User Acceptance of Educational Games: A Revised Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)
Educational games (EG) seem to have lots of potential due to digital games popularity and preferences of our younger generations of learners. However, most studies focus on game design and its effectiveness while little has been known about the factors that can affect users to accept or to reject EG for their learning. User acceptance research try to understand the determinants of information systems (IS) adoption among users by investigating both systems factors and users factors. Upon the lack of knowledge on acceptance factors for educational games, we seek to understand the issue. This study proposed a model of acceptance factors based on Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). We use original model (performance expectancy, effort expectancy and social influence) together with two new determinants (learning opportunities and enjoyment). We will also investigate the effect of gender and gaming experience that moderate the proposed factors.
[1] FAS, F.o.A.S. Harnessing the power of video games for learning. 2006
[cited 8 Mei 2008]; Available from: http://www.fas.org.
[2] Prensky, M., Digital Game-Based Learning. 2001, New York: Mc Graw
Hill.
[3] Gee, J.P., What video games have to teach us about learning and
literacy. 2003, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
[4] Oblinger, D.G., Games and learning :Digital games have the potential to
bring play back to the learning experience. Educause quarterly 2006(3):
p. 5-7.
[5] Hirumi, A. and C. Stapleton, Applying pedagogy during game
development to enhance game based learning, in Book Technologies for
E-Learning and Digital Entertainment 2008, Springer Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg. p. 509-517.
[6] Gee, J.P. Good Video Games and Good Learning. 2006 [cited 10
September 2008.]; Available from:
http://www.academiccolab.org/resources/documents/Good_Learning.pdf
.
[7] Garris, R., R. Ahlers, and J.E. Driskell, Games, Motivation, and
Learning: A Research and Practice Model. Simulation and Gaming,
2002. 33(4): p. 441-467.
[8] Norizan, M.D., Pendekatan Bercerita dan Permainan dalam
Pembangunan Perisian Kursus Akhlak Islamiah. 2003, UKM: Bangi.
[9] Izam Shah, B., Perisian Pengembaraan Multimedia :Edutainment Dalam
Pendidikan Agama Islam Sekolah Rendah, in Fakulti Teknologi dan
Sains Maklumat. 2007, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia: Bangi,
Malaysia.
[10] Roslina Ibrahim, et al., Students Perceptions of Using Educational
Games to Learn Introductory Programming. Computer and Information
Science, 2011. 4(1): p. 205 - 216.
[11] Barnes, T., et al. Game2Learn: Building CS1 Learning Games for
Retention. in ITiCSE-07. 2007. Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom.
[12] Garzotto, F. Investigating the Educational Effectiveness of Multiplayer
Online Games for Children. in Interaction Design and Children (IDC
2007). 2007. Aalborg, Denmark: ACM Press.
[13] Virvao, M.K., George. Manos Konstantinos Combining software games
with education: Evaluation of its educational effectiveness. Educational
Technology & Society, 2005. 8(2): p. 54-65.
[14] Hill, J. Impacts of playing video games on learning in children.
Literature Synthesis for Applying Research 2006 [cited October 2010];
Available from: jinayang.myweb.uga.edu/edit6900/resources/report.pdf.
[15] Sugimoto, M. What can children learn through game-based learning
systems. in 1st IEEE International Workshop on Digital Game and
Intellignet Toy Enhanced Learning (DIGITEL '07). 2007: IEEE Xplore.
[16] Jaspaljeet, S.L.L.W., Mohana Shanmugam,Saraswathy Shamini
Gunasekaran, Siva Kumar Dorairaj, Designing Computer Games to
Introduce Programming to Children, in Information Technology and
Multimedia at UNITEN (ICIMU- 2008), Uniten, Editor. 2008: Selangor,
Malaysia. p. 643-647.
[17] Roslina, I., C.M.Y. Rasimah, and J. Azizah. Computer Games Playing
Activities: Habits of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Student. in
International Conference on IT and Multimedia (ICIMU). 2008. Bangi,
Selangor: Uniten.
[18] Nor Azan, M. and S. Wong, Game Based Learning (GBL) Model for
History Courseware: A Preliminary Analysis, in International
Symposium on Information Technology (ITSIM). H.e.a. (Eds.), Editor.
2008, UKM: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. p. 253-260.
[19] Rubijesmin, A.L. Understanding Malaysian students as gamers:
Experience. in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on
Digital interactive Media in Entertainment and Arts 2007. Perth,
Australia: ACM.
[20] Nor Azan, M., J. Azizah, and S. Wong, Digital Game-based learning
(DGBL) model and development methodology for teaching history.
WSEAS Transactions on Computers, 2009. 8(2): p. 322-333.
[21] Seddon, F. and M. Biasutti, Evaluating a music e-learning resources.
The participants perspectives Computers & Education, 2009. 53(3): p.
541-549.
[22] Bourgonjon, J., et al., Students- perceptions about the use of video
games in the classroom. Computers and Education, 2010. 54(2010): p.
1145-1156.
[23] Wang, Y.-S., M.-C. Wu, and H.-Y. Wang, Investigating the
determinants and age and gender differences in the acceptance of mobile
learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 2009. 40(1): p. 92-
118.
[24] Marchewka, J.T., C. Liu, and K. Kostiwa, An Application of the
UTAUT Model for Understanding Student Perceptions Using Course
Management Software. Communications of the IIMA, 2007. 7(2): p. 93
- 104.
[25] Selim, H.M., Critical success factors for e-learning acceptance:
Confirmatory factor models. Computer and Education, 2007. 49(2007):
p. 396 - 413.
[26] Bourgonjon, J., et al., Exploring the Acceptance of Video Games in the
Classroom by Secondary School Students, in 17th International
Conference on Computers in Education S.C. Kong, Ogata, H., Arnseth,
H.C., Chan, C.K.K., Hirashima, T., Klett, F., Lee, J.H.M., Liu, C.C.,
Looi, C.K., Milrad, M., Mitrovic, A., Nakabayashi, K., Wong, S.L.,
Yang, S.J.H, Editor. 2009, Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in
Education: Hong Kong. p. 651 - 658.
[27] Dillon, A. and M. Morris, User acceptance of new information
technology: theories and models, in Annual Review of Information
Science and Technology, M. Williams, Editor. 1996, Information Today:
Medford NJ. p. 3-32.
[28] Davis, F.D., Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user
acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 1989. 13(Sep
1989): p. 319-340.
[29] Venkatesh, V., et al., User acceptance of information technology:
Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 2003. 27(3): p. 423 - 478.
[30] Rogers, E.M., Diffusion of Innovations. 3 ed. 1983, New York: The Free
Press.
[31] Masrom, M., et al., Development of a Research Framework for
Analyzing Smart Card Technology Acceptance. MASAUM Journal of
Computing Vol.1 No.1 August 2009, 2009. 1(1): p. 37 - 43.
[32] Indrawati, S. Murugesan, and M. Raman, A New Conceptual Model of
Mobile Multimedia Services (MMS) and 3G Network Adoption in
Indonesia. International Journal of Information Science and
Management, 2010(Special Issue): p. 49-63.
[33] Wu, Y.-L. and Y.-H. Tao, The use of unified theory of acceptance and
use of technology to confer the behavioral model of 3G mobile
telecommunication users. Journal of Statistics & Management Systems,
2008. 11(5): p. 919-949.
[34] AlAwadhi, S. and A. Morris, The Use of the UTAUT Model in the
Adoption of E-government Services in Kuwait, in 41st Hawaii
International Conference on System Sciences. 2008, IEEE: Hawaii. p. 1-
11.
[35] Wang, Y.-S., Y.-H. Hung, and S.-C.T. Chou, Acceptance of EGovernment
Service: A Validation of the UTAUT, in Proceedings of the
5th WSEAS International Conference on E-ACTIVITIES, November
20-22, 2006. 2006, WSEAS: Venice, Italy. p. 165-170.
[36] YenYuen, Y. and P.H.P. Yeow, User Acceptance of Internet Banking
Service in Malaysia, in WEBIST 2008, J.C.e.a. (Eds.), Editor. 2009,
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009. p. 295 - 306.
[37] Al-Qeisi, K.I., Analyzing the Use of UTAUT Model in Explaining an
Online Behaviour: Internet Banking Adoption, in Department of
Marketing and Branding, Brunel University. 2009, Brunel University:
Brunel.
[38] Hennington, A.H. and B.D. Janz, Information systems and healthcare
xvi: physician adoption of electronic medical records: Applying the
UTAUT model in a healthcare context. Communications of the
Association for Information Systems (Volume 19, 2007) 60-80, 2007.
19(2007): p. 60-80.
[39] Wills, M.J., O.F. El-Gayar, and D. Bennett, Examiningg healthcare
professionals' acceptance of electronic medical records using UTAUT.
Issues in Information Systems, 2008. IX(2): p. 396-401.
[40] Ha, I., Y. Yoon, and M. Choi, Determinants of adoption of mobile
games under mobile broadband wireless access environment.
Information and Management, 2007. 44(2007): p. 276 - 286.
[41] Hsu, C.-L. and H.-P. Lu, Why do people play on-line games? An
extended TAM with social influences and flow experience. Information
& Management, 2004. 41(7): p. 853-868.
[42] Wang, H.-Y. and Y.-S. Wang, Gender differences in the perception and
acceptance of online games. British Journal of Educational Technology,
2008. 39(5): p. 787-806.
[43] Wu, J. and D. Liu, The Effects of Trust and Enjoyment on Intention to
Play Online Games. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 2007.
8(2): p. 128 - 140.
[44] Kebritchi, M., Factors affecting teachers- adoption of educational
computer games: A case study. British Journal of Educational
Technology, 2010. 44(2): p. 256-270.
[45] Pedersen, P.E. and R. Ling. Modifying adoption research for mobile
internet service adoption: cross-disciplinary interactions. . in
Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conference on System
Sciences (HICSS-36). 2003. ÔÇó Big Island, HI, Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE
Computer Society Press.
[46] Venkatesh, V. and M.G. Morris, Why don-t men ever stop to ask for
directions? Gender, social influence, and their role in technology
acceptance and usage behavior. MIS Quarterly, 2000. 24(1): p. 115-139.
[47] Davis, F.D., R.P. Bagozzi, and P.R. Warshaw, Extrinsic and intrinsic
motivation to use computers in the workplace. Journal of Applied Social
Psychology 1992. 22: p. 1111-1132.
[48] Chesney, T., An acceptance model for useful and fun information
systems An Interdisciplinary Journal on Humans in ICT Environments,
2006. 2(225 - 235).
[49] van der Heijden, H., User acceptance of hedonic information systems.
MIS Quarterly, 2004. 28(4): p. 695-704.
[50] Ha, I., Y. Yoon, and M. Choi, Determinants of adoption of mobile
games under mobile broadband wireless access environment.
Information & Management, 2007. 44(3): p. 276-286.
[51] Ajzen, I., From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behaviour,
J. Khul and J. Beckmann, Editors. 1985, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Heidlberg: New York Tokyo.
[52] Venkatesh, V. and F.D. Davis, A theoretical extension of the
Technology Acceptance Model: Four longitudinal field studies.
Management Sciences, 2000. 46(2): p. 186-204.
[53] Fu, F.L., R.C. Su, and S.C. Yu, EGameFlow: A scale to measure
learners- enjoyment of e-learning games. Computers and Education,
2009. 52: p. 101-112.
[54] Chesney, T., Measuring the context of information systems use. Journal
of Information Technology Management, 2008. XIX(3): p. 9-20.
[1] FAS, F.o.A.S. Harnessing the power of video games for learning. 2006
[cited 8 Mei 2008]; Available from: http://www.fas.org.
[2] Prensky, M., Digital Game-Based Learning. 2001, New York: Mc Graw
Hill.
[3] Gee, J.P., What video games have to teach us about learning and
literacy. 2003, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
[4] Oblinger, D.G., Games and learning :Digital games have the potential to
bring play back to the learning experience. Educause quarterly 2006(3):
p. 5-7.
[5] Hirumi, A. and C. Stapleton, Applying pedagogy during game
development to enhance game based learning, in Book Technologies for
E-Learning and Digital Entertainment 2008, Springer Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg. p. 509-517.
[6] Gee, J.P. Good Video Games and Good Learning. 2006 [cited 10
September 2008.]; Available from:
http://www.academiccolab.org/resources/documents/Good_Learning.pdf
.
[7] Garris, R., R. Ahlers, and J.E. Driskell, Games, Motivation, and
Learning: A Research and Practice Model. Simulation and Gaming,
2002. 33(4): p. 441-467.
[8] Norizan, M.D., Pendekatan Bercerita dan Permainan dalam
Pembangunan Perisian Kursus Akhlak Islamiah. 2003, UKM: Bangi.
[9] Izam Shah, B., Perisian Pengembaraan Multimedia :Edutainment Dalam
Pendidikan Agama Islam Sekolah Rendah, in Fakulti Teknologi dan
Sains Maklumat. 2007, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia: Bangi,
Malaysia.
[10] Roslina Ibrahim, et al., Students Perceptions of Using Educational
Games to Learn Introductory Programming. Computer and Information
Science, 2011. 4(1): p. 205 - 216.
[11] Barnes, T., et al. Game2Learn: Building CS1 Learning Games for
Retention. in ITiCSE-07. 2007. Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom.
[12] Garzotto, F. Investigating the Educational Effectiveness of Multiplayer
Online Games for Children. in Interaction Design and Children (IDC
2007). 2007. Aalborg, Denmark: ACM Press.
[13] Virvao, M.K., George. Manos Konstantinos Combining software games
with education: Evaluation of its educational effectiveness. Educational
Technology & Society, 2005. 8(2): p. 54-65.
[14] Hill, J. Impacts of playing video games on learning in children.
Literature Synthesis for Applying Research 2006 [cited October 2010];
Available from: jinayang.myweb.uga.edu/edit6900/resources/report.pdf.
[15] Sugimoto, M. What can children learn through game-based learning
systems. in 1st IEEE International Workshop on Digital Game and
Intellignet Toy Enhanced Learning (DIGITEL '07). 2007: IEEE Xplore.
[16] Jaspaljeet, S.L.L.W., Mohana Shanmugam,Saraswathy Shamini
Gunasekaran, Siva Kumar Dorairaj, Designing Computer Games to
Introduce Programming to Children, in Information Technology and
Multimedia at UNITEN (ICIMU- 2008), Uniten, Editor. 2008: Selangor,
Malaysia. p. 643-647.
[17] Roslina, I., C.M.Y. Rasimah, and J. Azizah. Computer Games Playing
Activities: Habits of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Student. in
International Conference on IT and Multimedia (ICIMU). 2008. Bangi,
Selangor: Uniten.
[18] Nor Azan, M. and S. Wong, Game Based Learning (GBL) Model for
History Courseware: A Preliminary Analysis, in International
Symposium on Information Technology (ITSIM). H.e.a. (Eds.), Editor.
2008, UKM: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. p. 253-260.
[19] Rubijesmin, A.L. Understanding Malaysian students as gamers:
Experience. in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on
Digital interactive Media in Entertainment and Arts 2007. Perth,
Australia: ACM.
[20] Nor Azan, M., J. Azizah, and S. Wong, Digital Game-based learning
(DGBL) model and development methodology for teaching history.
WSEAS Transactions on Computers, 2009. 8(2): p. 322-333.
[21] Seddon, F. and M. Biasutti, Evaluating a music e-learning resources.
The participants perspectives Computers & Education, 2009. 53(3): p.
541-549.
[22] Bourgonjon, J., et al., Students- perceptions about the use of video
games in the classroom. Computers and Education, 2010. 54(2010): p.
1145-1156.
[23] Wang, Y.-S., M.-C. Wu, and H.-Y. Wang, Investigating the
determinants and age and gender differences in the acceptance of mobile
learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 2009. 40(1): p. 92-
118.
[24] Marchewka, J.T., C. Liu, and K. Kostiwa, An Application of the
UTAUT Model for Understanding Student Perceptions Using Course
Management Software. Communications of the IIMA, 2007. 7(2): p. 93
- 104.
[25] Selim, H.M., Critical success factors for e-learning acceptance:
Confirmatory factor models. Computer and Education, 2007. 49(2007):
p. 396 - 413.
[26] Bourgonjon, J., et al., Exploring the Acceptance of Video Games in the
Classroom by Secondary School Students, in 17th International
Conference on Computers in Education S.C. Kong, Ogata, H., Arnseth,
H.C., Chan, C.K.K., Hirashima, T., Klett, F., Lee, J.H.M., Liu, C.C.,
Looi, C.K., Milrad, M., Mitrovic, A., Nakabayashi, K., Wong, S.L.,
Yang, S.J.H, Editor. 2009, Asia-Pacific Society for Computers in
Education: Hong Kong. p. 651 - 658.
[27] Dillon, A. and M. Morris, User acceptance of new information
technology: theories and models, in Annual Review of Information
Science and Technology, M. Williams, Editor. 1996, Information Today:
Medford NJ. p. 3-32.
[28] Davis, F.D., Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user
acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 1989. 13(Sep
1989): p. 319-340.
[29] Venkatesh, V., et al., User acceptance of information technology:
Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 2003. 27(3): p. 423 - 478.
[30] Rogers, E.M., Diffusion of Innovations. 3 ed. 1983, New York: The Free
Press.
[31] Masrom, M., et al., Development of a Research Framework for
Analyzing Smart Card Technology Acceptance. MASAUM Journal of
Computing Vol.1 No.1 August 2009, 2009. 1(1): p. 37 - 43.
[32] Indrawati, S. Murugesan, and M. Raman, A New Conceptual Model of
Mobile Multimedia Services (MMS) and 3G Network Adoption in
Indonesia. International Journal of Information Science and
Management, 2010(Special Issue): p. 49-63.
[33] Wu, Y.-L. and Y.-H. Tao, The use of unified theory of acceptance and
use of technology to confer the behavioral model of 3G mobile
telecommunication users. Journal of Statistics & Management Systems,
2008. 11(5): p. 919-949.
[34] AlAwadhi, S. and A. Morris, The Use of the UTAUT Model in the
Adoption of E-government Services in Kuwait, in 41st Hawaii
International Conference on System Sciences. 2008, IEEE: Hawaii. p. 1-
11.
[35] Wang, Y.-S., Y.-H. Hung, and S.-C.T. Chou, Acceptance of EGovernment
Service: A Validation of the UTAUT, in Proceedings of the
5th WSEAS International Conference on E-ACTIVITIES, November
20-22, 2006. 2006, WSEAS: Venice, Italy. p. 165-170.
[36] YenYuen, Y. and P.H.P. Yeow, User Acceptance of Internet Banking
Service in Malaysia, in WEBIST 2008, J.C.e.a. (Eds.), Editor. 2009,
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009. p. 295 - 306.
[37] Al-Qeisi, K.I., Analyzing the Use of UTAUT Model in Explaining an
Online Behaviour: Internet Banking Adoption, in Department of
Marketing and Branding, Brunel University. 2009, Brunel University:
Brunel.
[38] Hennington, A.H. and B.D. Janz, Information systems and healthcare
xvi: physician adoption of electronic medical records: Applying the
UTAUT model in a healthcare context. Communications of the
Association for Information Systems (Volume 19, 2007) 60-80, 2007.
19(2007): p. 60-80.
[39] Wills, M.J., O.F. El-Gayar, and D. Bennett, Examiningg healthcare
professionals' acceptance of electronic medical records using UTAUT.
Issues in Information Systems, 2008. IX(2): p. 396-401.
[40] Ha, I., Y. Yoon, and M. Choi, Determinants of adoption of mobile
games under mobile broadband wireless access environment.
Information and Management, 2007. 44(2007): p. 276 - 286.
[41] Hsu, C.-L. and H.-P. Lu, Why do people play on-line games? An
extended TAM with social influences and flow experience. Information
& Management, 2004. 41(7): p. 853-868.
[42] Wang, H.-Y. and Y.-S. Wang, Gender differences in the perception and
acceptance of online games. British Journal of Educational Technology,
2008. 39(5): p. 787-806.
[43] Wu, J. and D. Liu, The Effects of Trust and Enjoyment on Intention to
Play Online Games. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 2007.
8(2): p. 128 - 140.
[44] Kebritchi, M., Factors affecting teachers- adoption of educational
computer games: A case study. British Journal of Educational
Technology, 2010. 44(2): p. 256-270.
[45] Pedersen, P.E. and R. Ling. Modifying adoption research for mobile
internet service adoption: cross-disciplinary interactions. . in
Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conference on System
Sciences (HICSS-36). 2003. ÔÇó Big Island, HI, Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE
Computer Society Press.
[46] Venkatesh, V. and M.G. Morris, Why don-t men ever stop to ask for
directions? Gender, social influence, and their role in technology
acceptance and usage behavior. MIS Quarterly, 2000. 24(1): p. 115-139.
[47] Davis, F.D., R.P. Bagozzi, and P.R. Warshaw, Extrinsic and intrinsic
motivation to use computers in the workplace. Journal of Applied Social
Psychology 1992. 22: p. 1111-1132.
[48] Chesney, T., An acceptance model for useful and fun information
systems An Interdisciplinary Journal on Humans in ICT Environments,
2006. 2(225 - 235).
[49] van der Heijden, H., User acceptance of hedonic information systems.
MIS Quarterly, 2004. 28(4): p. 695-704.
[50] Ha, I., Y. Yoon, and M. Choi, Determinants of adoption of mobile
games under mobile broadband wireless access environment.
Information & Management, 2007. 44(3): p. 276-286.
[51] Ajzen, I., From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behaviour,
J. Khul and J. Beckmann, Editors. 1985, Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Heidlberg: New York Tokyo.
[52] Venkatesh, V. and F.D. Davis, A theoretical extension of the
Technology Acceptance Model: Four longitudinal field studies.
Management Sciences, 2000. 46(2): p. 186-204.
[53] Fu, F.L., R.C. Su, and S.C. Yu, EGameFlow: A scale to measure
learners- enjoyment of e-learning games. Computers and Education,
2009. 52: p. 101-112.
[54] Chesney, T., Measuring the context of information systems use. Journal
of Information Technology Management, 2008. XIX(3): p. 9-20.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:52350", author = "Roslina Ibrahim and Azizah Jaafar", title = "User Acceptance of Educational Games: A Revised Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)", abstract = "Educational games (EG) seem to have lots of potential due to digital games popularity and preferences of our younger generations of learners. However, most studies focus on game design and its effectiveness while little has been known about the factors that can affect users to accept or to reject EG for their learning. User acceptance research try to understand the determinants of information systems (IS) adoption among users by investigating both systems factors and users factors. Upon the lack of knowledge on acceptance factors for educational games, we seek to understand the issue. This study proposed a model of acceptance factors based on Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). We use original model (performance expectancy, effort expectancy and social influence) together with two new determinants (learning opportunities and enjoyment). We will also investigate the effect of gender and gaming experience that moderate the proposed factors.
", keywords = "educational games, games acceptance, user
acceptance model, UTAUT", volume = "5", number = "5", pages = "445-7", }
