Designing Offshore Pipelines Facing the Geohazard of Active Seismic Faults
The current study focuses on the seismic design of
offshore pipelines against active faults. After an extensive literature
review of the provisions of the seismic norms worldwide and of the
available analytical methods, the study simulates numerically
(through finite-element modeling and strain-based criteria) the
distress of offshore pipelines subjected to PGDs induced by active
normal and reverse seismic faults at the seabed. Factors, such as the
geometrical properties of the fault, the mechanical properties of the
ruptured soil formations, and the pipeline characteristics, are
examined. After some interesting conclusions regarding the seismic
vulnerability of offshore pipelines, potential cost-effective mitigation
measures are proposed taking into account constructability issues.
[1] ISO 19901-2, Petroleum and natural gas industries-Specific
requirements for offshore structures, Part 2- Seismic design procedures
and criteria, 2004.
[2] American Petroleum Institute, Recommended practice 1111, fourth
edition, Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of Offshore
Hydrocarbon Pipelines (Limit State Design), December 2009.
[3] DNV, Offshore Standard-F101, Submarine pipeline systems, 2012
[4] Eurocode 8, Design of structures for earthquake resistance, Part 4: Silos,
tanks and pipelines, CEN-ENV, European Committee for
Standardization, Brussels, 2006.
[5] IITK-GSDMA, Guidelines for seismic design of buried pipelines,
NICEE, India, 2007.
[6] American Lifelines Alliance – ASCE, Guidelines for the design of
buried steel pipe, 2001.
[7] Konagai K. et al., “Key Points for Rational Design for Civil
Infrastructures near Seismic Faults Reflecting Soil-Structure Interaction
Features”, Report of JSPS research project, grant-in-aid for scientific
research (A) Project No.16208048, 2006.
[8] Hamada, M. “Measures and designs of lifelines against fault-induced
ground surface ruptures,” Seismic Fault Induced Failures, Workshop,
JSCE (Konagai, K., Hori, M., Meguro, K. and Koseki, J., eds.), pp. 119–
130, 2003.
[9] Newmark N.M., Hall W.J., “Pipeline Design to Resist Large Fault
Displacement”, Proceedings of the 1975 U.S. National Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 416-425, 1975
[10] Kennedy R.P., Chow A.W., Williamson R.A, “Fault movement effects
on buried oil pipeline”, Journal of the Transportation Engineering
Division, ASCE, 1977, vol.103, pp. 617–33.
[11] Wang L.R.L., Yeh Y., “A refined seismic analysis and design of buried
pipeline for fault movement”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and
Structural Dynamics, 1985, vol. 13, pp. 75–96.
[12] Karamitros D., Bouckovalas G., Kouretzis G., “Stress Analysis of buried
Steel Pipelines at Strike-Slip Fault Crossings”, Soil Dynamics and
Earthquake Engineering, 2007, vol. 27, pp. 200-211.
[13] Trifonov OV, Cherniy VP., “A semi-analytical approach to a nonlinear
stress-strain analysis of buried steel pipes crossing active faults”,
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2010, vol. 30(11),
pp. 1298-208.
[14] Karamitros D., Bouckovalas G., Kouretzis G., “An analytical method for
strength verification of buried steel pipelines at normal fault crossings”,
Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2011, vol. 31, pp. 1452-
1464.
[15] Trifonov OV, Cherniy VP, “Elastoplastic stress–strain analysis of buried
steel pipelines subjected to fault displacements with account for service
loads”, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2012, vol. 33,
pp. 54-62.
[16] O’Rourke MJ, Liu X., Seismic design of buried and offshore pipelines,
Monograph Series, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering
Research, (MCEER), 2012.
[1] ISO 19901-2, Petroleum and natural gas industries-Specific
requirements for offshore structures, Part 2- Seismic design procedures
and criteria, 2004.
[2] American Petroleum Institute, Recommended practice 1111, fourth
edition, Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of Offshore
Hydrocarbon Pipelines (Limit State Design), December 2009.
[3] DNV, Offshore Standard-F101, Submarine pipeline systems, 2012
[4] Eurocode 8, Design of structures for earthquake resistance, Part 4: Silos,
tanks and pipelines, CEN-ENV, European Committee for
Standardization, Brussels, 2006.
[5] IITK-GSDMA, Guidelines for seismic design of buried pipelines,
NICEE, India, 2007.
[6] American Lifelines Alliance – ASCE, Guidelines for the design of
buried steel pipe, 2001.
[7] Konagai K. et al., “Key Points for Rational Design for Civil
Infrastructures near Seismic Faults Reflecting Soil-Structure Interaction
Features”, Report of JSPS research project, grant-in-aid for scientific
research (A) Project No.16208048, 2006.
[8] Hamada, M. “Measures and designs of lifelines against fault-induced
ground surface ruptures,” Seismic Fault Induced Failures, Workshop,
JSCE (Konagai, K., Hori, M., Meguro, K. and Koseki, J., eds.), pp. 119–
130, 2003.
[9] Newmark N.M., Hall W.J., “Pipeline Design to Resist Large Fault
Displacement”, Proceedings of the 1975 U.S. National Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 416-425, 1975
[10] Kennedy R.P., Chow A.W., Williamson R.A, “Fault movement effects
on buried oil pipeline”, Journal of the Transportation Engineering
Division, ASCE, 1977, vol.103, pp. 617–33.
[11] Wang L.R.L., Yeh Y., “A refined seismic analysis and design of buried
pipeline for fault movement”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and
Structural Dynamics, 1985, vol. 13, pp. 75–96.
[12] Karamitros D., Bouckovalas G., Kouretzis G., “Stress Analysis of buried
Steel Pipelines at Strike-Slip Fault Crossings”, Soil Dynamics and
Earthquake Engineering, 2007, vol. 27, pp. 200-211.
[13] Trifonov OV, Cherniy VP., “A semi-analytical approach to a nonlinear
stress-strain analysis of buried steel pipes crossing active faults”,
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2010, vol. 30(11),
pp. 1298-208.
[14] Karamitros D., Bouckovalas G., Kouretzis G., “An analytical method for
strength verification of buried steel pipelines at normal fault crossings”,
Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2011, vol. 31, pp. 1452-
1464.
[15] Trifonov OV, Cherniy VP, “Elastoplastic stress–strain analysis of buried
steel pipelines subjected to fault displacements with account for service
loads”, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2012, vol. 33,
pp. 54-62.
[16] O’Rourke MJ, Liu X., Seismic design of buried and offshore pipelines,
Monograph Series, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering
Research, (MCEER), 2012.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:71306", author = "Maria S. Trimintziou and Michael G. Sakellariou and Prodromos N. Psarropoulos", title = "Designing Offshore Pipelines Facing the Geohazard of Active Seismic Faults", abstract = "The current study focuses on the seismic design of
offshore pipelines against active faults. After an extensive literature
review of the provisions of the seismic norms worldwide and of the
available analytical methods, the study simulates numerically
(through finite-element modeling and strain-based criteria) the
distress of offshore pipelines subjected to PGDs induced by active
normal and reverse seismic faults at the seabed. Factors, such as the
geometrical properties of the fault, the mechanical properties of the
ruptured soil formations, and the pipeline characteristics, are
examined. After some interesting conclusions regarding the seismic
vulnerability of offshore pipelines, potential cost-effective mitigation
measures are proposed taking into account constructability issues.", keywords = "Active faults, Seismic design, offshore pipelines.", volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "775-10", }