A Model for the Characterization and Selection of Beeswaxes for use as base Substitute Tissue in Photon Teletherapy
This paper presents a model for the characterization
and selection of beeswaxes for use as base substitute tissue for the
manufacture of objects suitable for external radiotherapy using
megavoltage photon beams. The model of characterization was
divided into three distinct stages: 1) verification of aspects related to
the origin of the beeswax, the bee species, the flora in the vicinity of
the beehives and procedures to detect adulterations; 2) evaluation of
physical and chemical properties; and 3) evaluation of beam
attenuation capacity. The chemical composition of the beeswax
evaluated in this study was similar to other simulators commonly
used in radiotherapy. The behavior of the mass attenuation coefficient
in the radiotherapy energy range was comparable to other simulators.
The proposed model is efficient and enables convenient assessment
of the use of any particular beeswax as a base substitute tissue for
radiotherapy.
[1] E.B. Podgorsak, Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers
and Students, IAEA,1957.
[2] Brazilian Radiotherapy Society. [on line]
http://www.sbradioterapia.com.br.
[3] D.R. White, Tissue substitutes in experimental radiation physics.
Medical Physics, pp. 467-479, 1978.
[4] D.R. White, The formulation of tissue substitute materials using basic
interaction data. Physics in medicine and biology, pp. 22-25, 1975.
[5] D.R. White, C. Constatinou, C: Anthropomorphic phantom materials.
The Progress in Medical Radiation Physics. Medical Radiation Physics,
pp. 133-193, 1982.
[6] International Commission On Radiation Units And Measurements,
Tissue Substitutes in Radiation Dosimetry and Measurement. Report.44,
1989.
[7] R. Zovaro, Ceras de abelhas: Produção e beneficiamento. Vol.1, AEP,
2007.
[8] D. Scheidegger, B├│lus e filtros em cunha feitos com cera de abelha para
utiliza├º├úo em radioterapia com 60Co. Publica├º├Áes, CEFET, 2003.
[9] M. Tobler, Design and production of wax compensators for electron
treatments of the chest wall. Medical dosimetry. pp. 199-206, 2006.
[10] Embrapa Meio-Norte. [on line] http://www.embrapa.mn.gov.br.
[11] J.L. Bernal, Physico-chemical parameters for the characterization of
pure beeswax and detection of adulterations. European Journal of lipid
science and technology, pp. 158-166, 2005.
[12] A.R. Silva, Characterization of the honey bee flora in the semi-arid of
Brazilian state of Paraiba. Arquivos de Zootecnia, pp. 2-4, 2000.
[13] Ministério da Agricultura, Pecu├íria e Abastecimento. Regulamentos
técnicos de identidade e qualidade de produtos ap├¡colas. Instru├º├úo
normativa no3, Sistema de consulta a legislação - SISLEG, 2001.
[14] United States Pharmacopoeial Convention, National Publishing, 2000.
[15] British Prarmacopoeia Commission Secretariat, HMSO, 1993.
[16] Real Farmacopea Espa├▒ola, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, 1997.
[17] R.N. Rangel, Práticas de físico-química. Blucher, 2006.
[18] L. Casares, Tratado de Analisis Químico. Toledo, 1997.
[19] E. Moretto. Óleos e gorduras vegetais: Processamento e análises.
Ed.UFSC, 1989.
[20] Farmacopeia Brasileira, Ministério da Sa├║de, Atheneu, 1988.
[21] J. Serra, Características físico-químicas de la cera de abejas producida
en Espa├▒a. Alimentaci├│n, equipos y tecnologia, pp. 213-216, 1989.
[22] D.M. Robinson, J.W. Scrimger, Monoenergetic approximation of a
polyenergetic beam: a theorical approach. The British Journal of
Radiology, pp. 452-454, 1990.
[23] J.H. Hubbel, S.M. Seltzer, Tables of X-Ray Mass Attenuation
Coefficients and Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficients 1 keV to 20 MeV
for Elements Z=1 to 92 and 48 Additional Substances of Dosimetric
Interest. NISTIR 5632, 1995.
[24] M. J. Berger, J.H. Hubbell, S. M. Seltzer, J. S. Coursey, and D. S.
Zucker, XCOM: Photon Cross Section Database (Version 1.2).
Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology,
1999.
[25] IAEA - TECDOC 1151 - Aspectos Físicos de La Garantía de Calidad
en Radioterapia: Protocolo de Control de Calidad. IAEA, 2000.
[26] E.J. Turner, Atoms, radiation, and radiation protection. Willey, 2007.
[27] F. Khan. The physics of radiation therapy. Williams and Wilkins, 1994.
[28] AIEA, Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy: An
international code of practice for dosimetry based on standards of
absorbed dose to water. Technical Report Series - 398, 2000.
[1] E.B. Podgorsak, Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers
and Students, IAEA,1957.
[2] Brazilian Radiotherapy Society. [on line]
http://www.sbradioterapia.com.br.
[3] D.R. White, Tissue substitutes in experimental radiation physics.
Medical Physics, pp. 467-479, 1978.
[4] D.R. White, The formulation of tissue substitute materials using basic
interaction data. Physics in medicine and biology, pp. 22-25, 1975.
[5] D.R. White, C. Constatinou, C: Anthropomorphic phantom materials.
The Progress in Medical Radiation Physics. Medical Radiation Physics,
pp. 133-193, 1982.
[6] International Commission On Radiation Units And Measurements,
Tissue Substitutes in Radiation Dosimetry and Measurement. Report.44,
1989.
[7] R. Zovaro, Ceras de abelhas: Produção e beneficiamento. Vol.1, AEP,
2007.
[8] D. Scheidegger, B├│lus e filtros em cunha feitos com cera de abelha para
utiliza├º├úo em radioterapia com 60Co. Publica├º├Áes, CEFET, 2003.
[9] M. Tobler, Design and production of wax compensators for electron
treatments of the chest wall. Medical dosimetry. pp. 199-206, 2006.
[10] Embrapa Meio-Norte. [on line] http://www.embrapa.mn.gov.br.
[11] J.L. Bernal, Physico-chemical parameters for the characterization of
pure beeswax and detection of adulterations. European Journal of lipid
science and technology, pp. 158-166, 2005.
[12] A.R. Silva, Characterization of the honey bee flora in the semi-arid of
Brazilian state of Paraiba. Arquivos de Zootecnia, pp. 2-4, 2000.
[13] Ministério da Agricultura, Pecu├íria e Abastecimento. Regulamentos
técnicos de identidade e qualidade de produtos ap├¡colas. Instru├º├úo
normativa no3, Sistema de consulta a legislação - SISLEG, 2001.
[14] United States Pharmacopoeial Convention, National Publishing, 2000.
[15] British Prarmacopoeia Commission Secretariat, HMSO, 1993.
[16] Real Farmacopea Espa├▒ola, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, 1997.
[17] R.N. Rangel, Práticas de físico-química. Blucher, 2006.
[18] L. Casares, Tratado de Analisis Químico. Toledo, 1997.
[19] E. Moretto. Óleos e gorduras vegetais: Processamento e análises.
Ed.UFSC, 1989.
[20] Farmacopeia Brasileira, Ministério da Sa├║de, Atheneu, 1988.
[21] J. Serra, Características físico-químicas de la cera de abejas producida
en Espa├▒a. Alimentaci├│n, equipos y tecnologia, pp. 213-216, 1989.
[22] D.M. Robinson, J.W. Scrimger, Monoenergetic approximation of a
polyenergetic beam: a theorical approach. The British Journal of
Radiology, pp. 452-454, 1990.
[23] J.H. Hubbel, S.M. Seltzer, Tables of X-Ray Mass Attenuation
Coefficients and Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficients 1 keV to 20 MeV
for Elements Z=1 to 92 and 48 Additional Substances of Dosimetric
Interest. NISTIR 5632, 1995.
[24] M. J. Berger, J.H. Hubbell, S. M. Seltzer, J. S. Coursey, and D. S.
Zucker, XCOM: Photon Cross Section Database (Version 1.2).
Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology,
1999.
[25] IAEA - TECDOC 1151 - Aspectos Físicos de La Garantía de Calidad
en Radioterapia: Protocolo de Control de Calidad. IAEA, 2000.
[26] E.J. Turner, Atoms, radiation, and radiation protection. Willey, 2007.
[27] F. Khan. The physics of radiation therapy. Williams and Wilkins, 1994.
[28] AIEA, Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy: An
international code of practice for dosimetry based on standards of
absorbed dose to water. Technical Report Series - 398, 2000.
@article{"International Journal of Engineering, Mathematical and Physical Sciences:58285", author = "R.M.V. Silva and D.N. Souza", title = "A Model for the Characterization and Selection of Beeswaxes for use as base Substitute Tissue in Photon Teletherapy", abstract = "This paper presents a model for the characterization
and selection of beeswaxes for use as base substitute tissue for the
manufacture of objects suitable for external radiotherapy using
megavoltage photon beams. The model of characterization was
divided into three distinct stages: 1) verification of aspects related to
the origin of the beeswax, the bee species, the flora in the vicinity of
the beehives and procedures to detect adulterations; 2) evaluation of
physical and chemical properties; and 3) evaluation of beam
attenuation capacity. The chemical composition of the beeswax
evaluated in this study was similar to other simulators commonly
used in radiotherapy. The behavior of the mass attenuation coefficient
in the radiotherapy energy range was comparable to other simulators.
The proposed model is efficient and enables convenient assessment
of the use of any particular beeswax as a base substitute tissue for
radiotherapy.", keywords = "Beeswaxes, characterization, model, radiotherapy", volume = "5", number = "8", pages = "1333-6", }
