Affirming Students’ Attention and Perceptions on Prezi Presentation via Eye Tracking System
The purpose of this study was to investigate graduate
students’ visual attention and perceptions of a Prezi presentation. Ten
postgraduate master students were presented with a Prezi presentation
at the Centre for Instructional Technology and Multimedia, Universiti
Sains Malaysia (USM). The eye movement indicators such as dwell
time, average fixation on the areas of interests, heat maps and focus
maps were abstracted to indicate the students’ visual attention.
Descriptive statistics was employed to analyze the students’
perception of the Prezi presentation in terms of text, slide design,
images, layout and overall presentation. The result revealed that the
students paid more attention to the text followed by the images and
sub heading presented through the Prezi presentation.
[1] S. Kahraman, C. Çevik, and H. Kodan, “Investigation of university
students’ attitude toward the use of PowerPoint according to some
variables,” Procedia–Computer Science Journal, vol. 3, pp. 1341-1347.
2011.
[2] M. J. M. Ferreira, “Intelligent classrooms and smart software: Teaching
and learning in today’s university.” Education and Information
Technologies, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 3-25, 2012.
[3] S. Arifalo, K. Ajisola, A. Adesanmi, and E. Tola, “PowerPoint as an ICT
tool for teaching and learning in the schools focusing on secondary and
tertiary institutions in Nigeria.” International Journal of Engineering
Research and Technology, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 2519-2522, 2013.
[4] Anderson, I. “Approaches to signal flow pedagogy: A black box model
and scalable, interactive studio modeling using Prezi presentation
software.” In Audio Engineering Society Conference: 50th International
Conference: Audio Education. Audio Engineering Society, July 2013.
[5] M. M. Ladores, Instant Prezi Starter. Packt Publishing Ltd., 2013.
[6] S. Stokes, “Visual literacy in teaching and learning: A literature
perspective.” Electronic Journal for the Integration of technology in
Education, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 10-19, 2002.
[7] J. Holzl, “Twelve tips for effective PowerPoint presentations for the
technologically challenged.” Medical Teacher, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 175-
179, 1997.
[8] L. P. Rieber, Computers, Graphics & Learning. Madison, WI: Brown &
Benchmark. 1994.
[9] R. E. Wileman, Visual Communicating. Englewood. Cliffs, N.J.:
Educational Technology Publications, 1993.
[10] M. A Seaman, “Developing visual displays for lecture-based courses.
Teaching of Psychology,” vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 141-145, 1998.
[11] A. Arntson, Graphic Design Basics. Cengage Learning, USA, 2007.
[12] B. C. Green, N. Murray, and S. Warner, “Understanding website
useability: An eye–tracking study of the Vancouver 2010 Olympic
Games website.” International Journal of Sport Management and
Marketing, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 257-271, 2011.
[13] A. Glöckner, and A. K. Herbold, “An eye‐tracking study on information
processing in risky decisions: Evidence for compensatory strategies
based on automatic processes.” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,
vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 71-98, 2011.
[14] T. Van Gog, and K. Scheiter, “Eye tracking as a tool to study and
enhance multimedia learning.” Learning and Instruction, vol. 20, no. 2,
pp. 95-99, 2010.
[15] S. Djamasbi, M. Siegel, and T. Tullis, “Generation Y, web design, and
eye tracking.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol.
68, no. 5, pp. 307-323, 2010.
[16] F. Y. Yang, C. Y. Chang, W. R. Chien, Y. T. Chien, and Y. H. Tseng,
“Tracking learners' visual attention during a multimedia presentation in a
real classroom.” Computers & Education, 62, 208-220, 2013.
[17] B. Perron, and A. Stearns, “A review of a presentation technology:
Prezi.” Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 1-2, DOI:
10.1177/1049731510390700, 2010.
[18] C. Conboy, S. Fletcher, K. Russell, and M. Wilson, “An evaluation of
the potential use and impact of Prezi, the zooming editor software, as a
tool to facilitate learning in higher education.” Innovative in Practice,
vol. 7, pp. 31-45, 2012.
[19] J. Bort, “Presentation Maker Prezi Added New Features to Lure
Business Users Away From PowerPoint.” Retrieved from
http://www.businessinsider.com/prezi-reaches-30-million-users-2013-
11?IR=T&, 2013.
[20] R. Atkinson and R. Shiflrin, “Human memory: A proposed system and
its control processes.” In K. Spence & J. Spence (Eds), The Psychology
of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory: Vol. 2.
New York: Academic Press, 1968.
[21] A. Paivio, Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach. Oxford,
England: Oxford University Press, 1986.
[22] J. Sweller, “Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on
learning.” Cognitive Science, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 257-285, 1988.
[23] R. E. Mayer, Multimedia Learning. New York: Cambridge University
Press, 2001.
[24] R. E. Mayer, “Cognitive theory of multimedia learning”. The Cambridge
Handbook of Multimedia Learning, pp. 31-48, 2005.
[25] R. E. Mayer, “Applying the science of learning: evidence-based
principles for the design of multimedia instruction.” American
Psychologist, vol. 6, no. 8, 760, 2008.
[26] R. Williams, The Non-designer's Design Book. Peachpit Press. 2008.
[27] D. Lauer, and S. Pentak, Design Basics. Cengage Learning, 2008.
[28] J. M. Apperson, E. L. Laws and J. A. Scepansky, “An assessment of
student preferences for PowerPoint presentation structure in
undergraduate courses.” Computers and Education, vol. 50, pp. 148-
153, 2008.
[29] Uz, C., Orhan,.F., & Bilgic, G. Prospective teachers’ opinion on the
value of PowerPoint presentations in lecturing. Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences, vol. 2, pp. 2051-2059, 2010.
[30] D. George, and M. Mallery, Using SPSS for Windows step by step: a
simple guide and reference. Boston, MA: Allyn& Bacon, 2003.
[31] P. Kline, The Handbook of Psychological Testing. (2nd ed.). London:
Routledge, 2000, p. 13.
[32] R. J. Jacob, and K. S. Karn, “Eye tracking in human-computer
interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises.” Mind,
vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 574-605, 2003.
[33] M. Alley, and K. A. Neeley, Rethinking the design of presentation
slides: A case for sentence headlines and visual evidence. Technical
Communication, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 417-426, 2005.
[34] B. Sharif, and J. I. Maletic, “An eye tracking study on the effects of
layout in understanding the role of design patterns.” In Software
Maintenance (ICSM), 2010 IEEE International Conference on Software
Maintenance, pp. 1-10, IEEE. September, 2010.
[35] S. Yusuf, H. Kagdi, & J. I. Maletic, “Assessing the comprehension of
UML clas class diagrams via eye tracking.” In Program Comprehension,
2007. ICPC'07. 15th IEEE International Conference on pp. 113-122,
IEEE. June, 2007.
[36] D. G. Levasseur, and J. K. Sawyer, “Pedagogy meets PowerPoint: A
research review of the effects of computer-generated slides in the
classroom.” The Review of Communication, vol. 6, no. 1-2, pp. 101-123,
2006.
[1] S. Kahraman, C. Çevik, and H. Kodan, “Investigation of university
students’ attitude toward the use of PowerPoint according to some
variables,” Procedia–Computer Science Journal, vol. 3, pp. 1341-1347.
2011.
[2] M. J. M. Ferreira, “Intelligent classrooms and smart software: Teaching
and learning in today’s university.” Education and Information
Technologies, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 3-25, 2012.
[3] S. Arifalo, K. Ajisola, A. Adesanmi, and E. Tola, “PowerPoint as an ICT
tool for teaching and learning in the schools focusing on secondary and
tertiary institutions in Nigeria.” International Journal of Engineering
Research and Technology, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 2519-2522, 2013.
[4] Anderson, I. “Approaches to signal flow pedagogy: A black box model
and scalable, interactive studio modeling using Prezi presentation
software.” In Audio Engineering Society Conference: 50th International
Conference: Audio Education. Audio Engineering Society, July 2013.
[5] M. M. Ladores, Instant Prezi Starter. Packt Publishing Ltd., 2013.
[6] S. Stokes, “Visual literacy in teaching and learning: A literature
perspective.” Electronic Journal for the Integration of technology in
Education, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 10-19, 2002.
[7] J. Holzl, “Twelve tips for effective PowerPoint presentations for the
technologically challenged.” Medical Teacher, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 175-
179, 1997.
[8] L. P. Rieber, Computers, Graphics & Learning. Madison, WI: Brown &
Benchmark. 1994.
[9] R. E. Wileman, Visual Communicating. Englewood. Cliffs, N.J.:
Educational Technology Publications, 1993.
[10] M. A Seaman, “Developing visual displays for lecture-based courses.
Teaching of Psychology,” vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 141-145, 1998.
[11] A. Arntson, Graphic Design Basics. Cengage Learning, USA, 2007.
[12] B. C. Green, N. Murray, and S. Warner, “Understanding website
useability: An eye–tracking study of the Vancouver 2010 Olympic
Games website.” International Journal of Sport Management and
Marketing, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 257-271, 2011.
[13] A. Glöckner, and A. K. Herbold, “An eye‐tracking study on information
processing in risky decisions: Evidence for compensatory strategies
based on automatic processes.” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,
vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 71-98, 2011.
[14] T. Van Gog, and K. Scheiter, “Eye tracking as a tool to study and
enhance multimedia learning.” Learning and Instruction, vol. 20, no. 2,
pp. 95-99, 2010.
[15] S. Djamasbi, M. Siegel, and T. Tullis, “Generation Y, web design, and
eye tracking.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol.
68, no. 5, pp. 307-323, 2010.
[16] F. Y. Yang, C. Y. Chang, W. R. Chien, Y. T. Chien, and Y. H. Tseng,
“Tracking learners' visual attention during a multimedia presentation in a
real classroom.” Computers & Education, 62, 208-220, 2013.
[17] B. Perron, and A. Stearns, “A review of a presentation technology:
Prezi.” Research on Social Work Practice, vol. 1-2, DOI:
10.1177/1049731510390700, 2010.
[18] C. Conboy, S. Fletcher, K. Russell, and M. Wilson, “An evaluation of
the potential use and impact of Prezi, the zooming editor software, as a
tool to facilitate learning in higher education.” Innovative in Practice,
vol. 7, pp. 31-45, 2012.
[19] J. Bort, “Presentation Maker Prezi Added New Features to Lure
Business Users Away From PowerPoint.” Retrieved from
http://www.businessinsider.com/prezi-reaches-30-million-users-2013-
11?IR=T&, 2013.
[20] R. Atkinson and R. Shiflrin, “Human memory: A proposed system and
its control processes.” In K. Spence & J. Spence (Eds), The Psychology
of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory: Vol. 2.
New York: Academic Press, 1968.
[21] A. Paivio, Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach. Oxford,
England: Oxford University Press, 1986.
[22] J. Sweller, “Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on
learning.” Cognitive Science, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 257-285, 1988.
[23] R. E. Mayer, Multimedia Learning. New York: Cambridge University
Press, 2001.
[24] R. E. Mayer, “Cognitive theory of multimedia learning”. The Cambridge
Handbook of Multimedia Learning, pp. 31-48, 2005.
[25] R. E. Mayer, “Applying the science of learning: evidence-based
principles for the design of multimedia instruction.” American
Psychologist, vol. 6, no. 8, 760, 2008.
[26] R. Williams, The Non-designer's Design Book. Peachpit Press. 2008.
[27] D. Lauer, and S. Pentak, Design Basics. Cengage Learning, 2008.
[28] J. M. Apperson, E. L. Laws and J. A. Scepansky, “An assessment of
student preferences for PowerPoint presentation structure in
undergraduate courses.” Computers and Education, vol. 50, pp. 148-
153, 2008.
[29] Uz, C., Orhan,.F., & Bilgic, G. Prospective teachers’ opinion on the
value of PowerPoint presentations in lecturing. Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences, vol. 2, pp. 2051-2059, 2010.
[30] D. George, and M. Mallery, Using SPSS for Windows step by step: a
simple guide and reference. Boston, MA: Allyn& Bacon, 2003.
[31] P. Kline, The Handbook of Psychological Testing. (2nd ed.). London:
Routledge, 2000, p. 13.
[32] R. J. Jacob, and K. S. Karn, “Eye tracking in human-computer
interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises.” Mind,
vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 574-605, 2003.
[33] M. Alley, and K. A. Neeley, Rethinking the design of presentation
slides: A case for sentence headlines and visual evidence. Technical
Communication, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 417-426, 2005.
[34] B. Sharif, and J. I. Maletic, “An eye tracking study on the effects of
layout in understanding the role of design patterns.” In Software
Maintenance (ICSM), 2010 IEEE International Conference on Software
Maintenance, pp. 1-10, IEEE. September, 2010.
[35] S. Yusuf, H. Kagdi, & J. I. Maletic, “Assessing the comprehension of
UML clas class diagrams via eye tracking.” In Program Comprehension,
2007. ICPC'07. 15th IEEE International Conference on pp. 113-122,
IEEE. June, 2007.
[36] D. G. Levasseur, and J. K. Sawyer, “Pedagogy meets PowerPoint: A
research review of the effects of computer-generated slides in the
classroom.” The Review of Communication, vol. 6, no. 1-2, pp. 101-123,
2006.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:68393", author = "Mona Masood and Norshazlina Shaik Othman", title = "Affirming Students’ Attention and Perceptions on Prezi Presentation via Eye Tracking System", abstract = "The purpose of this study was to investigate graduate
students’ visual attention and perceptions of a Prezi presentation. Ten
postgraduate master students were presented with a Prezi presentation
at the Centre for Instructional Technology and Multimedia, Universiti
Sains Malaysia (USM). The eye movement indicators such as dwell
time, average fixation on the areas of interests, heat maps and focus
maps were abstracted to indicate the students’ visual attention.
Descriptive statistics was employed to analyze the students’
perception of the Prezi presentation in terms of text, slide design,
images, layout and overall presentation. The result revealed that the
students paid more attention to the text followed by the images and
sub heading presented through the Prezi presentation.
", keywords = "Eye tracking, Prezi, visual attention, visual
perception.", volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "3809-8", }
