Thermal load calculations have been performed for
multi-layered walls that are composed of three different parts; a
common (sand and cement) plaster, and two types of locally
produced soft and hard bricks. The masonry construction of these
layered walls was based on concrete-backed stone masonry made of
limestone bricks joined by mortar. These multilayered walls are
forming the outer walls of the building envelope of a typical Libyan
house. Based on the periodic seasonal weather conditions, within the
Libyan cost region during summer and winter, measured thermal
conductivity values were used to implement such seasonal variation
of heat flow and the temperature variations through the walls. The
experimental measured thermal conductivity values were obtained
using the Hot Disk technique. The estimation of the thermal
resistance of the wall layers ( R-values) is based on measurements
and calculations. The numerical calculations were done using a
simplified analytical model that considers two different wall
constructions which are characteristics of such houses. According to
the obtained results, the R-values were quite low and therefore,
several suggestions have been proposed to improve the thermal
loading performance that will lead to a reasonable human comfort
and reduce energy consumption.
[1] R.Butler The computation of heat flows through multi-layer slabs,
Building and Environment , 19 (3), pp. 197-206, 1984.
[2] R., M Yumrutas. Unsa, M Kanog¢, Periodic solution of transient heat
flow throw through multilayer walls and flat roofs by complex finite
Fourier transform technique, Building and Environment 40 (3), pp.
1117-1126, 2005.
[3] M.F Zedan. and A.M Mujahid., An efficient solution for heat transfer in
composite walls with periodic ambient temperature and solar radiation,
International Journal of Applied Energy 14 (2), pp. 83-97, 1993.
[4] C.Lombard and E. H. Mathews, A two-port envelope model for
building heat transfer Building and Environment 34 pp.19, 1999.
[5] J.J. del Coz Diaz, et al., Non-linear thermal analysis of light concrete
hollow brick walls by the finite element method and experimental
validation, Applied Thermal Engineering 26 777-786, 2006.
[6] Jose-Luis Vivanocos et. al, A new model based on experimental results
for thermal charactarzation of bricks, Building and Environment 44, pp.
1047-11052, 2009.
[7] S. E. Gustafsson.,Transient plane source techniques for thermal
conductivity and thermal diffusivity measurements of solid materials.
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, pp797, 1991.
[8] B. M. Suleiman.. Moisture effect on thermal conductivity of some major
elements of a typical Libyan house envelope. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
39, pp. 547-551, 2006.
[9] Suleiman Bashir M. (1993). The transient plane source technique for
measurement of thermal properties of polycrystalline ceramics including
high-Tc superconductors , Ph. D. Thesis, ISBN 91-7032-905-2, Physics
Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
[10] Al-Hadhrami, L. M., Ahmad, A., Assessment of Thermal Performance
of Different Types of Masonry Bricks Used in Saudi Arabia, Applied
Thermal Engineering, 29 pp. 1123-1130, 2009
[11] H. Asan, YA Sancaktar.. Effects of wall-s thermophysical properties on
time lag and decrement factor. Energy and Buildings;28, pp159-66,
1998.
[12] Carrier Air Conditioning Company (1965). Handbook of Air
Conditioning System Design, McGraw Hill, New York.
[13] M.S. Hatamipour, H. Mahiyar , M. Taheri . Evaluation of existing
cooling systems for reducing cooling power consumption. Energy and
Buildings 39, pp105-112, 2007.
[14] http://www.degreedays.net, a free worldwide data calculation site on
Heating & Cooling Degree Days - last accessible on 3rd of Jan. 2011.
[15] G. H Galbraith, , . Li Jintang, G Jiansong, David McLean, R. Craig,
Grunewald, J., Evaluation of Discretized Transport Properties for
Numerical Modeling of Heat and Moisture Transfer in Building
Structures. Journal of Thermal Envelope & Building Science; Vol. 24
Issue 3, p240, 2001.
[16] M Ciampi., F. Fantozzi, F. Leccese, G. Tuoni,On the optimization of
building envelope thermal performance, Civil Engineering and
Environmental Systems Vol.20, 4, pp 231 - 254, 2003.
[17] N. Bansal., K. Bhattacharya A, Parametric equations for energy and
load estimations for buildings in India, Applied Thermal Engineering 29
3710-3715, 2009
[1] R.Butler The computation of heat flows through multi-layer slabs,
Building and Environment , 19 (3), pp. 197-206, 1984.
[2] R., M Yumrutas. Unsa, M Kanog¢, Periodic solution of transient heat
flow throw through multilayer walls and flat roofs by complex finite
Fourier transform technique, Building and Environment 40 (3), pp.
1117-1126, 2005.
[3] M.F Zedan. and A.M Mujahid., An efficient solution for heat transfer in
composite walls with periodic ambient temperature and solar radiation,
International Journal of Applied Energy 14 (2), pp. 83-97, 1993.
[4] C.Lombard and E. H. Mathews, A two-port envelope model for
building heat transfer Building and Environment 34 pp.19, 1999.
[5] J.J. del Coz Diaz, et al., Non-linear thermal analysis of light concrete
hollow brick walls by the finite element method and experimental
validation, Applied Thermal Engineering 26 777-786, 2006.
[6] Jose-Luis Vivanocos et. al, A new model based on experimental results
for thermal charactarzation of bricks, Building and Environment 44, pp.
1047-11052, 2009.
[7] S. E. Gustafsson.,Transient plane source techniques for thermal
conductivity and thermal diffusivity measurements of solid materials.
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, pp797, 1991.
[8] B. M. Suleiman.. Moisture effect on thermal conductivity of some major
elements of a typical Libyan house envelope. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
39, pp. 547-551, 2006.
[9] Suleiman Bashir M. (1993). The transient plane source technique for
measurement of thermal properties of polycrystalline ceramics including
high-Tc superconductors , Ph. D. Thesis, ISBN 91-7032-905-2, Physics
Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
[10] Al-Hadhrami, L. M., Ahmad, A., Assessment of Thermal Performance
of Different Types of Masonry Bricks Used in Saudi Arabia, Applied
Thermal Engineering, 29 pp. 1123-1130, 2009
[11] H. Asan, YA Sancaktar.. Effects of wall-s thermophysical properties on
time lag and decrement factor. Energy and Buildings;28, pp159-66,
1998.
[12] Carrier Air Conditioning Company (1965). Handbook of Air
Conditioning System Design, McGraw Hill, New York.
[13] M.S. Hatamipour, H. Mahiyar , M. Taheri . Evaluation of existing
cooling systems for reducing cooling power consumption. Energy and
Buildings 39, pp105-112, 2007.
[14] http://www.degreedays.net, a free worldwide data calculation site on
Heating & Cooling Degree Days - last accessible on 3rd of Jan. 2011.
[15] G. H Galbraith, , . Li Jintang, G Jiansong, David McLean, R. Craig,
Grunewald, J., Evaluation of Discretized Transport Properties for
Numerical Modeling of Heat and Moisture Transfer in Building
Structures. Journal of Thermal Envelope & Building Science; Vol. 24
Issue 3, p240, 2001.
[16] M Ciampi., F. Fantozzi, F. Leccese, G. Tuoni,On the optimization of
building envelope thermal performance, Civil Engineering and
Environmental Systems Vol.20, 4, pp 231 - 254, 2003.
[17] N. Bansal., K. Bhattacharya A, Parametric equations for energy and
load estimations for buildings in India, Applied Thermal Engineering 29
3710-3715, 2009
@article{"International Journal of Engineering, Mathematical and Physical Sciences:51220", author = "Bashir M. Suleiman", title = "Thermal Load Calculations of Multilayered Walls", abstract = "Thermal load calculations have been performed for
multi-layered walls that are composed of three different parts; a
common (sand and cement) plaster, and two types of locally
produced soft and hard bricks. The masonry construction of these
layered walls was based on concrete-backed stone masonry made of
limestone bricks joined by mortar. These multilayered walls are
forming the outer walls of the building envelope of a typical Libyan
house. Based on the periodic seasonal weather conditions, within the
Libyan cost region during summer and winter, measured thermal
conductivity values were used to implement such seasonal variation
of heat flow and the temperature variations through the walls. The
experimental measured thermal conductivity values were obtained
using the Hot Disk technique. The estimation of the thermal
resistance of the wall layers ( R-values) is based on measurements
and calculations. The numerical calculations were done using a
simplified analytical model that considers two different wall
constructions which are characteristics of such houses. According to
the obtained results, the R-values were quite low and therefore,
several suggestions have been proposed to improve the thermal
loading performance that will lead to a reasonable human comfort
and reduce energy consumption.", keywords = "Thermal loading, multilayered walls, Libyan bricks,thermal resistance", volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "397-5", }