the “hostile” in
combined sewer system correctly. In this regards, a one-episode
flushing issue from an opening gate valve with weir function was
carried out in a trunk sewer in Paris to understand its cleansing
efficiency on the sediments (thickness: 0-30 cm). During more than
1h of flushing within 5 m distance in downstream of this flushing
device, a maximum flowrate and a maximum level of water have
been recorded at 5 m in downstream of the gate as 4.1 m3/s and 2.1
m respectively. This paper is aimed to evaluate the efficiency of this
type of gate for around 1.1 km (from the point -50 m to +1050 m in
downstream from the gate) by (i) determining bed grain-size
distribution and sediments evolution through the sewer channel, as
well as their organic matter content, and (ii) identifying sections that
exhibit more changes in their texture after the flush. For the first one,
two series of sampling were taken from the sewer length and then
analyzed in laboratory, one before flushing and second after, at same
points among the sewer channel. Hence, a non-intrusive sampling
instrument has undertaken to extract the sediments smaller than the
fine gravels. The comparison between sediments texture after the
flush operation and the initial state, revealed the most modified zones
by the flush effect, regarding the sewer invert slope and hydraulic
parameters in the zone up to 400 m from the gate. At this distance,
despite the increase of sediment grain-size rages, D50 (median grainsize)
varies between 0.6 mm and 1.1 mm compared to 0.8 mm and 10
mm before and after flushing, respectively. Overall, regarding the
sewer channel invert slope, results indicate that grains smaller than
sands (< 2 mm) are more transported to downstream along about 400
m from the gate: in average 69% before against 38% after the flush
with more dispersion of grain-sizes distributions. Furthermore, high
effect of the channel bed irregularities on the bed material evolution
has been observed after the flush.", keywords = "Bed-material load evolution, combined sewer
systems, flushing efficiency, sediment transport.", volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "869-10", }