Thermal Regions for Unmanned Aircraft Systems Route Planning
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) become
indispensable parts of modern airpower as force multiplier. One of
the main advantages of UAS is long endurance. UAS have to take
extra payloads to accomplish different missions but these payloads
decrease endurance of aircraft because of increasing drag. There are
continuing researches to increase the capability of UAS. There are
some vertical thermal air currents, which can cause climb and
increase endurance, in nature. Birds and gliders use thermals to gain
altitude with no effort. UAS have wide wings which can use
thermals like birds and gliders. Thermal regions, which is area of
2000-3000 meter (1 NM), exist all around the world. It is natural and
infinite source. This study analyses if thermal regions can be adopted
and implemented as an assistant tool for UAS route planning. First
and second part of study will contain information about the thermal
regions and current applications about UAS in aviation and climbing
performance with a real example. Continuing parts will analyze the
contribution of thermal regions to UAS endurance. Contribution is
important because planning declaration of UAS navigation rules will
be in 2015.
[1] Zsuzsa Akos, Mate Nagy, Severin Leven ve Tamas Vicsek, Thermal Soaring Flight of Birds and UAS, Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, 5(4), 2010.
[2] Michael J. Allen ve Victor Lin, Guidance and Control of an Autonomous Soaring UAV, AIAA-2007-867, NASA Dryden Flight Research Center Edwards, California.
[3] Note: A variometer is one of the flight instruments in an aircraft used to inform the pilot of the near instantaneous (rather than averaged) rate of descent or climb. (Federal Aviation Administration, Glider Flying Handbook, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2007 ISBN1-60239-061-4 s 4-7 ve 4-8.)
[4] http://www.technologyreview.com, peregrine falcons inspire new thermal soaring strategy for uas, 6 dec 2010, date accessed: 14 nov 2013.
[5] Helmut Reichmann, Cross-Country Soaring, Thomson Publications, 1988, Santa Monica, CA.
[6] UAS Roadmap 2013, Integration of Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the National Airspace System (NAS) Roadmap, Federal Aviation Administration, Purpose and Background of Civil UAS Roadmap, First Edition, 7 Nov 2013.
[7] Peter Hardin, Eyes in the Skies, Richmond Times-Dispatch, 30 Oct 2003, p. F1.
[8] Doug Gross, Amazon's drone delivery: How would it work?, http://edition.cnn.com, 02 Nov 2013, Date Accessed: 08 Feb 2014.
[9] Chad C. Haddal and Jeremiah Gertler, Homeland Security: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Border Surveillance, 8 Jul 2010.
[10] U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Fact Sheet, Unmanned Aircraft System MQ-9 Predator B, 5 Jan 2013.
[11] U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Fact Sheet, Guardian UAS Maritime Variant Predator B, 5 Jan 2013.
[12] U.S. Department of Transportation, Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Service Demand 2015 - 2035 Literature Review & Projections of Future Usage, Technical Report, Version 0.1, Sep-2013, United States Air Force Aerospace Management Systems Division, Air Traffic Systems Branch Hanscom AFB, Bedford, M0,A DOT-VNTSC-DoD-13-01.
[13] Joint Doctrine Note 2/11 The UK Approach To Unmanned Aircraft, Systems, Annex-B – Integration of Unmanned Aircraft into Non-segregated Airspace.
[14] FAA, Forecast for FY2025, http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/ ppt/122409main_NASA Technologies 21.ppt, 25 Nov 2013.
[15] UAS Roadmap 2013, Integration of Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the National Airspace System (NAS) Roadmap, Federal Aviation Administration, Purpose and Background of Civil UAS Roadmap, First Edition, 7 Nov 2013.
[16] UAS Road Map, AIR4ALL ‘UAV Insertion into General Air Traffic’ ESA-EDA Workshop Noordwijk, 27-28 May 2009.
[17] UAS Roadmap 2013, Integration of Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the National Airspace System (NAS) Roadmap, Federal Aviation Administration, Purpose and Background of Civil UAS Roadmap, First Edition, 7 Nov 2013.
[18] Robot aircraft will ride thermals to save fuel, Newscientist, 23 Agu 2008, 2670, p-23.
[19] https://www.fas.org/irp/agency/daro/uav96/page31.html, Date Accessed: 14 Nov 2013.
[20] http://www.iai.co.il, Unmanned Air Systems - Heron Family, Date Accessed: 16 Mar 2015.
[21] http://www.81tech.com/sell/201210/14/sell24710.html, Date Accessed: 14 Nov 2013.
[22] U.S. Department of Transportation, Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Service Demand 2015 - 2035 Literature Review & Projections of Future Usage, Technical Report, Version 0.1, Sep-2013, United States Air Force Aerospace Management Systems Division, Air Traffic Systems Branch Hanscom AFB, Bedford, M0,A DOT-VNTSC-DoD-13-01.
[23] Joint Doctrine Note 2/11 The UK Approach To Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Design Factors, 6-3, 6-4.
[24] Ilker Senguler and Bazım Yılmaz, The environmental impacts and economic potential of the gas (deponi gas) formed in waste disposal sites, Jeoloji Mühendisligi Dergisi (Journal of Geology Engineering), vol.44-45, 1994.
[25] Note: Map was formed on Google Earth Program. Map includes in DOD Flight Infomation Publication L-5, Leipzig, a glider thermal map between Berlin and Dresden (http://www.glidinghotspots.eu/index.php? module=simple&options=view;0004.xml;, Date Accessed: 11 Nov 2013.)
[1] Zsuzsa Akos, Mate Nagy, Severin Leven ve Tamas Vicsek, Thermal Soaring Flight of Birds and UAS, Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, 5(4), 2010.
[2] Michael J. Allen ve Victor Lin, Guidance and Control of an Autonomous Soaring UAV, AIAA-2007-867, NASA Dryden Flight Research Center Edwards, California.
[3] Note: A variometer is one of the flight instruments in an aircraft used to inform the pilot of the near instantaneous (rather than averaged) rate of descent or climb. (Federal Aviation Administration, Glider Flying Handbook, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2007 ISBN1-60239-061-4 s 4-7 ve 4-8.)
[4] http://www.technologyreview.com, peregrine falcons inspire new thermal soaring strategy for uas, 6 dec 2010, date accessed: 14 nov 2013.
[5] Helmut Reichmann, Cross-Country Soaring, Thomson Publications, 1988, Santa Monica, CA.
[6] UAS Roadmap 2013, Integration of Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the National Airspace System (NAS) Roadmap, Federal Aviation Administration, Purpose and Background of Civil UAS Roadmap, First Edition, 7 Nov 2013.
[7] Peter Hardin, Eyes in the Skies, Richmond Times-Dispatch, 30 Oct 2003, p. F1.
[8] Doug Gross, Amazon's drone delivery: How would it work?, http://edition.cnn.com, 02 Nov 2013, Date Accessed: 08 Feb 2014.
[9] Chad C. Haddal and Jeremiah Gertler, Homeland Security: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Border Surveillance, 8 Jul 2010.
[10] U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Fact Sheet, Unmanned Aircraft System MQ-9 Predator B, 5 Jan 2013.
[11] U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Fact Sheet, Guardian UAS Maritime Variant Predator B, 5 Jan 2013.
[12] U.S. Department of Transportation, Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Service Demand 2015 - 2035 Literature Review & Projections of Future Usage, Technical Report, Version 0.1, Sep-2013, United States Air Force Aerospace Management Systems Division, Air Traffic Systems Branch Hanscom AFB, Bedford, M0,A DOT-VNTSC-DoD-13-01.
[13] Joint Doctrine Note 2/11 The UK Approach To Unmanned Aircraft, Systems, Annex-B – Integration of Unmanned Aircraft into Non-segregated Airspace.
[14] FAA, Forecast for FY2025, http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/ ppt/122409main_NASA Technologies 21.ppt, 25 Nov 2013.
[15] UAS Roadmap 2013, Integration of Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the National Airspace System (NAS) Roadmap, Federal Aviation Administration, Purpose and Background of Civil UAS Roadmap, First Edition, 7 Nov 2013.
[16] UAS Road Map, AIR4ALL ‘UAV Insertion into General Air Traffic’ ESA-EDA Workshop Noordwijk, 27-28 May 2009.
[17] UAS Roadmap 2013, Integration of Civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the National Airspace System (NAS) Roadmap, Federal Aviation Administration, Purpose and Background of Civil UAS Roadmap, First Edition, 7 Nov 2013.
[18] Robot aircraft will ride thermals to save fuel, Newscientist, 23 Agu 2008, 2670, p-23.
[19] https://www.fas.org/irp/agency/daro/uav96/page31.html, Date Accessed: 14 Nov 2013.
[20] http://www.iai.co.il, Unmanned Air Systems - Heron Family, Date Accessed: 16 Mar 2015.
[21] http://www.81tech.com/sell/201210/14/sell24710.html, Date Accessed: 14 Nov 2013.
[22] U.S. Department of Transportation, Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Service Demand 2015 - 2035 Literature Review & Projections of Future Usage, Technical Report, Version 0.1, Sep-2013, United States Air Force Aerospace Management Systems Division, Air Traffic Systems Branch Hanscom AFB, Bedford, M0,A DOT-VNTSC-DoD-13-01.
[23] Joint Doctrine Note 2/11 The UK Approach To Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Design Factors, 6-3, 6-4.
[24] Ilker Senguler and Bazım Yılmaz, The environmental impacts and economic potential of the gas (deponi gas) formed in waste disposal sites, Jeoloji Mühendisligi Dergisi (Journal of Geology Engineering), vol.44-45, 1994.
[25] Note: Map was formed on Google Earth Program. Map includes in DOD Flight Infomation Publication L-5, Leipzig, a glider thermal map between Berlin and Dresden (http://www.glidinghotspots.eu/index.php? module=simple&options=view;0004.xml;, Date Accessed: 11 Nov 2013.)
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:69317", author = "Resul Fikir", title = "Thermal Regions for Unmanned Aircraft Systems Route Planning", abstract = "Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) become
indispensable parts of modern airpower as force multiplier. One of
the main advantages of UAS is long endurance. UAS have to take
extra payloads to accomplish different missions but these payloads
decrease endurance of aircraft because of increasing drag. There are
continuing researches to increase the capability of UAS. There are
some vertical thermal air currents, which can cause climb and
increase endurance, in nature. Birds and gliders use thermals to gain
altitude with no effort. UAS have wide wings which can use
thermals like birds and gliders. Thermal regions, which is area of
2000-3000 meter (1 NM), exist all around the world. It is natural and
infinite source. This study analyses if thermal regions can be adopted
and implemented as an assistant tool for UAS route planning. First
and second part of study will contain information about the thermal
regions and current applications about UAS in aviation and climbing
performance with a real example. Continuing parts will analyze the
contribution of thermal regions to UAS endurance. Contribution is
important because planning declaration of UAS navigation rules will
be in 2015.
", keywords = "Airways, Thermals, UAS, UAS Roadmap.", volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "1911-6", }
