The Effect of Parents' Ethnic Socialization Practices on Ethnic Identity, Self-Esteem and Psychological Adjustment of Multi Ethnic Children in Malaysia
The present study aims to explore the role of parents'
ethnic socialization practices contributes to the ethnic identity
development, self-esteem and psychological adjustment of multi
ethnic children in Sabah, Malaysia. A total of 342 multi ethnic
children (age range = 10 years old to 14 years old; mean age = 12.65
years, SD = 0.88) and their parents participated in the present study.
The modified version of Multi group Ethnic Identity Measure
(MEIM), The Familial Ethnic Socialization Measure (FESM). The
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) and Behavioral and Emotional
Rating Scale Edition 2 (BERS-2) were used in this study. The results
showed that: i) parents' ethnic socialization practice was a strong
predictor of ethnic identity development of multi ethnic children; ii)
parents' ethnic socialization practice also was a significant predictor
of self-esteem of multi ethnic children; iii) parents' ethnic
socialization practice was not a significant predictor of psychological
adjustment of multi ethnic children. The results of this study showed
the implications parents' ethnic socialization practices and ethnic
identity development in successful multi ethnic families.
[1] Hughes, D., Rodriquez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C.,
& Spicer, P. (2006). Parents- ethnic-racial socialization practices: A
review of research and directions for future study. Developmental
Psychology, 42, 5, 747-770.
[2] Umana-Taylor, A. J. (2004). Ethnic identity and self-esteem: Examining
the role of social context. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 139-146.
[3] Uma├▒a-Taylor, A.J., Bhanot, R., & Shin, N. (2006). Ethnic identity
formation during adolescence. The critical role of families. Journal of
Family Issues, 27, 390-414.
[4] Fuligni, A., Hughes, D., & Way, N. (2009). Ethnicity and immigration.
In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent
psychology, contextual influences on adolescent development (3rd ed.,
Vol. 2). New Jersey: Wiley. (in press).
[5] Phinney, J., Cantu, C., & Kurtz, D. (1997). Ethnic and American identity
as predictors of self-esteem among African American, Latino, and While
adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 165-185.
[6] Phinney, J. S. (1992). The multi-group ethnic identity measure: A new
scale for diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2), 156-176.
[7] Kiang, L., Yip, T., Gonzales-Backen, M., Witkow, M., & Fuligni, A. J.
(2006). Ethnic identity and the daily psychological well-being of
adolescents from Mexican and Chinese backgrounds. Child
Development, 77, 1338-1350.
[8] Lee, R. M.,& Yoo, H. C. (2004). Structure and measurement of ethnic
identity for Asian American college students. Journal of Counseling
Psychology, 51, 263-269.
[9] Herring, P. D. (1992) Biracial children: An increasing concern for
elementary and middle school counselors. Elementary School Guidance
and Counseling, 27, 123-130.
[10] Bowles, D.D. (1993). Bi-racial identity: Children born to African
American and white couples. Clinical Social Work Journal, 21(4), 417-
428.
[11] Gibbs, J. T. (1987). Identity and Marginauty: Issues in the Treatment of
Biracial Adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(2), 265-
278.
[12] Poston, W. S.C. (1990). The biracial identity model: A needed addition.
Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 152-155.
[13] Cruz-Janzen, M. (1997). Curriculum and the ethnic and racial selfconcept
of bi-ethnic and bi-racial persons. Unpublished Doctoral
Dissertation, Denver, University of Denver.
[14] Daniel, G.R. (1996). Black and white identity in the new millennium. In
M.P.P. Root (Ed), The multi-racial experience. Newbury Park, CA:
Sage.
[15] Morrison, J.W. and Rodgers, L.S. (1996). Being responsive to the needs
of children from dual heritage backgrounds. Young Children, 52(1), 29-
33.
[16] Roberts, R., Phinney, J., Masse, L., Chen, Y., Roberts, C., & Romero, A.
(1999). The structure of ethnic identity in young adolescents from
diverse ethnocultural groups. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(3), 301-
322.
[17] Umana-Taylor, A.J. & Fine, M.A. (2001). Methodological implications
of grouping Latino adolescents into one collective ethnic group.
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 23, 347-362.
[18] Epstein, M. H., & Sharma, J. M. (1998). Behavioral and Emotional
Rating Scale, a Strength-Based Approach to Assessment: Examiner-s
Manual. Texas: PRO-ED.
[19] Spencer, M. B. (1988). African American adolescents: Adaptational
processes and socioeconomic diversity in behavioral outcomes. Journal
of Adolescence, 11, 117-137. doi:10.1016/S0140-1971 (88)80048-4.
[1] Hughes, D., Rodriquez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C.,
& Spicer, P. (2006). Parents- ethnic-racial socialization practices: A
review of research and directions for future study. Developmental
Psychology, 42, 5, 747-770.
[2] Umana-Taylor, A. J. (2004). Ethnic identity and self-esteem: Examining
the role of social context. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 139-146.
[3] Uma├▒a-Taylor, A.J., Bhanot, R., & Shin, N. (2006). Ethnic identity
formation during adolescence. The critical role of families. Journal of
Family Issues, 27, 390-414.
[4] Fuligni, A., Hughes, D., & Way, N. (2009). Ethnicity and immigration.
In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent
psychology, contextual influences on adolescent development (3rd ed.,
Vol. 2). New Jersey: Wiley. (in press).
[5] Phinney, J., Cantu, C., & Kurtz, D. (1997). Ethnic and American identity
as predictors of self-esteem among African American, Latino, and While
adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 165-185.
[6] Phinney, J. S. (1992). The multi-group ethnic identity measure: A new
scale for diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2), 156-176.
[7] Kiang, L., Yip, T., Gonzales-Backen, M., Witkow, M., & Fuligni, A. J.
(2006). Ethnic identity and the daily psychological well-being of
adolescents from Mexican and Chinese backgrounds. Child
Development, 77, 1338-1350.
[8] Lee, R. M.,& Yoo, H. C. (2004). Structure and measurement of ethnic
identity for Asian American college students. Journal of Counseling
Psychology, 51, 263-269.
[9] Herring, P. D. (1992) Biracial children: An increasing concern for
elementary and middle school counselors. Elementary School Guidance
and Counseling, 27, 123-130.
[10] Bowles, D.D. (1993). Bi-racial identity: Children born to African
American and white couples. Clinical Social Work Journal, 21(4), 417-
428.
[11] Gibbs, J. T. (1987). Identity and Marginauty: Issues in the Treatment of
Biracial Adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(2), 265-
278.
[12] Poston, W. S.C. (1990). The biracial identity model: A needed addition.
Journal of Counseling and Development, 69, 152-155.
[13] Cruz-Janzen, M. (1997). Curriculum and the ethnic and racial selfconcept
of bi-ethnic and bi-racial persons. Unpublished Doctoral
Dissertation, Denver, University of Denver.
[14] Daniel, G.R. (1996). Black and white identity in the new millennium. In
M.P.P. Root (Ed), The multi-racial experience. Newbury Park, CA:
Sage.
[15] Morrison, J.W. and Rodgers, L.S. (1996). Being responsive to the needs
of children from dual heritage backgrounds. Young Children, 52(1), 29-
33.
[16] Roberts, R., Phinney, J., Masse, L., Chen, Y., Roberts, C., & Romero, A.
(1999). The structure of ethnic identity in young adolescents from
diverse ethnocultural groups. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(3), 301-
322.
[17] Umana-Taylor, A.J. & Fine, M.A. (2001). Methodological implications
of grouping Latino adolescents into one collective ethnic group.
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 23, 347-362.
[18] Epstein, M. H., & Sharma, J. M. (1998). Behavioral and Emotional
Rating Scale, a Strength-Based Approach to Assessment: Examiner-s
Manual. Texas: PRO-ED.
[19] Spencer, M. B. (1988). African American adolescents: Adaptational
processes and socioeconomic diversity in behavioral outcomes. Journal
of Adolescence, 11, 117-137. doi:10.1016/S0140-1971 (88)80048-4.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:54774", author = "Chua Bee Seok and Rosnah Ismail and Jasmine Adela Mutang and Shaziah Iqbal and Nur Farhana Ardillah Aftar and Alfred Chan Huan Zhi and Ferlis Bin Bahari and Lailawati Madlan and Hon Kai Yee", title = "The Effect of Parents' Ethnic Socialization Practices on Ethnic Identity, Self-Esteem and Psychological Adjustment of Multi Ethnic Children in Malaysia", abstract = "The present study aims to explore the role of parents'
ethnic socialization practices contributes to the ethnic identity
development, self-esteem and psychological adjustment of multi
ethnic children in Sabah, Malaysia. A total of 342 multi ethnic
children (age range = 10 years old to 14 years old; mean age = 12.65
years, SD = 0.88) and their parents participated in the present study.
The modified version of Multi group Ethnic Identity Measure
(MEIM), The Familial Ethnic Socialization Measure (FESM). The
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) and Behavioral and Emotional
Rating Scale Edition 2 (BERS-2) were used in this study. The results
showed that: i) parents' ethnic socialization practice was a strong
predictor of ethnic identity development of multi ethnic children; ii)
parents' ethnic socialization practice also was a significant predictor
of self-esteem of multi ethnic children; iii) parents' ethnic
socialization practice was not a significant predictor of psychological
adjustment of multi ethnic children. The results of this study showed
the implications parents' ethnic socialization practices and ethnic
identity development in successful multi ethnic families.", keywords = "Ethnic Identity development, multi ethnic children Parents' Ethnic Socialization Practices, psychological adjustment, self-esteem.", volume = "6", number = "12", pages = "3485-4", }
