Towards Benchmarking English Residential Gas Consumption
The UK Government has emphasized the role of Local Authorities as a key player in its flagship residential energy efficiency strategies, by identifying and targeting areas for energy efficiency improvements. Residential energy consumption in England is characterized by significant geographical variation in energy demand, which makes centralized targeting of areas for energy efficiency intervention difficult. This paper draws on research which aims to understand how demographic, social, economic, urban form and climatic factors influence the geographical variations in English residential gas consumption. The paper reports the findings of a multiple regression model that shows how 64% of the geographical variation in residential gas consumption is accounted for by variations in these factors. Results from this study, after further refinement and validation, can be used by Local Authorities to identify areas within their boundaries that have higher than expected gas consumption, these may be prime targets for energy efficiency initiatives.
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http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/pdf/ukpga_20080027_en.pdf
Accessed 24th January 2012
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Building Research Establishment (online)
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Sector Under Long-Term Decarbonisation Scenarios: Comparison
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Energy 86pp416-428
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data tables. 2008 update (online)
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benchmarking UK domestic delivered energy. Building Research and
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[7] Firth. S, and Lomas. KJ. 2009. Investigating CO2 emission reduction in
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http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS2009/BS09_2098_2015.pdf
Accessed 24th January 2012
[8] HM Government. 2011. Energy Act 2011 Chapter 6 (online)
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/16/pdfs/ukpga_20110016_en.
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summary-proposals.pdf Accessed 24th January 2012
[10] DECC. 2011. Extra Help Where it is Needed: A New Energy Company
Obligation (online)
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onsumers/green_deal/1732-extra-help-where-it-is-needed-a-new-energycompan.
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energy management (online)
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consumers/Household%20Energy%20Management/1_20100331101157
_e_@@_warmhomesgreenerhomeshemstrategy.pdf
[12] DECC. 2011. Guidance Note for the DECC MLSOA/IGZ and LLSOA
Gas and Electricity Consumption Data. (online)
http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/regional/mlsoa2008/1_201
00325121429_e_@@_mlsoallsoaguidance.pdf
[13] ONS. 2011. Super Output Areas. (online)
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census/super-output-areas--soas-/index.html Accessed 24th
January 2012
[14] House of Commons Energy and Climate Change Committee. 2010. Fuel
Poverty: 5th Report of Session 2009-10 Volume 1 (online)
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmenergy
/424/424i.pdf
[15] Makridakis, S and Wheelwright, S. 1989. Forecasting Methods for
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Local Authorities. Report to DEFRA (4) (online)
http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/PDF/60%20Analysis%20to%20support%20cli
mate%20change%20indicators%20for%20local%20authorities%20April
%202008.pdf Accessed 1st September 2011
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http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/stats/energy/energyefficiency/
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2011
[18] Yao, R and Steemers, K. 2005. A Method for Formulating Energy Load
Profiles for Domestic Buildings in the UK. Energy and Buildings 37
p663-671
[19] Wiesmann. D, Azvedo. IL, Ferrao. P and Fernandez. J. Residential
electricity consumption in Portugal: Findings from top-down and
bottom-up models. Energy Policy 39 pp2772-2779
[20] Druckman, A and Jackson, T. 2008. Household Energy Consumption in
the UK: A Highly Geographical and Socio-Demographically
Disaggregated Model. Energy Policy 36 p3177-3192
[21] Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE). 2006.
Degree Days: Theory and Application. CIBSE, London
[22] DECC. 2012. Sub-national Gas Consumption Statistics (online)
http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/energy_stats/regional/
gas/gas.aspxAccessed 7th February 2012
[23] DECC. 2012. Sub-national Electricity Consumption Statistics (online)
http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/energy_stats/regional/e
lectricity/electricity.aspx Accessed 7th February 2012
[24] ONS. 2010b. Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales,
Scotland and Northern Ireland (online)
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/Product.asp?vlnk=601
Accessed 7th February 2012
[25] Experian, 2005. Household Income (online)
http://cdu.mimas.ac.uk/experian/household%20income.pdf Accessed
16th February 2011
[26] EDINA. 2011. UK BORDERS Homepage (online) http://ukbsrvat.
edina.ac.uk/ukborders/ Accessed 6th February 2012
[27] MET Office. 2011. UKCP09 Gridded Data Sets (online)
http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/science/monitoring/ukcp09/
available/annual.html Accessed 7th February 2012
[28] ONS 2001. 2001 Census: Standard Area Statistics (England and Wales)
ESRC/JISC Census Programme, Census Dissemination Unit, Mimas
(University of Manchester) (online) http://cdu.census.ac.uk/ Accessed 7th
February 2011
[29] Allison. P. 1999. Multiple regression: A primer. Pine forge press,
London pp119-153
[30] Miles. J and Shevlin. M. 2001. Applying regression and correlation: A
guide for students and researchers. Sage, London pp58-136
[1] HM Government. 2008. Climate change act chapter 27 (online)
http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/pdf/ukpga_20080027_en.pdf
Accessed 24th January 2012
[2] Utley, J and Shorrock, L. 2008. Domestic Energy Fact File 2008.
Building Research Establishment (online)
http://www.bre.co.uk/filelibrary/pdf/rpts/Fact_File_2008.pdf Accessed
7th February 2011,
[3] Kannan, R and Strachan, N. 2009. Modelling the UK Residential Energy
Sector Under Long-Term Decarbonisation Scenarios: Comparison
Between Energy Systems and Sectoral Modelling Approaches. Applied
Energy 86pp416-428
[4] BERR. 2008. Energy consumption in the United Kingdom: Domestic
data tables. 2008 update (online)
http://decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/publications/ecuk/file11250.pdf
Accessed 24th January 2012
[5] Summerfield. A, Lowe. R and Oreszczyn, T. 2010. Two models for
benchmarking UK domestic delivered energy. Building Research and
Information. 38(1)pp12-24 Accessed 24th January
[6] Boardman. B, Darby. S, Killip. G, Jardine. C, Palmer. J, and Sinden. G.
2005. 40% House. Environmental Change Institute, University of
Oxford, Oxford p38-40
[7] Firth. S, and Lomas. KJ. 2009. Investigating CO2 emission reduction in
existing urban housing using a community energy model. Building
Simulation 2009 (online)
http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS2009/BS09_2098_2015.pdf
Accessed 24th January 2012
[8] HM Government. 2011. Energy Act 2011 Chapter 6 (online)
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/16/pdfs/ukpga_20110016_en.
pdf Accessed 24th January 2012
[9] DECC. 2011.Green-Deal Summary Proposals. (online)
http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/legislation/energybill/1010-greendeal-
summary-proposals.pdf Accessed 24th January 2012
[10] DECC. 2011. Extra Help Where it is Needed: A New Energy Company
Obligation (online)
http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/what%20we%20do/supporting%20c
onsumers/green_deal/1732-extra-help-where-it-is-needed-a-new-energycompan.
pdf Accessed 20th January 2012
[11] DECC. 2010. Warm homes, greener homes: A strategy for household
energy management (online)
http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/What%20we%20do/Supporting%20
consumers/Household%20Energy%20Management/1_20100331101157
_e_@@_warmhomesgreenerhomeshemstrategy.pdf
[12] DECC. 2011. Guidance Note for the DECC MLSOA/IGZ and LLSOA
Gas and Electricity Consumption Data. (online)
http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/statistics/regional/mlsoa2008/1_201
00325121429_e_@@_mlsoallsoaguidance.pdf
[13] ONS. 2011. Super Output Areas. (online)
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-sguide/
census/super-output-areas--soas-/index.html Accessed 24th
January 2012
[14] House of Commons Energy and Climate Change Committee. 2010. Fuel
Poverty: 5th Report of Session 2009-10 Volume 1 (online)
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmenergy
/424/424i.pdf
[15] Makridakis, S and Wheelwright, S. 1989. Forecasting Methods for
Management 5th Edition. Wiley, New York, pp3-209
[16] DEFRA. 2008. Analysis to Support Climate Change Indicators for
Local Authorities. Report to DEFRA (4) (online)
http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/PDF/60%20Analysis%20to%20support%20cli
mate%20change%20indicators%20for%20local%20authorities%20April
%202008.pdf Accessed 1st September 2011
[17] DECC 2011. National energy efficiency data-framework: Report on the
development of the data framework and data analysis. (online)
http://www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/11/stats/energy/energyefficiency/
2078-need-data-framework-report.pdf Accessed 24th January
2011
[18] Yao, R and Steemers, K. 2005. A Method for Formulating Energy Load
Profiles for Domestic Buildings in the UK. Energy and Buildings 37
p663-671
[19] Wiesmann. D, Azvedo. IL, Ferrao. P and Fernandez. J. Residential
electricity consumption in Portugal: Findings from top-down and
bottom-up models. Energy Policy 39 pp2772-2779
[20] Druckman, A and Jackson, T. 2008. Household Energy Consumption in
the UK: A Highly Geographical and Socio-Demographically
Disaggregated Model. Energy Policy 36 p3177-3192
[21] Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE). 2006.
Degree Days: Theory and Application. CIBSE, London
[22] DECC. 2012. Sub-national Gas Consumption Statistics (online)
http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/energy_stats/regional/
gas/gas.aspxAccessed 7th February 2012
[23] DECC. 2012. Sub-national Electricity Consumption Statistics (online)
http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/energy_stats/regional/e
lectricity/electricity.aspx Accessed 7th February 2012
[24] ONS. 2010b. Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales,
Scotland and Northern Ireland (online)
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE/Product.asp?vlnk=601
Accessed 7th February 2012
[25] Experian, 2005. Household Income (online)
http://cdu.mimas.ac.uk/experian/household%20income.pdf Accessed
16th February 2011
[26] EDINA. 2011. UK BORDERS Homepage (online) http://ukbsrvat.
edina.ac.uk/ukborders/ Accessed 6th February 2012
[27] MET Office. 2011. UKCP09 Gridded Data Sets (online)
http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/science/monitoring/ukcp09/
available/annual.html Accessed 7th February 2012
[28] ONS 2001. 2001 Census: Standard Area Statistics (England and Wales)
ESRC/JISC Census Programme, Census Dissemination Unit, Mimas
(University of Manchester) (online) http://cdu.census.ac.uk/ Accessed 7th
February 2011
[29] Allison. P. 1999. Multiple regression: A primer. Pine forge press,
London pp119-153
[30] Miles. J and Shevlin. M. 2001. Applying regression and correlation: A
guide for students and researchers. Sage, London pp58-136
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:54855", author = "J.Morris and D.Allinson and J.Harrison and K.J. Lomas", title = "Towards Benchmarking English Residential Gas Consumption", abstract = "The UK Government has emphasized the role of Local Authorities as a key player in its flagship residential energy efficiency strategies, by identifying and targeting areas for energy efficiency improvements. Residential energy consumption in England is characterized by significant geographical variation in energy demand, which makes centralized targeting of areas for energy efficiency intervention difficult. This paper draws on research which aims to understand how demographic, social, economic, urban form and climatic factors influence the geographical variations in English residential gas consumption. The paper reports the findings of a multiple regression model that shows how 64% of the geographical variation in residential gas consumption is accounted for by variations in these factors. Results from this study, after further refinement and validation, can be used by Local Authorities to identify areas within their boundaries that have higher than expected gas consumption, these may be prime targets for energy efficiency initiatives.
", keywords = "UK Housing, Heating Energy, Socio-Economics,
Statistical Modelling", volume = "6", number = "6", pages = "389-7", }
