The Effects of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Tumor Cell Colonies: Fractal Dimension and Morphological Properties
Semiconductor nanomaterials like TiO2 nanoparticles
(TiO2-NPs) approximately less than 100 nm in diameter have become
a new generation of advanced materials due to their novel and
interesting optical, dielectric, and photo-catalytic properties. With the
increasing use of NPs in commerce, to date few studies have
investigated the toxicological and environmental effects of NPs.
Motivated by the importance of TiO2-NPs that may contribute to the
cancer research field especially from the treatment prospective
together with the fractal analysis technique, we have investigated the
effect of TiO2-NPs on colony morphology in the dark condition
using fractal dimension as a key morphological characterization
parameter. The aim of this work is mainly to investigate the cytotoxic
effects of TiO2-NPs in the dark on the growth of human cervical
carcinoma (HeLa) cell colonies from morphological aspect. The in
vitro studies were carried out together with the image processing
technique and fractal analysis. It was found that, these colonies were
abnormal in shape and size. Moreover, the size of the control
colonies appeared to be larger than those of the treated group. The
mean Df +/- SEM of the colonies in untreated cultures was
1.085±0.019, N= 25, while that of the cultures treated with TiO2-NPs
was 1.287±0.045. It was found that the circularity of the control
group (0.401±0.071) is higher than that of the treated group
(0.103±0.042). The same tendency was found in the diameter
parameters which are 1161.30±219.56 μm and 852.28±206.50 μm
for the control and treated group respectively. Possible explanation of
the results was discussed, though more works need to be done in
terms of the for mechanism aspects. Finally, our results indicate that
fractal dimension can serve as a useful feature, by itself or in
conjunction with other shape features, in the classification of cancer
colonies.
[1] Alivisatos A. Semiconductor Clusters, Nanocrystals and Quantum Dots
Science of The Total Environment 271(5251): 933 - 937, 1996.
[2] Schwarzer H, Peukert W. Prediction of aggregation kinetics based on
surface properties of nanoparticles. Chem Eng Sci 60:11-25, 2005.
[3] Hunter R. Foundations of colloid Science University Press, Oxford,
Great Britain. I, II
[4] Waliszewski P. Complexity, dynamic cellular network, and tumourgenesis.
Pol J Pathol 46:235-41,1997
[5] Zhang A, Sun Y. Photocatalytic killing effect of TiO2 nanoparticles
on Ls-174-t human colon carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol.
10(21):3191-3193,2004
[6] Hoffmann M, Martin ST, Choi WY, Bahnemann DW. Environmental
Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis. Chem Rev 95:65.1995
[7] Maness P. Snolinski S, Blake D, Wolfrum Z, Jacoby W. Solar Treatment
as an Alternative for Water Disinfections. Appl Environ Microbiol
65:4094,1999
[8] Heller A. Preparation of Ti-Si binary oxide thin film photocatalysts by
the application of anionized cluster beam method. Acc. Chem. Res
28:503-508,1995
[9] Ollis D, Pelizetti E, Serpone N. Environmintal Applications of
Semiconductor Photocatalysis. Environ. Sci. Technol 25:1523-
1529,1991
[10] Sitkiewitz S, Heller A. Photocatalytic oxidiation of benzene and steatic
on sol-gel derived TiO2 thin films attached to glass. New J. Chem
20:233-241,1996
[11] Uchida H, Itoh S, Yoneyama H. Photocatalytic Decomposition of
Propyzamide Using TiO2 Supported on Activated Carbon. Chem. Lett.
1995-1998, 1993.
[12] Cai R, Hashimoto K, Itoh K, Kubota Y, Fujishima A. Photokilling of
malignant cells with Ultrafine TiO2 powder. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn
64:1268-1273, 1991.
[13] Ireland J, Klostermann P, Rice E, Clark R. Inactivation of Escherichia
coli by titanium dioxide photocatalytic oxidation. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 59:1668-1670, 1993.
[14] Matsunaga T, Okochi M. TiO2. -mediated photochemical disinfection
of. Escherichia coli using optical fibers. Environ. Sci. Technol 29:501-
505, 1995.
[15] Watts RJ, Kong S, Orr MP, Mille rGC, Henry BE. Photocatalytic
Degradation of Toxins Secreted to Water by Cyanobateria and
Unicellular Algae and Photocatalytic Degradation of The Cells of
Selected Microorgantisms. Water Research 29:95-100. 1995.
[16] Wei C, Lin W-Y, Zainal Z, Williams N, Zhu K, Kruzic A, Smith R,
Rajeshwar K. Bactericidal Activity of TiO2 Photocatalysts in Aqueous
Media: Towards a Solar-Assisted Water Disinfection System". Environ.
Sci. Technol. 28:934-938, 1994.
[17] Kikuchi Y, Sunada K, Iyoda T, Hashimoto K, Fujishima A.
Photocatalytic bactericidal effect of TiO2 thin films: dynamic. view of
the active oxygen species responsible for the effect. J. Photochem.
Photobiol. A: Chem 106:51-56, 1997.
[18] Minhua X, Jianamin M, Jianhua G, Zuhong L. Photocatalytic TiO2
nanoparticles damage to cellular membranes and genetic
supramolecules, Suptamolecular. Science 5:511-513, 1998.
[19] Mandelbrot B. How long is the coast of Britain? Statistical selfsimilarity
and fractional dimension. Science 156:636-8, 1997.
[20] BB. M. The fractal geometry of nature. Freeman, San Francisco. 1983.
[21] Mach J, Mas F, Sagués F. Laplacian multifractality of growth
probability distribution in electrodeposition. Europhys. Lett 25:271-27,
1994.
[22] Shlesinger M, West B. Complex fractal dimension of the bronchial tree.
Phys. Rev. Lett 67:2106-2108, 1991.
[23] Burlando B. The fractal dimension of taxonomic systems. J. Theor. Biol
146:99-114, 1990.
[24] Goldberger AGAN-ldfcCt, fractals, and complexity at the bedside.
Lancet 347:1312-1314. Non-linear dynamics for clinicians: Chaos
theory, fractals, and complexity at the bedside. Lancet 347:1312-1314,
1996.
[25] Churilla A, Gottschalke W, Liebovitch Lea. Membrane potential
fluctuations of human T-lymphocytes have fractal characteristics of
fractional Brownian motion. Ann Biomed Eng 24:99-108, 1996.
[26] Family F, Masters B, Platt D. Fractal pattern formation in human retinal
vessels. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 38:98, 1989.
[27] Fujikawa H, Matsushita M. Fractal growth of Bacillus subtilis on agar
plates. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 58:3875-3878, 1998.
[28] Gitter J, Czerniecki M. Fractal analysis of the electromyographic
interference pattern. . J. Neurosci Methods 58:103-108, 1995.
[29] Ito K, Gunji Y. Self-organization of living systems towards criticality at
the edge of chaos. Biosystems 33:17-24, 1994.
[30] Macheras P, Argyrakis P, Polymilis C. Fractal geometry, fractal kinetics
and chaos en route to biopharmaceutical sciences. Eur J Drug Metab
Pharmacokinet 21:77-86, 1996.
[31] Mainster M. The fractal properties ofretinalvessels: Embryological and
clinical implications. Eye 4:235, 1990.
[32] Ragazzi E. Hidden fractals in pharmacodynamics. Pharmazie 50:66-68
1995.
[33] Smith TJ, Marks W, Lange Gea. A fractal analysis of cell images. J
Neurosci Methods 27:173-180, 1998.
[34] Turcott R, Teich M. Fractal character of the electrocardiogram:
Distinguishing heart-failure and normal patients. Ann Biomed Eng
24:269-293, 1996.
[35] Williams N. Fractal geometry gets the measure of life's scales. Science
276 :34, 1997.
[36] Bru A, Albertos S, Subiza J, Garcia-Asenjo JL, Bru I. The Universal
Dynamics of Tumor Growth. Biophysic Journal 85:2948-2961, 2003.
[37] Cross S. Fractals in Pathology. J. Pathol 182:1-8, 1997.
[38] Laird A. Dynamics of tumor growth: comparison of Growth rates and
extrapolation of growth curve to one cell. Br J Cancer 19:278-291, 1964.
[39] Cai R, Kubota Y, Shuin T, Sakai H, Hashimot K, Fujishima A. Induction
of cytotoxicity by photoexcited TiO2 particles. Cancer Res 52(8): 2346-
8., 1992.
[40] Kubota Y, Shuin T, Kawasaki C, Hosaka M, Kitamur H, Cai R, Sakai H,
Hashimoto K, Fujishima A. Photokilling of T-24 human bladder cancer
cells with titanium dioxide. Br. J. Cancer. Dec 70(6): 1107-11, 1994.
[1] Alivisatos A. Semiconductor Clusters, Nanocrystals and Quantum Dots
Science of The Total Environment 271(5251): 933 - 937, 1996.
[2] Schwarzer H, Peukert W. Prediction of aggregation kinetics based on
surface properties of nanoparticles. Chem Eng Sci 60:11-25, 2005.
[3] Hunter R. Foundations of colloid Science University Press, Oxford,
Great Britain. I, II
[4] Waliszewski P. Complexity, dynamic cellular network, and tumourgenesis.
Pol J Pathol 46:235-41,1997
[5] Zhang A, Sun Y. Photocatalytic killing effect of TiO2 nanoparticles
on Ls-174-t human colon carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol.
10(21):3191-3193,2004
[6] Hoffmann M, Martin ST, Choi WY, Bahnemann DW. Environmental
Applications of Semiconductor Photocatalysis. Chem Rev 95:65.1995
[7] Maness P. Snolinski S, Blake D, Wolfrum Z, Jacoby W. Solar Treatment
as an Alternative for Water Disinfections. Appl Environ Microbiol
65:4094,1999
[8] Heller A. Preparation of Ti-Si binary oxide thin film photocatalysts by
the application of anionized cluster beam method. Acc. Chem. Res
28:503-508,1995
[9] Ollis D, Pelizetti E, Serpone N. Environmintal Applications of
Semiconductor Photocatalysis. Environ. Sci. Technol 25:1523-
1529,1991
[10] Sitkiewitz S, Heller A. Photocatalytic oxidiation of benzene and steatic
on sol-gel derived TiO2 thin films attached to glass. New J. Chem
20:233-241,1996
[11] Uchida H, Itoh S, Yoneyama H. Photocatalytic Decomposition of
Propyzamide Using TiO2 Supported on Activated Carbon. Chem. Lett.
1995-1998, 1993.
[12] Cai R, Hashimoto K, Itoh K, Kubota Y, Fujishima A. Photokilling of
malignant cells with Ultrafine TiO2 powder. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn
64:1268-1273, 1991.
[13] Ireland J, Klostermann P, Rice E, Clark R. Inactivation of Escherichia
coli by titanium dioxide photocatalytic oxidation. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 59:1668-1670, 1993.
[14] Matsunaga T, Okochi M. TiO2. -mediated photochemical disinfection
of. Escherichia coli using optical fibers. Environ. Sci. Technol 29:501-
505, 1995.
[15] Watts RJ, Kong S, Orr MP, Mille rGC, Henry BE. Photocatalytic
Degradation of Toxins Secreted to Water by Cyanobateria and
Unicellular Algae and Photocatalytic Degradation of The Cells of
Selected Microorgantisms. Water Research 29:95-100. 1995.
[16] Wei C, Lin W-Y, Zainal Z, Williams N, Zhu K, Kruzic A, Smith R,
Rajeshwar K. Bactericidal Activity of TiO2 Photocatalysts in Aqueous
Media: Towards a Solar-Assisted Water Disinfection System". Environ.
Sci. Technol. 28:934-938, 1994.
[17] Kikuchi Y, Sunada K, Iyoda T, Hashimoto K, Fujishima A.
Photocatalytic bactericidal effect of TiO2 thin films: dynamic. view of
the active oxygen species responsible for the effect. J. Photochem.
Photobiol. A: Chem 106:51-56, 1997.
[18] Minhua X, Jianamin M, Jianhua G, Zuhong L. Photocatalytic TiO2
nanoparticles damage to cellular membranes and genetic
supramolecules, Suptamolecular. Science 5:511-513, 1998.
[19] Mandelbrot B. How long is the coast of Britain? Statistical selfsimilarity
and fractional dimension. Science 156:636-8, 1997.
[20] BB. M. The fractal geometry of nature. Freeman, San Francisco. 1983.
[21] Mach J, Mas F, Sagués F. Laplacian multifractality of growth
probability distribution in electrodeposition. Europhys. Lett 25:271-27,
1994.
[22] Shlesinger M, West B. Complex fractal dimension of the bronchial tree.
Phys. Rev. Lett 67:2106-2108, 1991.
[23] Burlando B. The fractal dimension of taxonomic systems. J. Theor. Biol
146:99-114, 1990.
[24] Goldberger AGAN-ldfcCt, fractals, and complexity at the bedside.
Lancet 347:1312-1314. Non-linear dynamics for clinicians: Chaos
theory, fractals, and complexity at the bedside. Lancet 347:1312-1314,
1996.
[25] Churilla A, Gottschalke W, Liebovitch Lea. Membrane potential
fluctuations of human T-lymphocytes have fractal characteristics of
fractional Brownian motion. Ann Biomed Eng 24:99-108, 1996.
[26] Family F, Masters B, Platt D. Fractal pattern formation in human retinal
vessels. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 38:98, 1989.
[27] Fujikawa H, Matsushita M. Fractal growth of Bacillus subtilis on agar
plates. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 58:3875-3878, 1998.
[28] Gitter J, Czerniecki M. Fractal analysis of the electromyographic
interference pattern. . J. Neurosci Methods 58:103-108, 1995.
[29] Ito K, Gunji Y. Self-organization of living systems towards criticality at
the edge of chaos. Biosystems 33:17-24, 1994.
[30] Macheras P, Argyrakis P, Polymilis C. Fractal geometry, fractal kinetics
and chaos en route to biopharmaceutical sciences. Eur J Drug Metab
Pharmacokinet 21:77-86, 1996.
[31] Mainster M. The fractal properties ofretinalvessels: Embryological and
clinical implications. Eye 4:235, 1990.
[32] Ragazzi E. Hidden fractals in pharmacodynamics. Pharmazie 50:66-68
1995.
[33] Smith TJ, Marks W, Lange Gea. A fractal analysis of cell images. J
Neurosci Methods 27:173-180, 1998.
[34] Turcott R, Teich M. Fractal character of the electrocardiogram:
Distinguishing heart-failure and normal patients. Ann Biomed Eng
24:269-293, 1996.
[35] Williams N. Fractal geometry gets the measure of life's scales. Science
276 :34, 1997.
[36] Bru A, Albertos S, Subiza J, Garcia-Asenjo JL, Bru I. The Universal
Dynamics of Tumor Growth. Biophysic Journal 85:2948-2961, 2003.
[37] Cross S. Fractals in Pathology. J. Pathol 182:1-8, 1997.
[38] Laird A. Dynamics of tumor growth: comparison of Growth rates and
extrapolation of growth curve to one cell. Br J Cancer 19:278-291, 1964.
[39] Cai R, Kubota Y, Shuin T, Sakai H, Hashimot K, Fujishima A. Induction
of cytotoxicity by photoexcited TiO2 particles. Cancer Res 52(8): 2346-
8., 1992.
[40] Kubota Y, Shuin T, Kawasaki C, Hosaka M, Kitamur H, Cai R, Sakai H,
Hashimoto K, Fujishima A. Photokilling of T-24 human bladder cancer
cells with titanium dioxide. Br. J. Cancer. Dec 70(6): 1107-11, 1994.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:60887", author = "T. Sungkaworn and W. Triampo and P. Nalakarn and D. Triampo and I. M. Tang and Y. Lenbury and P. Picha", title = "The Effects of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Tumor Cell Colonies: Fractal Dimension and Morphological Properties", abstract = "Semiconductor nanomaterials like TiO2 nanoparticles
(TiO2-NPs) approximately less than 100 nm in diameter have become
a new generation of advanced materials due to their novel and
interesting optical, dielectric, and photo-catalytic properties. With the
increasing use of NPs in commerce, to date few studies have
investigated the toxicological and environmental effects of NPs.
Motivated by the importance of TiO2-NPs that may contribute to the
cancer research field especially from the treatment prospective
together with the fractal analysis technique, we have investigated the
effect of TiO2-NPs on colony morphology in the dark condition
using fractal dimension as a key morphological characterization
parameter. The aim of this work is mainly to investigate the cytotoxic
effects of TiO2-NPs in the dark on the growth of human cervical
carcinoma (HeLa) cell colonies from morphological aspect. The in
vitro studies were carried out together with the image processing
technique and fractal analysis. It was found that, these colonies were
abnormal in shape and size. Moreover, the size of the control
colonies appeared to be larger than those of the treated group. The
mean Df +/- SEM of the colonies in untreated cultures was
1.085±0.019, N= 25, while that of the cultures treated with TiO2-NPs
was 1.287±0.045. It was found that the circularity of the control
group (0.401±0.071) is higher than that of the treated group
(0.103±0.042). The same tendency was found in the diameter
parameters which are 1161.30±219.56 μm and 852.28±206.50 μm
for the control and treated group respectively. Possible explanation of
the results was discussed, though more works need to be done in
terms of the for mechanism aspects. Finally, our results indicate that
fractal dimension can serve as a useful feature, by itself or in
conjunction with other shape features, in the classification of cancer
colonies.", keywords = "Tumor growth, Cell colonies, TiO2, Nanoparticles,Fractal, Morphology, Aggregation.", volume = "2", number = "1", pages = "40-8", }
