Effect of Polymer Molecular Structures on Properties of Dental Cement Restoratives
The objective of this study was to synthesize and
characterize the poly(alkenoic acid)s with different molecular
structures, use these polymers to formulate a dental cement
restorative, and study the effect of molecular structures on reaction
kinetics, viscosity, and mechanical strengths of the formed polymers
and cement restoratives. In this study, poly(alkenoic acid)s with
different molecular structures were synthesized. The purified
polymers were formulated with commercial Fuji II LC glass fillers to
form the experimental cement restoratives. The reaction kinetics was
studied via 1HNMR spectroscopy. The formed restoratives were
evaluated using compressive strength, diametral tensile strength,
flexural strength, hardness and wear-resistance tests. Specimens were
conditioned in distilled water at 37oC for 24 h prior to testing. Fuji II
LC restorative was used as control. The results show that the higher
the arm number and initiator concentration, the faster the reaction
was. It was also found that the higher the arm number and branching
that the polymer had, the lower the viscosity of the polymer in water
and the lower the mechanical strengths of the formed restorative. The
experimental restoratives were 31-53% in compressive strength, 37-
55% in compressive modulus, 80-126% in diametral tensile strength,
76-94% in flexural strength, 4-21% in fracture toughness and 53-96%
in hardness higher than Fuji II LC. For wear test, the experimental
restoratives were only 5.4-13% of abrasive and 6.4-12% of attritional
wear depths of Fuji II LC in each wear cycle. The aging study also
showed that all the experimental restoratives increased their strength
continuously during 30 days, unlike Fuji II LC. It is concluded that
polymer molecular structures have significant and positive impact on
mechanical properties of dental cement restoratives.
[1] D. C. Smith, “Development of Glass-ionomer Cement Systems,”
Biomaterials, Vol. 9, pp. 467-478, 1998.
[2] A. D. Wilson and J. W. McLean, “Glass-ionomer Cements,”
Quintessence Publ Co., Chicago, 1988.
[3] C. L. Davidson and I. A. Mjör, “Advances in Glass-ionomer Cements,”
Quintessence Publ Co., Chicago, 1999.
[4] A. D. Wilson, “Resin-modified Glass-ionomer Cement,” The
International journal of prosthodontics, Vol. 3, pp. 425-429, 1990.
[5] P. Hotz, J. W. McLean, I. Sced and A. D. Wilson, “The Bonding of
Glass-ionomer Cements to Metal and Tooth Substrates,” British Dental
Journal, Vol. 142, pp. 41-47, 1977.
[6] W. R. Lacefield, M. C. Reindl and D. H. Retief, “Tensile Bond Strength
of A Glass-ionomer Cement,” The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Vol.
53, pp. 194-198, 1985.
[7] L. Forsten, “Fluoride Release from A Glass-ionomer Cement,”
Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 85, pp. 503-504, 1977.
[8] R. G. Craig, “Restorative Dental Materials,” 10th Edition, Mosby-Year
Book, Inc St Louis, 1997.
[9] J. W. Nicholson, J. H. Braybrook and E. A. Wasson, “The
Biocompatibility of Glass-poly(alkenoate) Glass-ionomer Cements: A
Review,” Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition, Vol. 2, pp.
277-285, 1991.
[10] W. R. Hume and G. J. Mount, “In Vitro Studies on the Potential for
Pulpal Cytotoxicity of Glass-ionomer Cements. Journal of Dental
Research,” Vol. 67, 915-918, 1988.
[11] R. Guggenberger, R. May and K. P. Stefan, “New Trends in Glassionomer
Chemistry,” Biomaterials, Vol. 19, pp. 479-483, 1998.
[12] S. B. Mitra, Adhesion to Dentin and Physical Properties of A Lightcured
Glass-ionomer Liner/Base,” Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 70,
pp. 72-74, 1991.
[13] Y. Momoi, K. Hirosaki, A. Kohno and J. F. McCabe, “Flexural
Properties of Resin-modified Hybrid Glass-ionomers in Comparison
with Conventional Acid-base Glass-ionomers,” Dental Materials
Journal, Vol. 14, pp. 109-119, 1995.
[14] D. Xie, B. M. Culbertson and W. M. Johnston, “Formulations of Lightcurable
Glass-ionomer Cements Containing N-Vinylpyrrolidone,”
Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Vol. A35, pp. 1631-1650, 1998.
[15] D. Xie, W. Wu, A. Puckett, B. Farmer and J. Mays, “Novel Resinmodified
Glass-ionomer Cements with Improved Flexural Strength and
Ease of Handling,” European Polymer Journal, Vol. 40, pp. 343-351,
2004.
[16] E. C. Kao, B. M. Culbertson and D. Xie, “Preparation of Glass-ionomer
Cement Using N-Acryloyl-Substituted Amino Acid Monomers:
Evaluation of Physical Properties,” Dental Materials, Vol. 12, pp. 44-51,
1996.
[17] D. Xie, I. D. Chung, W. Wu, J. Lemons, A. Puckett and J. Mays, “An
Amino Acid Modified and Non-HEMA Containing Glass-ionomer
Cement,” Biomaterials, Vol. 25, pp. 1825-1830, 2004.
[18] D. Xie, B. M. Culbertson and W. M. Johnston, “Improved Flexural
Strength of N-Vinylpyrrolidone Modified Acrylic Acid Copolymers for
Glass-ionomers,” Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A Pure and
Applied Chemistry, Vol. A35, pp. 1615-1629, 1998.
[19] P. Bahadur and N. V. Sastry, “Principles of Polymer Science,” CRC
press, Boca Raton, 2002.
[20] C. F. Huang, H. F. Lee, S. W. Kuo, H. Xu and F. C. Chang, “Star
Polymers via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization from Adamantinebased
Cores,” Polymer, Vol. 45, pp. 2261-2269, 2004.
[21] D. Xie, J. G. Park and J. Zhao, “Synthesis and Preparation of Novel 4-
Arm Star-shape Poly(carboxylic acid)s for Improved Light-cured Glassionomer
Cements,” Dental Materials, Vol. 23, pp. 395-403, 2007.
[22] D. Xie, Y. Yang, J. Zhao, J. G. Park and J. T. Zhang, “A Novel
Comonomer-free Light-cured Glass-ionomer Cement for Reduced
Cytotoxicity and Enhanced Mechanical Strength,” Dental Materials,
Vol. 23, p. 994-1003, 2007.
[23] J. Zhao and D. Xie, “A Novel Hyperbranched Poly(acrylic acid) for
Improved Resin-modified Glass-ionomer Restoratives,” Dental
Materials, Vol. 27, pp. 478-486, 2011.
[24] W. W. Johnson, V. B. Dhuru and W. A. Brantley, “Composite
Microfiller Content and Its Effect on Fracture Toughness and Diametral
Tensile Strength,” Dental Materials, Vol. 9, pp. 95-98, 1993.
[25] D. Xie, W. A. Brantley, B. M. Culbertson and G. Wang, “Mechanical
Properties and Microstructures of Glass-ionomer Cements,” Dental
Materials, Vol. 16, p. 129-138, 2000.
[26] A. H. Dowling and G. J. P. Fleming, “The Impact of Montmorillonite
Clay Addition on the In Vitro Wear Resistance of A Glass-ionomer
Restorative,” Journal of Dentistry, Vol. 35, pp. 309-317, 2007.
[27] J. R. Condon and J. L. Ferracane, “Evaluation of Composite Wear with
A New Multi-Mode Oral Wear Simulator,” Dental Materials, Vol. 12,
pp. 218-226, 1996.
[28] C. P. Turssi, J. L. Ferracane and K. Vogel, “Filler Features and Their
Effects on Wear and Degree of Conversion of Particulate Dental Resin
Composites,” Biomaterials, Vol. 26, pp. 4932-4937, 2005.
[29] K. Matyjaszewski and J. Xia, “Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization,”
Chemical Reviews, Vol. 101, pp. 2921-2990, 2001.
[30] D. A. Shipp and K. Matyjaszewski, “Kinetic Analysis of
Controlled/“Living” Radical Polymerizations by Simulations. 1. The
Importance of Diffusion-controlled Reactions,” Macromolecules, Vol.
32, pp. 2948, 1999.
[31] D. A. Shipp and K. Matyjaszewski, “Kinetic Analysis of
Controlled/“Living” Radical Polymerizations by Simulations. 2.
Apparent External Orders of Reactants in Atom Transfer Radical
Polymerization,” Macromolecules, Vol. 33, pp. 1553-1559, 2000.
[32] M. A. Cattani-Lorente, C. Godin and J. M. Meyer, “Mechanical
Behavior of Glass ionomer Cements Affected by Long-term Storage in
Water,” Dental Materials, Vol. 10, pp. 37-44, 1994.
[33] G. J. Pearson and A. S. Atkinson, “Long-term Flexural Strength of
Glass-ionomer Cements,” Biomaterials, Vol. 12, pp. 658-660, 1991.
[1] D. C. Smith, “Development of Glass-ionomer Cement Systems,”
Biomaterials, Vol. 9, pp. 467-478, 1998.
[2] A. D. Wilson and J. W. McLean, “Glass-ionomer Cements,”
Quintessence Publ Co., Chicago, 1988.
[3] C. L. Davidson and I. A. Mjör, “Advances in Glass-ionomer Cements,”
Quintessence Publ Co., Chicago, 1999.
[4] A. D. Wilson, “Resin-modified Glass-ionomer Cement,” The
International journal of prosthodontics, Vol. 3, pp. 425-429, 1990.
[5] P. Hotz, J. W. McLean, I. Sced and A. D. Wilson, “The Bonding of
Glass-ionomer Cements to Metal and Tooth Substrates,” British Dental
Journal, Vol. 142, pp. 41-47, 1977.
[6] W. R. Lacefield, M. C. Reindl and D. H. Retief, “Tensile Bond Strength
of A Glass-ionomer Cement,” The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Vol.
53, pp. 194-198, 1985.
[7] L. Forsten, “Fluoride Release from A Glass-ionomer Cement,”
Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 85, pp. 503-504, 1977.
[8] R. G. Craig, “Restorative Dental Materials,” 10th Edition, Mosby-Year
Book, Inc St Louis, 1997.
[9] J. W. Nicholson, J. H. Braybrook and E. A. Wasson, “The
Biocompatibility of Glass-poly(alkenoate) Glass-ionomer Cements: A
Review,” Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition, Vol. 2, pp.
277-285, 1991.
[10] W. R. Hume and G. J. Mount, “In Vitro Studies on the Potential for
Pulpal Cytotoxicity of Glass-ionomer Cements. Journal of Dental
Research,” Vol. 67, 915-918, 1988.
[11] R. Guggenberger, R. May and K. P. Stefan, “New Trends in Glassionomer
Chemistry,” Biomaterials, Vol. 19, pp. 479-483, 1998.
[12] S. B. Mitra, Adhesion to Dentin and Physical Properties of A Lightcured
Glass-ionomer Liner/Base,” Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 70,
pp. 72-74, 1991.
[13] Y. Momoi, K. Hirosaki, A. Kohno and J. F. McCabe, “Flexural
Properties of Resin-modified Hybrid Glass-ionomers in Comparison
with Conventional Acid-base Glass-ionomers,” Dental Materials
Journal, Vol. 14, pp. 109-119, 1995.
[14] D. Xie, B. M. Culbertson and W. M. Johnston, “Formulations of Lightcurable
Glass-ionomer Cements Containing N-Vinylpyrrolidone,”
Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Vol. A35, pp. 1631-1650, 1998.
[15] D. Xie, W. Wu, A. Puckett, B. Farmer and J. Mays, “Novel Resinmodified
Glass-ionomer Cements with Improved Flexural Strength and
Ease of Handling,” European Polymer Journal, Vol. 40, pp. 343-351,
2004.
[16] E. C. Kao, B. M. Culbertson and D. Xie, “Preparation of Glass-ionomer
Cement Using N-Acryloyl-Substituted Amino Acid Monomers:
Evaluation of Physical Properties,” Dental Materials, Vol. 12, pp. 44-51,
1996.
[17] D. Xie, I. D. Chung, W. Wu, J. Lemons, A. Puckett and J. Mays, “An
Amino Acid Modified and Non-HEMA Containing Glass-ionomer
Cement,” Biomaterials, Vol. 25, pp. 1825-1830, 2004.
[18] D. Xie, B. M. Culbertson and W. M. Johnston, “Improved Flexural
Strength of N-Vinylpyrrolidone Modified Acrylic Acid Copolymers for
Glass-ionomers,” Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A Pure and
Applied Chemistry, Vol. A35, pp. 1615-1629, 1998.
[19] P. Bahadur and N. V. Sastry, “Principles of Polymer Science,” CRC
press, Boca Raton, 2002.
[20] C. F. Huang, H. F. Lee, S. W. Kuo, H. Xu and F. C. Chang, “Star
Polymers via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization from Adamantinebased
Cores,” Polymer, Vol. 45, pp. 2261-2269, 2004.
[21] D. Xie, J. G. Park and J. Zhao, “Synthesis and Preparation of Novel 4-
Arm Star-shape Poly(carboxylic acid)s for Improved Light-cured Glassionomer
Cements,” Dental Materials, Vol. 23, pp. 395-403, 2007.
[22] D. Xie, Y. Yang, J. Zhao, J. G. Park and J. T. Zhang, “A Novel
Comonomer-free Light-cured Glass-ionomer Cement for Reduced
Cytotoxicity and Enhanced Mechanical Strength,” Dental Materials,
Vol. 23, p. 994-1003, 2007.
[23] J. Zhao and D. Xie, “A Novel Hyperbranched Poly(acrylic acid) for
Improved Resin-modified Glass-ionomer Restoratives,” Dental
Materials, Vol. 27, pp. 478-486, 2011.
[24] W. W. Johnson, V. B. Dhuru and W. A. Brantley, “Composite
Microfiller Content and Its Effect on Fracture Toughness and Diametral
Tensile Strength,” Dental Materials, Vol. 9, pp. 95-98, 1993.
[25] D. Xie, W. A. Brantley, B. M. Culbertson and G. Wang, “Mechanical
Properties and Microstructures of Glass-ionomer Cements,” Dental
Materials, Vol. 16, p. 129-138, 2000.
[26] A. H. Dowling and G. J. P. Fleming, “The Impact of Montmorillonite
Clay Addition on the In Vitro Wear Resistance of A Glass-ionomer
Restorative,” Journal of Dentistry, Vol. 35, pp. 309-317, 2007.
[27] J. R. Condon and J. L. Ferracane, “Evaluation of Composite Wear with
A New Multi-Mode Oral Wear Simulator,” Dental Materials, Vol. 12,
pp. 218-226, 1996.
[28] C. P. Turssi, J. L. Ferracane and K. Vogel, “Filler Features and Their
Effects on Wear and Degree of Conversion of Particulate Dental Resin
Composites,” Biomaterials, Vol. 26, pp. 4932-4937, 2005.
[29] K. Matyjaszewski and J. Xia, “Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization,”
Chemical Reviews, Vol. 101, pp. 2921-2990, 2001.
[30] D. A. Shipp and K. Matyjaszewski, “Kinetic Analysis of
Controlled/“Living” Radical Polymerizations by Simulations. 1. The
Importance of Diffusion-controlled Reactions,” Macromolecules, Vol.
32, pp. 2948, 1999.
[31] D. A. Shipp and K. Matyjaszewski, “Kinetic Analysis of
Controlled/“Living” Radical Polymerizations by Simulations. 2.
Apparent External Orders of Reactants in Atom Transfer Radical
Polymerization,” Macromolecules, Vol. 33, pp. 1553-1559, 2000.
[32] M. A. Cattani-Lorente, C. Godin and J. M. Meyer, “Mechanical
Behavior of Glass ionomer Cements Affected by Long-term Storage in
Water,” Dental Materials, Vol. 10, pp. 37-44, 1994.
[33] G. J. Pearson and A. S. Atkinson, “Long-term Flexural Strength of
Glass-ionomer Cements,” Biomaterials, Vol. 12, pp. 658-660, 1991.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:71338", author = "Dong Xie and Jun Zhao and Yiming Weng", title = "Effect of Polymer Molecular Structures on Properties of Dental Cement Restoratives", abstract = "The objective of this study was to synthesize and
characterize the poly(alkenoic acid)s with different molecular
structures, use these polymers to formulate a dental cement
restorative, and study the effect of molecular structures on reaction
kinetics, viscosity, and mechanical strengths of the formed polymers
and cement restoratives. In this study, poly(alkenoic acid)s with
different molecular structures were synthesized. The purified
polymers were formulated with commercial Fuji II LC glass fillers to
form the experimental cement restoratives. The reaction kinetics was
studied via 1HNMR spectroscopy. The formed restoratives were
evaluated using compressive strength, diametral tensile strength,
flexural strength, hardness and wear-resistance tests. Specimens were
conditioned in distilled water at 37oC for 24 h prior to testing. Fuji II
LC restorative was used as control. The results show that the higher
the arm number and initiator concentration, the faster the reaction
was. It was also found that the higher the arm number and branching
that the polymer had, the lower the viscosity of the polymer in water
and the lower the mechanical strengths of the formed restorative. The
experimental restoratives were 31-53% in compressive strength, 37-
55% in compressive modulus, 80-126% in diametral tensile strength,
76-94% in flexural strength, 4-21% in fracture toughness and 53-96%
in hardness higher than Fuji II LC. For wear test, the experimental
restoratives were only 5.4-13% of abrasive and 6.4-12% of attritional
wear depths of Fuji II LC in each wear cycle. The aging study also
showed that all the experimental restoratives increased their strength
continuously during 30 days, unlike Fuji II LC. It is concluded that
polymer molecular structures have significant and positive impact on
mechanical properties of dental cement restoratives.", keywords = "Poly(alkenoic acid)s, molecular structures, dental
cement, mechanical strength.", volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "585-8", }