Application of Strong Optical Feedback to Enhance the Modulation Bandwidth of Semiconductor Lasers to the Millimeter-Wave Band
We report on the use of strong external optical
feedback to enhance the modulation response of semiconductor lasers
over a frequency passband around modulation frequencies higher
than 60 GHz. We show that this modulation enhancement is a type of
photon-photon resonance (PPR) of oscillating modes in the external
cavity formed between the laser and the external reflector. The study
is based on a time-delay rate equation model that takes into account
both the strong feedback and multiple reflections in the external
cavity. We examine the harmonic and intermodulation distortions
associated with single and two-tone modulations in the mm-wave
band of the resonant modulation. We show that compared with
solitary lasers modulated around the carrier-photon resonance
frequency, the present mm-wave modulated signal has lower
distortions.
[1] M. Ahmed, M. Yamada, and S. Abdulrhmann, “Numerical modeling of
the route-to-chaos of semiconductor lasers under optical feedback and its
dependence on the external-cavity length,” Int. J. Numer. Model., vol.
22, Nov. 2009, pp. 434–445.
[2] R. W. Tkach and A. R. Chraplyvy, “Regimes of feedback effects in 1.5-
μm distributed-feedback lasers,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. LT-4, Jan.
1986, pp. 1655–1661.
[3] D. Lenstra, B. H. Verbeek, and A. J. den Boef, “Coherence collapse in
single-mode semiconductor lasers due to optical feedback,” IEEE J.
Quantum Electron., vol. QE-21, June 1985, pp. 674–679.
[4] J. Mork, B. Tromborg, and J. Mark, “Chaos in semiconductor laser with
optical feedback: Theory and experiment,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.,
vol. 28, Jan. 1992, pp. 93–108.
[5] J. McInerney, L. Reekie, and D. J. Bradley, “Observation of bistable
optical effects in a twin GaAs/GaAlAs diode external cavity ring laser,”
Electron. Lett., vol. 20, July 1984, pp. 586–588.
[6] P. Zorabedian, W. R. Trutna, and L. S. Cutler, “Bistability in grating—
Tuned external cavity semiconductor lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum
Electron., vol. QE-23, Nov. 1987, pp. 1855–1860.
[7] M. Ahmed and M. Yamada, “Field fluctuations and spectral lineshape in
semiconductor lasers subjected to optical feedback,” J. Appl. Phys., vol.
95, June 2004, pp. 7573–7583.
[8] M. Ahmed, "Longitudinal-mode competition in semiconductor lasers
under external optical feedback: regime of short cavity", Opt. Laser
Technol., vol. 41, Feb. 2009, pages 53-63.
[9] G. P. Agrawal and C. H. Henry, “Modulation performance of a
semiconductor laser coupled to an external high-Q resonator,” IEEE J.
Quantum Electron., vol. 24, Feb. 1988, pp. 134–142.
[10] Y. Kitaoka, H. Sato, K. Mizuchi, K. Yamamoto, and M. Kato, “Intensity
noise of laser diodes with optical feedback,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.,
vol. 32, May 1996, pp. 822–827.
[11] K. I. Kallimani and M. J. O’Mahony, “Relative intensity noise for laser
diodes with arbitrary amounts of optical feedback,” IEEE J. Quantum
Electron., vol. 34, Aug. 1998, pp. 1438–1446.
[12] S. Abdulrhmann, M. Ahmed, T. Okamoto and M. Yamada, “An
improved analysis of semiconductor laser dynamics under strong optical
feedback,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., vol. 9, Sept. 2002, pp.
1265–1274.
[13] S. Abdulrhmann, M. Ahmed and M. Yamada, “New model of analysis
of semiconductor laser dynamics under strong optical feedback in fiber
communication systems”, SPIE, vol. 4986, July 2003, pp. 490-501.
[14] I. Montrosset and P. Bardella, “Laser dynamics providing enhanced
modulation bandwidth,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 9134, Semi. Laser & Laser
Dynam. VI, May 2014, 91340H (15pp).
[15] H. Dalir and F. Koyamad, “Bandwidth enhancement of single-mode
VCSEL with lateral optical feedback of slow light,” IEICE Electron.
Exp., vol. 8, July 2011, 1075-1081.
[16] H. Dalir, A. Matsutani, M. Ahmed, A. Bakry, and F. Koyama, “High
Frequency Modulation of Transverse-Coupled- Cavity VCSELs for
Radio Over Fiber Applications,” IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett., vol. 26,
Dec. 2014, pp. 281-283.
[17] T. Kuri, K. Kitayama, A. Stöhr and Y. Ogawa, “Fiber-optic millimeter
downlink system using 60-GHz band external modulation,” IEEE J.
Lightwave Technol., vol. 17, May 1999, pp. 799-806.
[18] J. Wang, M. K. Haldar, L. Li, and F. V. C. Mendis, “Enhancement of
modulation bandwidth of laser diodes by injection locking,” IEEE
Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 8, Jan. 1996, pp. 34–36.
[19] R. Nagarajan, S. Levy and J. E. Bowers, “Millimeter wave narrowband
optical fiber links using external cavity semiconductor lasers,” IEEE J.
Lightwave Technol., vol.12, Jan. 1994, pp. 127-136.
[20] M. Ahmed, A. Bakry, R. Altuwirqi, M. Alghamdi and F. Koyama,
“Enhancing modulation bandwidth of semiconductor lasers beyond 50
GHz by strong optical feedback for use in mm-wave radio over fiber
links,” Jpn. J. Phys., vol. 52, Dec. 2014, 124103 (6pp).
[21] M. Radziunas, A. Glitzky, U. Bandelow, M. Wolfrum, U. Troppenz, J.
Kreissl and W. Rehbein, "Improving the modulation bandwidth in
semiconductor lasers by passive feedback," IEEE J. Sel. Topics
Quantum Electron., vol. 13, Jan. 2007, pp. 136-142.
[22] H. Dalir, M. Ahmed, A. Bakry, and F. Koyama, “Compact electroabsorption
modulator integrated with vertical-cavity surface-emitting
laser for highly efficient millimeter-wave modulation,” Appl. Phys. Lett.,
vol. 105, Aug. 2014, 081113 (3pp).
[23] M. Ahmed, A. Bakry, R. Altuwirqi, M. Alghamdi and F. Koyama,
“Enhancing modulation bandwidth of semiconductor lasers beyond 50
GHz by strong optical feedback for use in mm-wave radio over fiber
links,” J. Eur. Opt. Soc. Rap. Public.. J. Phys., vol. 8, Dec. 2014, 13064
(6pp).
[24] R. V. Dalal, R. J. Ram, R. Helkey, H. Roussell, and K. D. Choquette,
"Low distortion analogue signal transmission using vertical cavity
lasers," Electron. Lett., vol. 34, Aug. 1998, pp. 1590-159.
[25] M Ahmed, “Spectral lineshape and noise of semiconductor lasers under
analog intensity modulation,” J. Phys. D., vol. 41, Aug. 2008, pp.
175104 (10pp).
[26] K. Sato, S. Kuwahar, Y. Miyamoto, “Chirp Characteristics of 40-Gb/s
Directly Modulated Distributed-Feedback Laser Diodes,” J. Lightwave
Technol., vol. 23, Nov. 2005, pp. 3790–3797.
[27] M. Ahmed, “Numerical approach to field fluctuations and spectral
lineshape in InGaAsP laser diodes,” Intl. J. Num. Model., vol. 17, March
2004, pp. 147-163
[28] U. Troppenz, J. Kreissl, W. Rehbein, C. Bornholdt, B. Sartorius and M.
Schell, “40Gbit/s directly modulated passive feedback laser,” Proc. 20th
Int. Conf. Ind. Phosph. and Rel. Mater. Versailles, 2008, p. 1.
[29] G. Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Inc.,
1991.
[30] E. I. Ackerman and C. H. Cox, “RF Fiber Optic Link Performance,”
IEEE Microwave Mag., vol. 2, Dec. 2001, pp. 50-58.
[31] W. Way, “Large signal nonlinear distortion prediction for a single mode
laser diode under microwave intensity modulation,” J. Lightwave
Technol., vol. LT-5, Mar. 1987, pp. 305–315.
[1] M. Ahmed, M. Yamada, and S. Abdulrhmann, “Numerical modeling of
the route-to-chaos of semiconductor lasers under optical feedback and its
dependence on the external-cavity length,” Int. J. Numer. Model., vol.
22, Nov. 2009, pp. 434–445.
[2] R. W. Tkach and A. R. Chraplyvy, “Regimes of feedback effects in 1.5-
μm distributed-feedback lasers,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. LT-4, Jan.
1986, pp. 1655–1661.
[3] D. Lenstra, B. H. Verbeek, and A. J. den Boef, “Coherence collapse in
single-mode semiconductor lasers due to optical feedback,” IEEE J.
Quantum Electron., vol. QE-21, June 1985, pp. 674–679.
[4] J. Mork, B. Tromborg, and J. Mark, “Chaos in semiconductor laser with
optical feedback: Theory and experiment,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.,
vol. 28, Jan. 1992, pp. 93–108.
[5] J. McInerney, L. Reekie, and D. J. Bradley, “Observation of bistable
optical effects in a twin GaAs/GaAlAs diode external cavity ring laser,”
Electron. Lett., vol. 20, July 1984, pp. 586–588.
[6] P. Zorabedian, W. R. Trutna, and L. S. Cutler, “Bistability in grating—
Tuned external cavity semiconductor lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum
Electron., vol. QE-23, Nov. 1987, pp. 1855–1860.
[7] M. Ahmed and M. Yamada, “Field fluctuations and spectral lineshape in
semiconductor lasers subjected to optical feedback,” J. Appl. Phys., vol.
95, June 2004, pp. 7573–7583.
[8] M. Ahmed, "Longitudinal-mode competition in semiconductor lasers
under external optical feedback: regime of short cavity", Opt. Laser
Technol., vol. 41, Feb. 2009, pages 53-63.
[9] G. P. Agrawal and C. H. Henry, “Modulation performance of a
semiconductor laser coupled to an external high-Q resonator,” IEEE J.
Quantum Electron., vol. 24, Feb. 1988, pp. 134–142.
[10] Y. Kitaoka, H. Sato, K. Mizuchi, K. Yamamoto, and M. Kato, “Intensity
noise of laser diodes with optical feedback,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron.,
vol. 32, May 1996, pp. 822–827.
[11] K. I. Kallimani and M. J. O’Mahony, “Relative intensity noise for laser
diodes with arbitrary amounts of optical feedback,” IEEE J. Quantum
Electron., vol. 34, Aug. 1998, pp. 1438–1446.
[12] S. Abdulrhmann, M. Ahmed, T. Okamoto and M. Yamada, “An
improved analysis of semiconductor laser dynamics under strong optical
feedback,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron., vol. 9, Sept. 2002, pp.
1265–1274.
[13] S. Abdulrhmann, M. Ahmed and M. Yamada, “New model of analysis
of semiconductor laser dynamics under strong optical feedback in fiber
communication systems”, SPIE, vol. 4986, July 2003, pp. 490-501.
[14] I. Montrosset and P. Bardella, “Laser dynamics providing enhanced
modulation bandwidth,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 9134, Semi. Laser & Laser
Dynam. VI, May 2014, 91340H (15pp).
[15] H. Dalir and F. Koyamad, “Bandwidth enhancement of single-mode
VCSEL with lateral optical feedback of slow light,” IEICE Electron.
Exp., vol. 8, July 2011, 1075-1081.
[16] H. Dalir, A. Matsutani, M. Ahmed, A. Bakry, and F. Koyama, “High
Frequency Modulation of Transverse-Coupled- Cavity VCSELs for
Radio Over Fiber Applications,” IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett., vol. 26,
Dec. 2014, pp. 281-283.
[17] T. Kuri, K. Kitayama, A. Stöhr and Y. Ogawa, “Fiber-optic millimeter
downlink system using 60-GHz band external modulation,” IEEE J.
Lightwave Technol., vol. 17, May 1999, pp. 799-806.
[18] J. Wang, M. K. Haldar, L. Li, and F. V. C. Mendis, “Enhancement of
modulation bandwidth of laser diodes by injection locking,” IEEE
Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 8, Jan. 1996, pp. 34–36.
[19] R. Nagarajan, S. Levy and J. E. Bowers, “Millimeter wave narrowband
optical fiber links using external cavity semiconductor lasers,” IEEE J.
Lightwave Technol., vol.12, Jan. 1994, pp. 127-136.
[20] M. Ahmed, A. Bakry, R. Altuwirqi, M. Alghamdi and F. Koyama,
“Enhancing modulation bandwidth of semiconductor lasers beyond 50
GHz by strong optical feedback for use in mm-wave radio over fiber
links,” Jpn. J. Phys., vol. 52, Dec. 2014, 124103 (6pp).
[21] M. Radziunas, A. Glitzky, U. Bandelow, M. Wolfrum, U. Troppenz, J.
Kreissl and W. Rehbein, "Improving the modulation bandwidth in
semiconductor lasers by passive feedback," IEEE J. Sel. Topics
Quantum Electron., vol. 13, Jan. 2007, pp. 136-142.
[22] H. Dalir, M. Ahmed, A. Bakry, and F. Koyama, “Compact electroabsorption
modulator integrated with vertical-cavity surface-emitting
laser for highly efficient millimeter-wave modulation,” Appl. Phys. Lett.,
vol. 105, Aug. 2014, 081113 (3pp).
[23] M. Ahmed, A. Bakry, R. Altuwirqi, M. Alghamdi and F. Koyama,
“Enhancing modulation bandwidth of semiconductor lasers beyond 50
GHz by strong optical feedback for use in mm-wave radio over fiber
links,” J. Eur. Opt. Soc. Rap. Public.. J. Phys., vol. 8, Dec. 2014, 13064
(6pp).
[24] R. V. Dalal, R. J. Ram, R. Helkey, H. Roussell, and K. D. Choquette,
"Low distortion analogue signal transmission using vertical cavity
lasers," Electron. Lett., vol. 34, Aug. 1998, pp. 1590-159.
[25] M Ahmed, “Spectral lineshape and noise of semiconductor lasers under
analog intensity modulation,” J. Phys. D., vol. 41, Aug. 2008, pp.
175104 (10pp).
[26] K. Sato, S. Kuwahar, Y. Miyamoto, “Chirp Characteristics of 40-Gb/s
Directly Modulated Distributed-Feedback Laser Diodes,” J. Lightwave
Technol., vol. 23, Nov. 2005, pp. 3790–3797.
[27] M. Ahmed, “Numerical approach to field fluctuations and spectral
lineshape in InGaAsP laser diodes,” Intl. J. Num. Model., vol. 17, March
2004, pp. 147-163
[28] U. Troppenz, J. Kreissl, W. Rehbein, C. Bornholdt, B. Sartorius and M.
Schell, “40Gbit/s directly modulated passive feedback laser,” Proc. 20th
Int. Conf. Ind. Phosph. and Rel. Mater. Versailles, 2008, p. 1.
[29] G. Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Inc.,
1991.
[30] E. I. Ackerman and C. H. Cox, “RF Fiber Optic Link Performance,”
IEEE Microwave Mag., vol. 2, Dec. 2001, pp. 50-58.
[31] W. Way, “Large signal nonlinear distortion prediction for a single mode
laser diode under microwave intensity modulation,” J. Lightwave
Technol., vol. LT-5, Mar. 1987, pp. 305–315.
@article{"International Journal of Engineering, Mathematical and Physical Sciences:68675", author = "Moustafa Ahmed and Ahmed Bakry and Fumio Koyama", title = "Application of Strong Optical Feedback to Enhance the Modulation Bandwidth of Semiconductor Lasers to the Millimeter-Wave Band", abstract = "We report on the use of strong external optical
feedback to enhance the modulation response of semiconductor lasers
over a frequency passband around modulation frequencies higher
than 60 GHz. We show that this modulation enhancement is a type of
photon-photon resonance (PPR) of oscillating modes in the external
cavity formed between the laser and the external reflector. The study
is based on a time-delay rate equation model that takes into account
both the strong feedback and multiple reflections in the external
cavity. We examine the harmonic and intermodulation distortions
associated with single and two-tone modulations in the mm-wave
band of the resonant modulation. We show that compared with
solitary lasers modulated around the carrier-photon resonance
frequency, the present mm-wave modulated signal has lower
distortions.
", keywords = "Distortion, intensity modulation, optical feedback,
semiconductor laser.", volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "17-6", }
