Types of Epilepsies and Findings EEG- LORETA about Epilepsy
Neural activity in the human brain starts from the
early stages of prenatal development. This activity or signals
generated by the brain are electrical in nature and represent not only
the brain function but also the status of the whole body. At the
present moment, three methods can record functional and
physiological changes within the brain with high temporal resolution
of neuronal interactions at the network level: the
electroencephalogram (EEG), the magnet oencephalogram (MEG),
and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); each of these has
advantages and shortcomings. EEG recording with a large number of
electrodes is now feasible in clinical practice. Multichannel EEG
recorded from the scalp surface provides very valuable but indirect
information about the source distribution. However, deep electrode
measurements yield more reliable information about the source
locations intracranial recordings and scalp EEG are used with the
source imaging techniques to determine the locations and strengths of
the epileptic activity. As a source localization method, Low
Resolution Electro-Magnetic Tomography (LORETA) is solved for
the realistic geometry based on both forward methods, the Boundary
Element Method (BEM) and the Finite Difference Method (FDM). In
this paper, we review the findings EEG- LORETA about epilepsy.
[1] Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes.
Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International
League against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1989; 30: 389-399
[2] Engel J. Intracerebral recordings: organization of the human
epileptogenic region. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1993; 10:90 –98.
[3] Koles ZJ. Trends in EEG source localization. Electroencephalogr Clin
Neurophysiol. 1998; 106:127–137.
[4] Lantz G, Michel CM, Seeck M, et al. Space-oriented segmentation and
3-dimensional source reconstruction of ictal EEG patterns. Clin
Neurophysiol. 2001; 112:688–697.
[5] Michel CM, Murray M, Lantz G, et al. EEG source imaging. Clin
Neurophysiol. 2004; 115:2195–2222.
[6] Scherg M. Fundamentals of dipole source potential analysis. In Auditory
evoked magnetic fields and electric potentials. Adv Audiol. 1990;6:40–
69.
[7] Scherg M, Hoechstetter K. Lecture series from www.besa.de. Accessed
on2003.
[8] Van Gelder NM, Siatitsas I, Menini C, Gloor P. (1983) Feline
generalized penicillin epilepsy: changes of glutamine acid and taurin
parallel to the progressive increase in excitability of the cortex.
Epilepsia24:200–213.
[9] Gloor P, Avoli M, Kostopoulos G. (1990) Thalamo-cortical relationships
in generalized epilepsy with bilaterally synchronous spike-and-wave
discharge. InAvoli M, Gloor P, Kostopoulos G, Naquet R (Eds)
Generalized epilepsy. Neurobiological approaches. Birkhauser, Boston,
pp. 190–212.
[10] Mirsky AF, Duncan CC. (1990) Behavioral and electrophysiological
studies of absence epilepsy. In Avoli M, Gloor P, Kostopoulos G,
Naquet R, (Eds) Generalized epilepsy. Neurobiological approaches.
Birkhauser, Boston, pp. 254–269.
[11] Ferri R, Iliceto G, Caelucci V. (1995) Topographic EEG mapping of 3/s
spike- and- wave complexes during absence seizures. Italian Journal of
Neurological Sciences 16:541–547.
[12] Lantz G, Holub M, Ryding E, Rosen I. Simultaneous intracranial and
extracranial recording of interictal epileptiform activity in patients with
drug resistant partial epilepsy: patterns of conduction and results from
dipole reconstructions. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996; 99:
69-78 [13] Lantz G, Grave de Peralta R, Spinelli L et al. Epileptic source
localization with high density EEG: how many electrodes are needed?
Clin Neurophysiol2003; 114: 63-69.
[14] Michel CM, Lantz G, Spinelli L et al. 128-channel EEG source imaging
in epilepsy: clinical yield and localization precision. J Clin Neurophysiol
2004; 21: 71-83.
[15] Holmes MD, Brown M, Tucker DM. Are generalized seizures truly
generalized? Evidence of localized mesial frontal and frontopolar
discharges in absence. Epilepsia 2004; 45: 1568-1579
[16] Seri S, Cerquiglini A, Pisani F et al. Frontal lobe epilepsy associated
with tuberous sclerosis: electroencephalographic-magnetic resonance
image fusioning. J Child Neurol 1998; 13: 33-38
[17] Mary Kurian, Laurent Spinelli, Margitta Seeck, Christoph M. Michel ،
Functional Imaging in Different Epileptic Syndromes ،2006; 23: 195 –
203.
[18] Crombie DL et al. A survey of the epilepsies in general practice: a report
by the research committee of the College of General Practitioners.
British Medical Journal, 1960, ii:416-422.
[19] Edward C. Mader, Jr. and Piotr W. Olejniczak .LSU Epilepsy Center of
Excellence. the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). website:
http://www.ilae-epilepsy.org/ctf/syn_frame.html.
[20] J.R. Ives, C.J. Thompson, P. G. A. O. & Woods, J. (1974). The on-line
computer detection and recording of spontaneous temporal lobe epileptic
seizures from patients with implanted depth electrodes via radio
telemetry link, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiol. 37:
205.
[21] T.L. Babb, E. M. & Crandall, P. (1974). An electronic circuit for
detection of EEG seizures recorded with implanted electrodes,
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiol. 37: 305–308.
[22] P.F. Prior, R. V. & Maynard, D. (1973). An EEG device for monitoring
seizure discharges, Epilepsia 14: 367–372.
[23] A.M. Murro, D.W. King, J. S. B. G. H. F. & Meador, K. (1991).
Computerized seizure detection of complex partial seizures,
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiol. 79: 330–333.
[24] Gotman, J. (1982). Automatic recognition of epileptic seizures in the
EEG, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiol. 54: 530–540.
[25] Guerrero-Mosquera, C., Trigueros, A. M., Franco, J. I. & Navia-
Vazquez, A. (2010). New feature extraction approach for epileptic eeg
signal detection using time-frequency distributions,Med. Biol. Eng.
Comput. 48: 321–330
[26] Cohen, L. (1989). Time-frequency distributions-a review, Proceedings
of the IEEE 77: 941–981.
[27] Guerrero-Mosquera, C. & Navia-Vazquez, A. (2009). Automatic
removal of ocular artifacts from eeg data using adaptive filtering and
independent component analysis, Proceedings of the 17th European
Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO) pp. 2317–2321.
[28] Clemens B, Szigeti G, Barta Z. (2000) EEG frequency profiles of
idiopathic generalised epilepsy syndromes. Epilepsy Research 42:105–
115.
[29] Pascual-Marqui RD, Michel CM, Lehmann D. (1994) Low resolution
electromagnetic tomography. A new method for localizing electrical
activity in the brain. International Journal of Psychophysiology18:49–
65.
[30] Pascual-Marqui RD, Esslen M, Kochi K, Lehmann D. (2002a)
Functional imaging with low-resolution brain electromagnetic
tomography (LORETA): a review. Methods and Findings in
Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 24(suppl C): 91–95.
[31] Babiloni C, Frisoni G, Steriade M, Bresciani L, Binetti G, Del Percio C,
Geroldi C, Miniussi C, Nobili F, Rodriguez G, Zappasodi F, Carfagna
TM, Rossini P. (2006) Frontal white matter volume and delta EEG
sources negatively correlate in awake subjects with mild cognitive
impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical Neurophysiology
117:1113–1129.
[32] Talairach J, Tournoux P. (1988) Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human
brain: three-dimensional proportional system. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart.
[33] Pascual-Marqui RD, Esslen M, Kochi K, Lehmann D. (2002b)
Functional imaging with low-resolution brain electromagnetic
tomography (LORETA): review, new comparisons, and new validation.
Japanese Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 30:81–94.
[34] Vitacco D, Brandeis D, Pascual-Marqui R, Martin E. (2002)
Correspondence of event-related potential tomography and functional
magnetic resonance imaging during language processing. Human Brain
Mapping17:4–12.
[35] Lantz G, Michel CM, Pascual-Marqui RD, Spinelly L, Seeck M, Seri S,
Landis T, Rosen I. (1997) Extracranial localization of intracranial
interictal epileptiform activity using LORETA (low resolution
electromagnetic tomography). Electroencephalography and Clinical
Neurophysiology 102:414–422.
[36] Seeck M, Lazeyras F, Michel CM, Blanke O, Gericke CA, Ives J,
Delavelle J, Golay X, Haenggeli CA, de Tribolet N, Landis T. (1998)
Non-invasive epileptic focus localization using EEG-triggered functional
MRI and electromagnetic tomography. Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology 106:508–512
[37] Worrell GA, Lagerlund TD, Sharbrough FW, Brinkmann BH, Busacker
NE, Cicora KM, O’Brien TJ. (2000) Localization of the epileptic focus
by low resolution electromagnetic tomography in patients with a lesion
demonstrated by MRI. Brain Topography 12:273–282.
[38] Savic I, Seitz RJ, Pauli S. (1998) Brain distortions in patients with
primarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Epilepsia 39:364–370.
[39] Woermann FG, Free SL, Koepp MJ, Sisodiya SM, Duncan JS. (1999)
Abnormal cerebral structure in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
demonstrated with voxel-based analysis of MRI. Brain 122:2101–2108.
[40] Nunez PL. (1995) Quantitative states of neocortex. In Nunez PL (Ed)
Neocortical dynamics and human EEG rhythms. University Press,
Oxford, pp. 1–18.
[41] Robinson PA, Rennie CJ, Rowe DL,O’ Connor SC. (2004) Estimation of
multiscale neurophysiologic parameters by electroencephalographic
means. Human Brain Mapping 23:53–72.
[42] Van Gelder NM, Siatitsas I, Menini C, Gloor P. (1983) Feline
generalized penicillin epilepsy: changes of glutamine acid and taurin
parallel to the progressive increase in excitability of the cortex.
Epilepsia24:200–213.
[43] Kostopoulos G. (1986) Neuronal sensitivity to GABA and glutamate in
generalised epilepsy with spike and wave discharges. Experimental
Neurology 92:20–36.
[44] Simister RJ, McLean MA, Barker GJ, Duncan JS. (2003a) Proton MRS
reveals frontal lobe metabolite abnormalities in idiopathic generalized
epilepsy. Neurology 61:897–902.
[45] McCormick DA, Contreras D. (2001) On the cellular and network bases
of epileptic seizures. Annual Review of Physiology 63:815–846.
[46] Bancaud J, Talairach J, Morel P, Bresson M, Buser P. (1974)
“Generalized” epileptic seizures elicited by electrical stimulation of the
frontallobe is man. Electroencephalography and Clinical
Neurophysiology37:275–282.
[47] Holmes MD, Brown M, Tucker DM. (2004) Are “generalized” seizures
truly generalized? Evidence of localized mesial frontal and frontopolar
discharges in absence. Epilepsia 45:1568–1579.
[48] Rodin ED, Cornellier D. (1989) Source derivation recordings of
generalized spike-wave complexes. Electroencephalography and Clinical
Neurophysiology 73:20–29.
[49] Hughes JR, Miller JK, Hughes CA. (1990) Topographic mapping of
different types of bilateral spike-and-wave complexes. Journal of
Epilepsy 3:67–74.
[50] Rodin E. (1999) Decomposition and mapping of generalized spike-wave
complexes. Clinical Neurophysiology 110:1868–1875.
[51] Salanova V, Andermann F, Rasmussen T, Olivier A, Quesney LF.
(1995) Parietal lobe epilepsy. Clinical manifestations and outcome in 82
patients treated surgically between 1929 and 1988. Brain 118:607–627.
[52] Vogt BA, Hof PR, Vogt LJ. (2004) Cingulate gyrus. In Paxinos G, Mai
JK (Eds) The human nervous system. Elsevier Academic Press,
Amsterdam, pp. 915–949.
[53] Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF. (1997) Generalized epilepsy with febrile
[54] seizures plus. A genetic disorder with heterogeneous clinical
phenotypes. Brain 120:479–490.
[55] T´oth M. (2005) The epsilon theory: a novel synthesis of the underlying
molecular and electrophysiological mechanism of primary.
[1] Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes.
Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International
League against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1989; 30: 389-399
[2] Engel J. Intracerebral recordings: organization of the human
epileptogenic region. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1993; 10:90 –98.
[3] Koles ZJ. Trends in EEG source localization. Electroencephalogr Clin
Neurophysiol. 1998; 106:127–137.
[4] Lantz G, Michel CM, Seeck M, et al. Space-oriented segmentation and
3-dimensional source reconstruction of ictal EEG patterns. Clin
Neurophysiol. 2001; 112:688–697.
[5] Michel CM, Murray M, Lantz G, et al. EEG source imaging. Clin
Neurophysiol. 2004; 115:2195–2222.
[6] Scherg M. Fundamentals of dipole source potential analysis. In Auditory
evoked magnetic fields and electric potentials. Adv Audiol. 1990;6:40–
69.
[7] Scherg M, Hoechstetter K. Lecture series from www.besa.de. Accessed
on2003.
[8] Van Gelder NM, Siatitsas I, Menini C, Gloor P. (1983) Feline
generalized penicillin epilepsy: changes of glutamine acid and taurin
parallel to the progressive increase in excitability of the cortex.
Epilepsia24:200–213.
[9] Gloor P, Avoli M, Kostopoulos G. (1990) Thalamo-cortical relationships
in generalized epilepsy with bilaterally synchronous spike-and-wave
discharge. InAvoli M, Gloor P, Kostopoulos G, Naquet R (Eds)
Generalized epilepsy. Neurobiological approaches. Birkhauser, Boston,
pp. 190–212.
[10] Mirsky AF, Duncan CC. (1990) Behavioral and electrophysiological
studies of absence epilepsy. In Avoli M, Gloor P, Kostopoulos G,
Naquet R, (Eds) Generalized epilepsy. Neurobiological approaches.
Birkhauser, Boston, pp. 254–269.
[11] Ferri R, Iliceto G, Caelucci V. (1995) Topographic EEG mapping of 3/s
spike- and- wave complexes during absence seizures. Italian Journal of
Neurological Sciences 16:541–547.
[12] Lantz G, Holub M, Ryding E, Rosen I. Simultaneous intracranial and
extracranial recording of interictal epileptiform activity in patients with
drug resistant partial epilepsy: patterns of conduction and results from
dipole reconstructions. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996; 99:
69-78 [13] Lantz G, Grave de Peralta R, Spinelli L et al. Epileptic source
localization with high density EEG: how many electrodes are needed?
Clin Neurophysiol2003; 114: 63-69.
[14] Michel CM, Lantz G, Spinelli L et al. 128-channel EEG source imaging
in epilepsy: clinical yield and localization precision. J Clin Neurophysiol
2004; 21: 71-83.
[15] Holmes MD, Brown M, Tucker DM. Are generalized seizures truly
generalized? Evidence of localized mesial frontal and frontopolar
discharges in absence. Epilepsia 2004; 45: 1568-1579
[16] Seri S, Cerquiglini A, Pisani F et al. Frontal lobe epilepsy associated
with tuberous sclerosis: electroencephalographic-magnetic resonance
image fusioning. J Child Neurol 1998; 13: 33-38
[17] Mary Kurian, Laurent Spinelli, Margitta Seeck, Christoph M. Michel ،
Functional Imaging in Different Epileptic Syndromes ،2006; 23: 195 –
203.
[18] Crombie DL et al. A survey of the epilepsies in general practice: a report
by the research committee of the College of General Practitioners.
British Medical Journal, 1960, ii:416-422.
[19] Edward C. Mader, Jr. and Piotr W. Olejniczak .LSU Epilepsy Center of
Excellence. the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). website:
http://www.ilae-epilepsy.org/ctf/syn_frame.html.
[20] J.R. Ives, C.J. Thompson, P. G. A. O. & Woods, J. (1974). The on-line
computer detection and recording of spontaneous temporal lobe epileptic
seizures from patients with implanted depth electrodes via radio
telemetry link, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiol. 37:
205.
[21] T.L. Babb, E. M. & Crandall, P. (1974). An electronic circuit for
detection of EEG seizures recorded with implanted electrodes,
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiol. 37: 305–308.
[22] P.F. Prior, R. V. & Maynard, D. (1973). An EEG device for monitoring
seizure discharges, Epilepsia 14: 367–372.
[23] A.M. Murro, D.W. King, J. S. B. G. H. F. & Meador, K. (1991).
Computerized seizure detection of complex partial seizures,
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiol. 79: 330–333.
[24] Gotman, J. (1982). Automatic recognition of epileptic seizures in the
EEG, Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiol. 54: 530–540.
[25] Guerrero-Mosquera, C., Trigueros, A. M., Franco, J. I. & Navia-
Vazquez, A. (2010). New feature extraction approach for epileptic eeg
signal detection using time-frequency distributions,Med. Biol. Eng.
Comput. 48: 321–330
[26] Cohen, L. (1989). Time-frequency distributions-a review, Proceedings
of the IEEE 77: 941–981.
[27] Guerrero-Mosquera, C. & Navia-Vazquez, A. (2009). Automatic
removal of ocular artifacts from eeg data using adaptive filtering and
independent component analysis, Proceedings of the 17th European
Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO) pp. 2317–2321.
[28] Clemens B, Szigeti G, Barta Z. (2000) EEG frequency profiles of
idiopathic generalised epilepsy syndromes. Epilepsy Research 42:105–
115.
[29] Pascual-Marqui RD, Michel CM, Lehmann D. (1994) Low resolution
electromagnetic tomography. A new method for localizing electrical
activity in the brain. International Journal of Psychophysiology18:49–
65.
[30] Pascual-Marqui RD, Esslen M, Kochi K, Lehmann D. (2002a)
Functional imaging with low-resolution brain electromagnetic
tomography (LORETA): a review. Methods and Findings in
Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 24(suppl C): 91–95.
[31] Babiloni C, Frisoni G, Steriade M, Bresciani L, Binetti G, Del Percio C,
Geroldi C, Miniussi C, Nobili F, Rodriguez G, Zappasodi F, Carfagna
TM, Rossini P. (2006) Frontal white matter volume and delta EEG
sources negatively correlate in awake subjects with mild cognitive
impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Clinical Neurophysiology
117:1113–1129.
[32] Talairach J, Tournoux P. (1988) Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human
brain: three-dimensional proportional system. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart.
[33] Pascual-Marqui RD, Esslen M, Kochi K, Lehmann D. (2002b)
Functional imaging with low-resolution brain electromagnetic
tomography (LORETA): review, new comparisons, and new validation.
Japanese Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 30:81–94.
[34] Vitacco D, Brandeis D, Pascual-Marqui R, Martin E. (2002)
Correspondence of event-related potential tomography and functional
magnetic resonance imaging during language processing. Human Brain
Mapping17:4–12.
[35] Lantz G, Michel CM, Pascual-Marqui RD, Spinelly L, Seeck M, Seri S,
Landis T, Rosen I. (1997) Extracranial localization of intracranial
interictal epileptiform activity using LORETA (low resolution
electromagnetic tomography). Electroencephalography and Clinical
Neurophysiology 102:414–422.
[36] Seeck M, Lazeyras F, Michel CM, Blanke O, Gericke CA, Ives J,
Delavelle J, Golay X, Haenggeli CA, de Tribolet N, Landis T. (1998)
Non-invasive epileptic focus localization using EEG-triggered functional
MRI and electromagnetic tomography. Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology 106:508–512
[37] Worrell GA, Lagerlund TD, Sharbrough FW, Brinkmann BH, Busacker
NE, Cicora KM, O’Brien TJ. (2000) Localization of the epileptic focus
by low resolution electromagnetic tomography in patients with a lesion
demonstrated by MRI. Brain Topography 12:273–282.
[38] Savic I, Seitz RJ, Pauli S. (1998) Brain distortions in patients with
primarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Epilepsia 39:364–370.
[39] Woermann FG, Free SL, Koepp MJ, Sisodiya SM, Duncan JS. (1999)
Abnormal cerebral structure in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
demonstrated with voxel-based analysis of MRI. Brain 122:2101–2108.
[40] Nunez PL. (1995) Quantitative states of neocortex. In Nunez PL (Ed)
Neocortical dynamics and human EEG rhythms. University Press,
Oxford, pp. 1–18.
[41] Robinson PA, Rennie CJ, Rowe DL,O’ Connor SC. (2004) Estimation of
multiscale neurophysiologic parameters by electroencephalographic
means. Human Brain Mapping 23:53–72.
[42] Van Gelder NM, Siatitsas I, Menini C, Gloor P. (1983) Feline
generalized penicillin epilepsy: changes of glutamine acid and taurin
parallel to the progressive increase in excitability of the cortex.
Epilepsia24:200–213.
[43] Kostopoulos G. (1986) Neuronal sensitivity to GABA and glutamate in
generalised epilepsy with spike and wave discharges. Experimental
Neurology 92:20–36.
[44] Simister RJ, McLean MA, Barker GJ, Duncan JS. (2003a) Proton MRS
reveals frontal lobe metabolite abnormalities in idiopathic generalized
epilepsy. Neurology 61:897–902.
[45] McCormick DA, Contreras D. (2001) On the cellular and network bases
of epileptic seizures. Annual Review of Physiology 63:815–846.
[46] Bancaud J, Talairach J, Morel P, Bresson M, Buser P. (1974)
“Generalized” epileptic seizures elicited by electrical stimulation of the
frontallobe is man. Electroencephalography and Clinical
Neurophysiology37:275–282.
[47] Holmes MD, Brown M, Tucker DM. (2004) Are “generalized” seizures
truly generalized? Evidence of localized mesial frontal and frontopolar
discharges in absence. Epilepsia 45:1568–1579.
[48] Rodin ED, Cornellier D. (1989) Source derivation recordings of
generalized spike-wave complexes. Electroencephalography and Clinical
Neurophysiology 73:20–29.
[49] Hughes JR, Miller JK, Hughes CA. (1990) Topographic mapping of
different types of bilateral spike-and-wave complexes. Journal of
Epilepsy 3:67–74.
[50] Rodin E. (1999) Decomposition and mapping of generalized spike-wave
complexes. Clinical Neurophysiology 110:1868–1875.
[51] Salanova V, Andermann F, Rasmussen T, Olivier A, Quesney LF.
(1995) Parietal lobe epilepsy. Clinical manifestations and outcome in 82
patients treated surgically between 1929 and 1988. Brain 118:607–627.
[52] Vogt BA, Hof PR, Vogt LJ. (2004) Cingulate gyrus. In Paxinos G, Mai
JK (Eds) The human nervous system. Elsevier Academic Press,
Amsterdam, pp. 915–949.
[53] Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF. (1997) Generalized epilepsy with febrile
[54] seizures plus. A genetic disorder with heterogeneous clinical
phenotypes. Brain 120:479–490.
[55] T´oth M. (2005) The epsilon theory: a novel synthesis of the underlying
molecular and electrophysiological mechanism of primary.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:70478", author = "Leila Maleki and Ahmad Esmali Kooraneh and Hossein Taghi Derakhshi", title = "Types of Epilepsies and Findings EEG- LORETA about Epilepsy", abstract = "Neural activity in the human brain starts from the
early stages of prenatal development. This activity or signals
generated by the brain are electrical in nature and represent not only
the brain function but also the status of the whole body. At the
present moment, three methods can record functional and
physiological changes within the brain with high temporal resolution
of neuronal interactions at the network level: the
electroencephalogram (EEG), the magnet oencephalogram (MEG),
and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); each of these has
advantages and shortcomings. EEG recording with a large number of
electrodes is now feasible in clinical practice. Multichannel EEG
recorded from the scalp surface provides very valuable but indirect
information about the source distribution. However, deep electrode
measurements yield more reliable information about the source
locations intracranial recordings and scalp EEG are used with the
source imaging techniques to determine the locations and strengths of
the epileptic activity. As a source localization method, Low
Resolution Electro-Magnetic Tomography (LORETA) is solved for
the realistic geometry based on both forward methods, the Boundary
Element Method (BEM) and the Finite Difference Method (FDM). In
this paper, we review the findings EEG- LORETA about epilepsy.", keywords = "Epilepsy, EEG, EEG- Loreta, loreta analysis.", volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "2382-9", }
