The effects of wood ash from five common tropical
woods on the ignition point of four common tropical woods in
Nigeria were investigated. The ash and moisture contents of the wood
sawdust from Mahogany (Khaya ivorensis), Opepe (Sarcocephalus
latifolius), Abura (Mitragyna ciliata), Rubber (Heavea brasilensis)
and Poroporo (Sorghum bicolour) used, were determined using a
furnace (Vecstar furnaces, model ECF2, serial no. f3077) and oven
(Genlab laboratory oven, model MINO/040) respectively. The metal
contents of the five wood sawdust ash samples were determined
using a Perkin Elmer optima 3000 dv atomic absorption spectrometer
while the ignition points were determined using Vecstar furnaces
model ECF2. Poroporo had the highest ash content, 2.263g while
rubber had the least, 0.710g. The results for the moisture content
range from 2.971g to 0.903g. Magnesium metal had the highest
concentration of all the metals, in all the wood ash samples; with
mahogany ash having the highest concentration, 9.196ppm while
rubber ash had the least concentration of magnesium metal, 2.196
ppm. The ignition point results showed that the wood ashes from
mahogany and opepe increased the ignition points of the test wood
samples, Danta (Nesogordonia papaverifera), Ekpaya, Akomu
(Pycnanthus angolensis) and Oleku when coated on them while the
ashes from poroporo, rubber and abura decreased the ignition points
of the test wood samples when coated on them. However, Opepe saw
dust ash decreased the ignition point in one of the test wood samples,
suggesting that the metal content of the test wood sample was more
than that of the Opepe saw dust ash. Therefore, Mahogany and Opepe
saw dust ashes could be used in the surface treatment of wood to
enhance their fire resistance or retardancy. However, the caution to
be exercised in this application is that the metal content of the test
wood samples should be evaluated as well.
[1] K. A. Ibe, E. E Elemike and S. A. Chukwuma, “Fire extinguishing
strength of the combustion product of wood saw dust ash.” J. Appli. Sci.
Environ. Management, vol.18 no.3, pp. 553- 557, 2014
[2] National fire protection association.” Fire loss in the U.S. during 2005”,
abridged report (http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/statistics/national/), pp. 11-
12f, 2008
[3] G. E. Zaikov and S. M. Lomankin.”Ecological issue of polymer flame
retardancy”. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 86, pp. 2249-
2462, 2002 [4] I. Van Der Veen and J. De Boer (2012). “Phosphorus Flame Retardants:
Properties, Production, Environmental Occurrence, Toxicity and
Analysis”. Chemosphere, vol. 88, no.10, 1119-1153
[5] M. K. Misra, K. W. Ragland and A.J. Baker. “Wood Ash Composition
as Function of Furnace Temperature”. Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 4,
no.2, pp.103, 1993
[6] L. Etiegni and A. G. Campbell. “Physical and Chemical Characteristics
of Wood Ash”. Bioresource Technology, vol.37, no.2, pp. 173, 1991.
[7] A. G. Campbell. “ Recycling and Disposing Of Wood Ash,” Tappi
Journal, Tappi Press, Norcross, GA, vol.73, no.9, pp. 141-143, 1990
[8] National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. (NCASI),
Alternative Management of Pulp and Paper Industry Solid Wastes,
Technical Bulletin No. 655, NCASI, New York, NY, pp. 44, 1993.
[9] C. Jean-Pierre-Barrette and J. M. Hazard. “Memotech Bois and
Materiaux Associates”, Casteilla Edition, Paris, pp. 11, 1996.
[10] E. Mikkola. “Charring Of Wood”. Espoo Technical research Center of
Finland, pp.35, 1990
[11] E. Mikkola and I. S. Wichman. “The Thermal Ignition of Combustible
Materials”. Fire and Materials, vol.14, no. 3, pp. 87-96, 1989
[12] E. Hume. “Wood Ashes: How to Use Them in the Garden”. Ed Hume
Seeds. ISO 5660-1 (2002). Reaction- To- Fire Tests- Heat Release,
Smoke Production and Mass Loss Rate- Part 1: Heat Release Rate (Cone
Calorimeter Method). Geneva: Internal Organization for
Standardization, 2002, pp.39, 2006.
[13] B. Kristoffersen, A. Steen Hansen, T. Hakkarainen , B. Ostman, P.
Johansson, M. Pauner, O. Grexa and P. J. Hovde (2003). “Using the
cone calorimeter for screening and control testing of fire retarded wood
products”. Reportnord test project 1526-01. Trondheim: Norwegian fire
research laboratory, pp.18 & 63, 2003.s
[1] K. A. Ibe, E. E Elemike and S. A. Chukwuma, “Fire extinguishing
strength of the combustion product of wood saw dust ash.” J. Appli. Sci.
Environ. Management, vol.18 no.3, pp. 553- 557, 2014
[2] National fire protection association.” Fire loss in the U.S. during 2005”,
abridged report (http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/statistics/national/), pp. 11-
12f, 2008
[3] G. E. Zaikov and S. M. Lomankin.”Ecological issue of polymer flame
retardancy”. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 86, pp. 2249-
2462, 2002 [4] I. Van Der Veen and J. De Boer (2012). “Phosphorus Flame Retardants:
Properties, Production, Environmental Occurrence, Toxicity and
Analysis”. Chemosphere, vol. 88, no.10, 1119-1153
[5] M. K. Misra, K. W. Ragland and A.J. Baker. “Wood Ash Composition
as Function of Furnace Temperature”. Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 4,
no.2, pp.103, 1993
[6] L. Etiegni and A. G. Campbell. “Physical and Chemical Characteristics
of Wood Ash”. Bioresource Technology, vol.37, no.2, pp. 173, 1991.
[7] A. G. Campbell. “ Recycling and Disposing Of Wood Ash,” Tappi
Journal, Tappi Press, Norcross, GA, vol.73, no.9, pp. 141-143, 1990
[8] National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. (NCASI),
Alternative Management of Pulp and Paper Industry Solid Wastes,
Technical Bulletin No. 655, NCASI, New York, NY, pp. 44, 1993.
[9] C. Jean-Pierre-Barrette and J. M. Hazard. “Memotech Bois and
Materiaux Associates”, Casteilla Edition, Paris, pp. 11, 1996.
[10] E. Mikkola. “Charring Of Wood”. Espoo Technical research Center of
Finland, pp.35, 1990
[11] E. Mikkola and I. S. Wichman. “The Thermal Ignition of Combustible
Materials”. Fire and Materials, vol.14, no. 3, pp. 87-96, 1989
[12] E. Hume. “Wood Ashes: How to Use Them in the Garden”. Ed Hume
Seeds. ISO 5660-1 (2002). Reaction- To- Fire Tests- Heat Release,
Smoke Production and Mass Loss Rate- Part 1: Heat Release Rate (Cone
Calorimeter Method). Geneva: Internal Organization for
Standardization, 2002, pp.39, 2006.
[13] B. Kristoffersen, A. Steen Hansen, T. Hakkarainen , B. Ostman, P.
Johansson, M. Pauner, O. Grexa and P. J. Hovde (2003). “Using the
cone calorimeter for screening and control testing of fire retarded wood
products”. Reportnord test project 1526-01. Trondheim: Norwegian fire
research laboratory, pp.18 & 63, 2003.s
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:71152", author = "Kenneth A. Ibe and Justina I. Mbonu and Godgift K. Umukoro", title = "The Effects of Wood Ash on Ignition Point of Wood", abstract = "The effects of wood ash from five common tropical
woods on the ignition point of four common tropical woods in
Nigeria were investigated. The ash and moisture contents of the wood
sawdust from Mahogany (Khaya ivorensis), Opepe (Sarcocephalus
latifolius), Abura (Mitragyna ciliata), Rubber (Heavea brasilensis)
and Poroporo (Sorghum bicolour) used, were determined using a
furnace (Vecstar furnaces, model ECF2, serial no. f3077) and oven
(Genlab laboratory oven, model MINO/040) respectively. The metal
contents of the five wood sawdust ash samples were determined
using a Perkin Elmer optima 3000 dv atomic absorption spectrometer
while the ignition points were determined using Vecstar furnaces
model ECF2. Poroporo had the highest ash content, 2.263g while
rubber had the least, 0.710g. The results for the moisture content
range from 2.971g to 0.903g. Magnesium metal had the highest
concentration of all the metals, in all the wood ash samples; with
mahogany ash having the highest concentration, 9.196ppm while
rubber ash had the least concentration of magnesium metal, 2.196
ppm. The ignition point results showed that the wood ashes from
mahogany and opepe increased the ignition points of the test wood
samples, Danta (Nesogordonia papaverifera), Ekpaya, Akomu
(Pycnanthus angolensis) and Oleku when coated on them while the
ashes from poroporo, rubber and abura decreased the ignition points
of the test wood samples when coated on them. However, Opepe saw
dust ash decreased the ignition point in one of the test wood samples,
suggesting that the metal content of the test wood sample was more
than that of the Opepe saw dust ash. Therefore, Mahogany and Opepe
saw dust ashes could be used in the surface treatment of wood to
enhance their fire resistance or retardancy. However, the caution to
be exercised in this application is that the metal content of the test
wood samples should be evaluated as well.", keywords = "Ash, fire, ignition point, retardant, wood saw dust.", volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "761-4", }