Associations between Game Users and Life Satisfaction: Role of Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy and Social Capital
This study makes an integrated investigation on how
life satisfaction is associated with the Korean game users'
psychological variables (self-esteem, game and life self- efficacy),
social variables (bonding and bridging social capital), and
demographic variables (age, gender). The data used for the empirical
analysis came from a representative sample survey conducted in South
Korea. Results show that self-esteem and game efficacy were an
important antecedent to the degree of users’ life satisfaction. Both
bonding social capital and bridging social capital enhance the level of
the users’ life satisfaction. The importance of perspectives as well as
their implications for the game users and further associated research is
explored.
[1] T. M. Connolly, E. A. Boyle, E. MacArthur, T. Hainey and J. M. Boyle,
“A systematic literature review of empirical evidence on computer games
and serious games”, Computers and Education, 2012, vol. 59, no. 2, pp.
661-686.
[2] L. S. L. Chen, H. H. J. Tu and E. S. T. Wang, “Personality traits and life
satisfaction among online game players”, Cyber Psychology and
Behavior, 2008, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 145-149.
[3] W. Pavot and E. Diener, “Review of the satisfaction with life scale”,
Psychological assessment, 1993, vol. 5, no. 2.
[4] E. Diener, “Subjective well-being”, Psychological Bulletin, 1984, vol. 95,
pp. 542-575.
[5] E. Diener, E., and K. Ryan, “Subjective well-being: a general overview”,
South African Journal of Psychology, 2009, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 391-406.
[6] S. Vara, “Intensive care nurses Investigation of the Relationship between
Job Satisfaction and General Life Satisfaction”, Unpublished MA
Language Thesis, Ege University, Health Sciences Institute, Izmir, 1999.
[7] C. Schmitter, M. Zisselman, and A. Woldow, “Life satisfaction in
centenarians residing in long-term care”, Annals of Long Term Care,
2003, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 437-442.
[8] J. Bentham, “An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation”,
London: The Clarendon Press, 1823/1907.
[9] J.S. Mill, “Utilitarianism. On liberty and other essays”, New York, NY:
Oxford University Press, 1861/1991.
[10] E. L. Kelly, E. L., and J. J .Conley, “Personality and compatibility: a
prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction”, Journal
of personality and social psychology, 1987, vol. 52, no. 1, p. 27.
[11] R. M. Ryan, and E. L. Deci, “Self-determination theory and the
facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being”,
American psychologist, 2000, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 68.
[12] J. L. Neys, J. L., Jansz, J., and Tan, E. S, “Exploring persistence in
gaming: The role of self-determination and social identity”, Computers in
Human Behavior, 2014, vol. 37, pp. 196-209.
[13] P. Thagard, “The brain and the meaning of life”, Princeton University
Press, 2010.
[14] C. K. J. Wang, A. Khoo, W.C. Liu, and S. Divaharan, “Passion and
intrinsic motivation in digital gaming”, Cyber Psychology and Behavior,
2008, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 39-45. [15] R. M. Ryan, Rigby, C. S., and Przybylski, A., “The motivational pull of
video games: A self-determination theory approach”, Motivation and
emotion, 2006, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 344-360.
[16] J. M. Smyth, “Beyond self-selection in video game play: An experimental
examination of the consequences of massively multiplayer online
role-playing game play”, Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 2007, vol. 10,
no. 5, pp. 717-721.
[17] Y. L. Lin and Lin, H. W., “A study on the goal value for massively
multiplayer online role-playing games players”, Computers in Human
Behavior, 2011, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 2153-2160.
[18] R. J. Vallerand and Ratelle, C. F., “Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: A
hierarchical model”, Handbook of self-determination research, 2002, vol.
128, pp. 37-63.
[19] E. Diener, E. M. Suh, R. E. Lucas and H. L. Smith, “Subjective
well-being: Three decades of progress”, Psychological bulletin, 1999,
vol. 125, no. 2, p. 276.
[20] K. Jegers, “Pervasive game flow: understanding player enjoyment in
pervasive gaming”, Computers in Entertainment (CIE), 2007, vol. 5, no.
1, p. 9.
[21] M. M. Omodei and A. J. Wearing, “Need satisfaction and involvement in
personal projects: Toward an integrative model of subjective well-being”,
Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 1990, vol. 59, no. 4, p. 762.
[22] M. Rosenberg, C. Schooler, and C. Schoenbach, “Self-esteem and
adolescent problems: Modeling reciprocal effects”, American
Sociological Review, 1989, vol. 54, pp. 1004-1018.
[23] S. X. Chen, F. M. Cheung, Bond, M. H., and Leung, J. P., “Going beyond
self‐esteem to predict life satisfaction: The Chinese case”, Asian Journal
of Social Psychology, 2006, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 24-35.
[24] A. Campbell, “The sense of well-being in America: recent patterns and
trends”, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981.
[25] H. Cheng and A. Furnham, “Personality, self-esteem, and demographic
predictions of happiness and depression”, Personality and individual
differences, 2003, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 921-942.
[26] E. McAuley, S. Elavsky, R. W. Motl, Konopack, J. F., Hu, L., and
Marquez, D. X., “Physical activity, efficacy, and self-esteem:
Longitudinal relationships in older adults”, The Journals of Gerontology
Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2005, vol. 60, no.
5, pp. 268-275.
[27] A. Bandura, “On the functional properties of perceived efficacy
revisited”, Journal of Management, 2012, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 9-44.
[28] D. H. Schunk, “Efficacy and education and instruction”, In J. E.Maddux
(Ed.), Efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and
applications (pp. 281-303). New York: Plenum, 1995.
[29] R. W. Lent, H. B. Sheu, D. Singley, Schmidt, J. A., Schmidt, L. C., and
Gloster, C. S., “Longitudinal relations of efficacy to outcome
expectations, interests, and major choice goals in engineering students”,
Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2008, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 328-335.
[30] D. Pavlas, K. Heyne, W. Bedwell, E. Lazzara and E. Salas, “Game-based
learning: The impact of flow state and videogame efficacy”, In
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual
Meeting, SAGE Publications, 2010, vol. 54, no. 28, pp. pp. 2398-2402.
[31] S. Trepte and L. Reinecke, “The pleasures of success: Game-related
efficacy experiences as a mediator between player performance and game
enjoyment”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 2011,
vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 555-557.
[32] S. Caplan, D. Williams and N. Yee, “Problematic Internet use and
psychosocial well-being among MMO players”, Computers in Human
Behavior, 2009, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1312-1319.
[33] D. Williams, “On and off the’Net: Scales for social capital in an online
era”, Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 2006, vol. 11, no.
2, pp. 593-628.
[34] N. B. Ellison, C. Steinfield and C. Lampe, “The benefits of Facebook
friends: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network
sites”, Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 2007, vol. 12, no.
4, pp. 1143-1168.
[35] S. Trepte, L. Reinecke and K. Juechems, “The social side of gaming: How
playing online computer games creates online and offline social support”,
Computers in Human Behavior, 2012, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 832-839.
[36] R. D. Putnam, “Bowling alone: America's declining social capital”,
Journal of democracy, 1995, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 65-78.
[37] R. E. Lucas, A. E. Clark, Y. Georgellis, and E. Diener, “Reexamining
adaptation and the set point model of happiness: Reactions to changes in
marital status”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, vol.
84, pp. 527-539.
[38] D. Kahneman and A. B. Krueger, “Developments in the measurement of
subjective well-being”, The journal of economic perspectives, 2006, vol.
20, no. 1, pp. 3-24.
[39] E. D. Diener, R. A. Emmons, R. J. Larsen and S. Griffin, “The satisfaction
with life scale”, Journal of personality assessment, 1985, vol. 49, no. 1,
pp. 71-75.
[40] M. Rosenberg, Society and the adolescent self-image (p. 326). Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.
[41] D. R. Compeau and C. A. Higgins, “Computer efficacy: Development of
a measure and initial test”, MIS quarterly, 1995, pp. 189-211.
[42] G. Chen, G., Gully, S. M., and Eden, D., “Validation of a new general
efficacy scale”, Organizational research methods, 2001, vol. 4, no. 1, pp.
62-83.
[43] D. Zillmann, “Mood management through communication choices”,
American Behavioral Scientist, 1988.
[44] D. Rieger, L. Reinecke, L. Frischlich and Bente, G., “Media
Entertainment and Well‐Being: Linking Hedonic and Eudaimonic
Entertainment Experience to Media‐Induced Recovery and Vitality”,
Journal of Communication, 2014, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 456-478.
[45] D. Rieger, T. Wulf, J. Kneer, L. Frischlich and Bente, G., “The winner
takes it all: The effect of in-game success and need satisfaction on mood
repair and enjoyment”, Computers in Human Behavior, 2014, vol. 39, pp.
281-286.
[46] Z. Hussain and M. D. Griffiths, M. D., “Excessive use of massively
multi-player online role-playing games: A pilot study”, International
Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2009, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 563-571.
[47] D. J. Kuss and M. D. Griffiths, “Internet gaming addiction: A systematic
review of empirical research”, International Journal of Mental Health
and Addiction, 2012, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 278-296.
[48] V. Anand, “Study of time management: the correlation between video
game usage and academic performance markers”, CyberPsychology and
Behavior, 2007, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 552-559.
[49] M. M. Skoric, L. L. C. Teo and R. L. Neo, “Children and video games:
addiction, engagement, and scholastic achievement”, CyberPsychology
and Behavior, 2009, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 567-572.
[50] G. M. Hart, B. Johnson, B. Stamm, N. Angers, A. Robinson, T. Lally, et
al., “Effects of video games on adolescents and adults”, Cyberpsychology
and Behavior, 2009, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 63-65.
[51] B. C. De Souza, L. X. L. e Silva and A. Roazzi, “MMMORPGs and
cognitive performance: a study with 1280 Brazilian high school
students”, Computers in Human Behavior, 2010, vol. 26, pp. 1564-1573.
[1] T. M. Connolly, E. A. Boyle, E. MacArthur, T. Hainey and J. M. Boyle,
“A systematic literature review of empirical evidence on computer games
and serious games”, Computers and Education, 2012, vol. 59, no. 2, pp.
661-686.
[2] L. S. L. Chen, H. H. J. Tu and E. S. T. Wang, “Personality traits and life
satisfaction among online game players”, Cyber Psychology and
Behavior, 2008, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 145-149.
[3] W. Pavot and E. Diener, “Review of the satisfaction with life scale”,
Psychological assessment, 1993, vol. 5, no. 2.
[4] E. Diener, “Subjective well-being”, Psychological Bulletin, 1984, vol. 95,
pp. 542-575.
[5] E. Diener, E., and K. Ryan, “Subjective well-being: a general overview”,
South African Journal of Psychology, 2009, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 391-406.
[6] S. Vara, “Intensive care nurses Investigation of the Relationship between
Job Satisfaction and General Life Satisfaction”, Unpublished MA
Language Thesis, Ege University, Health Sciences Institute, Izmir, 1999.
[7] C. Schmitter, M. Zisselman, and A. Woldow, “Life satisfaction in
centenarians residing in long-term care”, Annals of Long Term Care,
2003, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 437-442.
[8] J. Bentham, “An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation”,
London: The Clarendon Press, 1823/1907.
[9] J.S. Mill, “Utilitarianism. On liberty and other essays”, New York, NY:
Oxford University Press, 1861/1991.
[10] E. L. Kelly, E. L., and J. J .Conley, “Personality and compatibility: a
prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction”, Journal
of personality and social psychology, 1987, vol. 52, no. 1, p. 27.
[11] R. M. Ryan, and E. L. Deci, “Self-determination theory and the
facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being”,
American psychologist, 2000, vol. 55, no. 1, p. 68.
[12] J. L. Neys, J. L., Jansz, J., and Tan, E. S, “Exploring persistence in
gaming: The role of self-determination and social identity”, Computers in
Human Behavior, 2014, vol. 37, pp. 196-209.
[13] P. Thagard, “The brain and the meaning of life”, Princeton University
Press, 2010.
[14] C. K. J. Wang, A. Khoo, W.C. Liu, and S. Divaharan, “Passion and
intrinsic motivation in digital gaming”, Cyber Psychology and Behavior,
2008, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 39-45. [15] R. M. Ryan, Rigby, C. S., and Przybylski, A., “The motivational pull of
video games: A self-determination theory approach”, Motivation and
emotion, 2006, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 344-360.
[16] J. M. Smyth, “Beyond self-selection in video game play: An experimental
examination of the consequences of massively multiplayer online
role-playing game play”, Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 2007, vol. 10,
no. 5, pp. 717-721.
[17] Y. L. Lin and Lin, H. W., “A study on the goal value for massively
multiplayer online role-playing games players”, Computers in Human
Behavior, 2011, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 2153-2160.
[18] R. J. Vallerand and Ratelle, C. F., “Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: A
hierarchical model”, Handbook of self-determination research, 2002, vol.
128, pp. 37-63.
[19] E. Diener, E. M. Suh, R. E. Lucas and H. L. Smith, “Subjective
well-being: Three decades of progress”, Psychological bulletin, 1999,
vol. 125, no. 2, p. 276.
[20] K. Jegers, “Pervasive game flow: understanding player enjoyment in
pervasive gaming”, Computers in Entertainment (CIE), 2007, vol. 5, no.
1, p. 9.
[21] M. M. Omodei and A. J. Wearing, “Need satisfaction and involvement in
personal projects: Toward an integrative model of subjective well-being”,
Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 1990, vol. 59, no. 4, p. 762.
[22] M. Rosenberg, C. Schooler, and C. Schoenbach, “Self-esteem and
adolescent problems: Modeling reciprocal effects”, American
Sociological Review, 1989, vol. 54, pp. 1004-1018.
[23] S. X. Chen, F. M. Cheung, Bond, M. H., and Leung, J. P., “Going beyond
self‐esteem to predict life satisfaction: The Chinese case”, Asian Journal
of Social Psychology, 2006, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 24-35.
[24] A. Campbell, “The sense of well-being in America: recent patterns and
trends”, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981.
[25] H. Cheng and A. Furnham, “Personality, self-esteem, and demographic
predictions of happiness and depression”, Personality and individual
differences, 2003, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 921-942.
[26] E. McAuley, S. Elavsky, R. W. Motl, Konopack, J. F., Hu, L., and
Marquez, D. X., “Physical activity, efficacy, and self-esteem:
Longitudinal relationships in older adults”, The Journals of Gerontology
Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2005, vol. 60, no.
5, pp. 268-275.
[27] A. Bandura, “On the functional properties of perceived efficacy
revisited”, Journal of Management, 2012, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 9-44.
[28] D. H. Schunk, “Efficacy and education and instruction”, In J. E.Maddux
(Ed.), Efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and
applications (pp. 281-303). New York: Plenum, 1995.
[29] R. W. Lent, H. B. Sheu, D. Singley, Schmidt, J. A., Schmidt, L. C., and
Gloster, C. S., “Longitudinal relations of efficacy to outcome
expectations, interests, and major choice goals in engineering students”,
Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2008, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 328-335.
[30] D. Pavlas, K. Heyne, W. Bedwell, E. Lazzara and E. Salas, “Game-based
learning: The impact of flow state and videogame efficacy”, In
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual
Meeting, SAGE Publications, 2010, vol. 54, no. 28, pp. pp. 2398-2402.
[31] S. Trepte and L. Reinecke, “The pleasures of success: Game-related
efficacy experiences as a mediator between player performance and game
enjoyment”, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 2011,
vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 555-557.
[32] S. Caplan, D. Williams and N. Yee, “Problematic Internet use and
psychosocial well-being among MMO players”, Computers in Human
Behavior, 2009, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1312-1319.
[33] D. Williams, “On and off the’Net: Scales for social capital in an online
era”, Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 2006, vol. 11, no.
2, pp. 593-628.
[34] N. B. Ellison, C. Steinfield and C. Lampe, “The benefits of Facebook
friends: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network
sites”, Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 2007, vol. 12, no.
4, pp. 1143-1168.
[35] S. Trepte, L. Reinecke and K. Juechems, “The social side of gaming: How
playing online computer games creates online and offline social support”,
Computers in Human Behavior, 2012, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 832-839.
[36] R. D. Putnam, “Bowling alone: America's declining social capital”,
Journal of democracy, 1995, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 65-78.
[37] R. E. Lucas, A. E. Clark, Y. Georgellis, and E. Diener, “Reexamining
adaptation and the set point model of happiness: Reactions to changes in
marital status”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003, vol.
84, pp. 527-539.
[38] D. Kahneman and A. B. Krueger, “Developments in the measurement of
subjective well-being”, The journal of economic perspectives, 2006, vol.
20, no. 1, pp. 3-24.
[39] E. D. Diener, R. A. Emmons, R. J. Larsen and S. Griffin, “The satisfaction
with life scale”, Journal of personality assessment, 1985, vol. 49, no. 1,
pp. 71-75.
[40] M. Rosenberg, Society and the adolescent self-image (p. 326). Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.
[41] D. R. Compeau and C. A. Higgins, “Computer efficacy: Development of
a measure and initial test”, MIS quarterly, 1995, pp. 189-211.
[42] G. Chen, G., Gully, S. M., and Eden, D., “Validation of a new general
efficacy scale”, Organizational research methods, 2001, vol. 4, no. 1, pp.
62-83.
[43] D. Zillmann, “Mood management through communication choices”,
American Behavioral Scientist, 1988.
[44] D. Rieger, L. Reinecke, L. Frischlich and Bente, G., “Media
Entertainment and Well‐Being: Linking Hedonic and Eudaimonic
Entertainment Experience to Media‐Induced Recovery and Vitality”,
Journal of Communication, 2014, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 456-478.
[45] D. Rieger, T. Wulf, J. Kneer, L. Frischlich and Bente, G., “The winner
takes it all: The effect of in-game success and need satisfaction on mood
repair and enjoyment”, Computers in Human Behavior, 2014, vol. 39, pp.
281-286.
[46] Z. Hussain and M. D. Griffiths, M. D., “Excessive use of massively
multi-player online role-playing games: A pilot study”, International
Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2009, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 563-571.
[47] D. J. Kuss and M. D. Griffiths, “Internet gaming addiction: A systematic
review of empirical research”, International Journal of Mental Health
and Addiction, 2012, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 278-296.
[48] V. Anand, “Study of time management: the correlation between video
game usage and academic performance markers”, CyberPsychology and
Behavior, 2007, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 552-559.
[49] M. M. Skoric, L. L. C. Teo and R. L. Neo, “Children and video games:
addiction, engagement, and scholastic achievement”, CyberPsychology
and Behavior, 2009, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 567-572.
[50] G. M. Hart, B. Johnson, B. Stamm, N. Angers, A. Robinson, T. Lally, et
al., “Effects of video games on adolescents and adults”, Cyberpsychology
and Behavior, 2009, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 63-65.
[51] B. C. De Souza, L. X. L. e Silva and A. Roazzi, “MMMORPGs and
cognitive performance: a study with 1280 Brazilian high school
students”, Computers in Human Behavior, 2010, vol. 26, pp. 1564-1573.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:70661", author = "Hye Rim Lee and Eui Jun Jeong", title = "Associations between Game Users and Life Satisfaction: Role of Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy and Social Capital", abstract = "This study makes an integrated investigation on how
life satisfaction is associated with the Korean game users'
psychological variables (self-esteem, game and life self- efficacy),
social variables (bonding and bridging social capital), and
demographic variables (age, gender). The data used for the empirical
analysis came from a representative sample survey conducted in South
Korea. Results show that self-esteem and game efficacy were an
important antecedent to the degree of users’ life satisfaction. Both
bonding social capital and bridging social capital enhance the level of
the users’ life satisfaction. The importance of perspectives as well as
their implications for the game users and further associated research is
explored.", keywords = "Life satisfaction, self-esteem, game efficacy,
life-efficacy, social capital.", volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "2457-5", }
