The Ombudsman: Different Terminologies Same Missions

The Ombudsman is a procedural mechanism that
provides a different approach of dispute resolution. The ombudsman
primarily deals with specific grievances from the public against
governmental injustice and misconduct. The ombudsman theory is
considered an important instrument to any democratic government.
This is true since it improves the transparency of the governmental
activities in a world in which executive power are rising. Many
countries have adopted the concept of Ombudsman but under
different terminologies. This paper will provide the different types of
Ombudsman and the common activities/processes of fulfilling their
mandates.

• Khodr Fakih

• Administration
• Citizens
• Government
• Mediator
• Ombudsman
• Presidential Mediator.

[1] J-M. Frahm, “Australasia and Pacific Ombudsman Institutions:
Mandates, Competences and Good Practice”, Springer, 2013, p.4.
[2] E. Rodgers, “Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture”, first
published by Routledge 1999, re-published by Taylor and Francis elibrary
2002, p. 138.
[3] A. Z. IbnKhuldun, “Al-Muqadimah (the ancient book style—Republished)”,
Dar al-Fikr, Beirut, Lebanon, 1979, P. 185.
[4] Paris Principles, “Competences and Responsibilities,” paragraph 2.
[5] Paris Principles, “Competences and Responsibilities,” paragraph 3.
[6] Paris Principles, “Additional principles concerning the status of
commissions with quasi-judicial competency,” introductory paragraph
and D.
[7] UN General Assembly Resolution 63/169, 2008, on the role of
Ombudsman, mediator and other national human rights institutions and
protection of human rights, preamble; UN General Assembly resolution
65/207, 2010 on the role of the Ombudsman and other national human
rights institutions in the promotion and protection of human rights,
preamble.
[8] The concept of the Mediator was adopted in Spain in 1976, Jordan in
2001, and Morocco in 2002.However, the concept of the Mediator still
under consideration in Lebanon.