Study on Seismic Performance of Reinforced Soil Walls to Modify the Pseudo Static Method
This study, tries to suggest a design method based on
displacement using finite difference numerical modeling in
reinforcing soil retaining wall with steel strip. In this case, dynamic
loading characteristics such as duration, frequency, peak ground
acceleration, geometrical characteristics of reinforced soil structure
and type of the site are considered to correct the pseudo static method
and finally introduce the pseudo static coefficient as a function of
seismic performance level and peak ground acceleration. For this
purpose, the influence of dynamic loading characteristics,
reinforcement length, height of reinforced system and type of the site
are investigated on seismic behavior of reinforcing soil retaining wall
with steel strip. Numerical results illustrate that the seismic response
of this type of wall is highly dependent to cumulative absolute
velocity, maximum acceleration, and height and reinforcement length
so that the reinforcement length can be introduced as the main factor
in shape of failure. Considering the loading parameters, geometric parameters of the
wall and type of the site showed that the used method in this study
leads to efficient designs in comparison with other methods, which
are usually based on limit-equilibrium concept. The outputs show the
over-estimation of equilibrium design methods in comparison with
proposed displacement based methods here.
[1] Jones, C. J. F. P. (1985), “Earth Reinforcement and Soil Structures”,
Butterworths and Co.
[2] Richardson, G.N. and Lee, K.L., (1975), “Seismic Design of Reinforced
Earth Walls”, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol.
101, GT2, pp. 167-188.
[3] Richardson, G.N., Feger, A. and Lee, K.L., (1977), “Seismic testing of
reinforced earth walls”, journal of geotechnical engineering, Div. ASCE
103 (1), pp. 1-17.
[4] Howard Jr., R. W. A., Kutter, B. L., and Siddharthan, R. (1999),
"Seismic Deformation of Reinforced Soil Centrifuge Models",
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical
Engineering and Soil Dynamics Conference, Special Publication, ASCE,
Vol. 1, No. 75, pp. 446-457.
[5] Hatami, K., (2003), “Seismic Analysis and Design Reinforced Soil
Retaining Wall”, Journal of Material Science and Engineering, P.P. 37-
45.
[6] El-Emam, M., Bathurst, R., Maghdi, M., (2006), “Influence of
Reinforcement Parameters on the Seismic Response of Reduced-scale
Reinforced soil Retaining Wall”. Geotextiles and Geomembranes,
Elsevier journal, Volume 25, Issue 1, February 2007, Pages 33-49.
[7] Prakash, S. and Nandkumaran.p, “Dynamic earth pressure distribution
behind flexible retaining walls” , Indian Geotech.J.,Vol4, 1974, pp. 207-
224.
[8] FLAC Manual (2005), Ver. 5.0, Itasca, USA. [9] Yazdandoust, M., "Laboratorial and Numerical Studies on Reinforced
Soil and Earth whit Steel Elements", PHD Thesis, Tarbiat Modares
Univercity, Iran, 2013.
[10] Iranian Code of Practice for Seismic Resistant Design Building,
Standard No. 2800 - 05, 3rd Edition.
[11] Ishihara, K., Asal, A.M., 1982.,''Dynamic behavior of soils, soil
amplification and soil structure interaction'', final report for working
group d., UNDP/UNESCO project on earthquake risk reduction in
Balkan region.
[12] Jafari, M.K., Shafiee, A. and Ramzkhah, A. (2002). “Dynamic
properties of the fine grained soils in south of Tehran,” J. Seismol.
Earthq. Eng., 4, 25–35.
[13] Seed, H.B., Wong, T.R., Idriss, I.M., Tokimatsu, K. Moduli and
damping factors for dynamic analyses of cohesionless soils. Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering 1986;112(11):1016–32.
[14] Emad Y. Sharif, Anis A. Al Bis; Mahmoud K. Harb., 2008, “An
Application of Geophysical Techniques for Determining Dynamic
Properties of the Ground in Dubailand Area, UAE.”, Arab Center for
Engineering Studies.
[15] Jinchun Chai, John P. Carter, (2009). Deformation Analysis in Soft
Ground Improvement, Springer.
[16] Kramer, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 1996.
[17] Bathurst, R.J., Hatami, K., (1999), “Earthquake Response Analysis of
Reinforced Soil walls Using FLAC, and Numerical Modeling in
Geomechanics”, P.P.273-297.
[18] FHWA (2009), “Design of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and
Reinforced Soil Slopes”, Publication No. FHWA-NHI-10-024, National
Highway Institute Office of Bridge Technology.
[19] Bathurst, R. J., and Hatami, K. (1998) “Influence of Reinforcement
Stiffness, Length and Base Condition on Seismic Response of
Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Walls”, Proceedings of the 6th
International Conference on Geosynthetics, USA, pp. 613-616.
[20] Huang, B., Bathurst, R. J. & Hatami, K. s(2008). “Numerical study of
the influence of reinforcement length and spacing on reinforced soil
segmental walls of variable height”. Proceedings of the First Pan
American Geosynthetics Conference and Exhibition, 2–5 March 2008,
Cancun, Mexico, IFAI, pp. 1256–1264.
[21] Okabe, S., 1924. General theory of earth pressure and seismic stability
of retaining wall and dam. Journal of Japanese Society of Civil
Engineering. Vol. 12. No. 1.
[22] Zarrabi-Kashani, K., 1979. "Sliding of Gravity Retaining Walls during
Earthquake Vertical Acceleration and Changing Inclination of Failure
Surface". M.S. Thesis, Dept. Of Civil Engineering MIT, Cambridge,
USA, 1979.
[23] Bathurst, R.J. and Alfaro, M.C. (1997). “Review of seismic design,
analysis and performance of geosynthetic-reinforced walls, slopes and
embankments.” Earth Reinforcement, Ochiai, Yasufuku and Omine,
Eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 887-918.
[24] Partovian, M., "Investigation on seismic behavior of reinforced-soil
retaining walls by shaking table test", MS Thesis, Azad University, Iran,
2010.
[1] Jones, C. J. F. P. (1985), “Earth Reinforcement and Soil Structures”,
Butterworths and Co.
[2] Richardson, G.N. and Lee, K.L., (1975), “Seismic Design of Reinforced
Earth Walls”, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, Vol.
101, GT2, pp. 167-188.
[3] Richardson, G.N., Feger, A. and Lee, K.L., (1977), “Seismic testing of
reinforced earth walls”, journal of geotechnical engineering, Div. ASCE
103 (1), pp. 1-17.
[4] Howard Jr., R. W. A., Kutter, B. L., and Siddharthan, R. (1999),
"Seismic Deformation of Reinforced Soil Centrifuge Models",
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical
Engineering and Soil Dynamics Conference, Special Publication, ASCE,
Vol. 1, No. 75, pp. 446-457.
[5] Hatami, K., (2003), “Seismic Analysis and Design Reinforced Soil
Retaining Wall”, Journal of Material Science and Engineering, P.P. 37-
45.
[6] El-Emam, M., Bathurst, R., Maghdi, M., (2006), “Influence of
Reinforcement Parameters on the Seismic Response of Reduced-scale
Reinforced soil Retaining Wall”. Geotextiles and Geomembranes,
Elsevier journal, Volume 25, Issue 1, February 2007, Pages 33-49.
[7] Prakash, S. and Nandkumaran.p, “Dynamic earth pressure distribution
behind flexible retaining walls” , Indian Geotech.J.,Vol4, 1974, pp. 207-
224.
[8] FLAC Manual (2005), Ver. 5.0, Itasca, USA. [9] Yazdandoust, M., "Laboratorial and Numerical Studies on Reinforced
Soil and Earth whit Steel Elements", PHD Thesis, Tarbiat Modares
Univercity, Iran, 2013.
[10] Iranian Code of Practice for Seismic Resistant Design Building,
Standard No. 2800 - 05, 3rd Edition.
[11] Ishihara, K., Asal, A.M., 1982.,''Dynamic behavior of soils, soil
amplification and soil structure interaction'', final report for working
group d., UNDP/UNESCO project on earthquake risk reduction in
Balkan region.
[12] Jafari, M.K., Shafiee, A. and Ramzkhah, A. (2002). “Dynamic
properties of the fine grained soils in south of Tehran,” J. Seismol.
Earthq. Eng., 4, 25–35.
[13] Seed, H.B., Wong, T.R., Idriss, I.M., Tokimatsu, K. Moduli and
damping factors for dynamic analyses of cohesionless soils. Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering 1986;112(11):1016–32.
[14] Emad Y. Sharif, Anis A. Al Bis; Mahmoud K. Harb., 2008, “An
Application of Geophysical Techniques for Determining Dynamic
Properties of the Ground in Dubailand Area, UAE.”, Arab Center for
Engineering Studies.
[15] Jinchun Chai, John P. Carter, (2009). Deformation Analysis in Soft
Ground Improvement, Springer.
[16] Kramer, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, 1996.
[17] Bathurst, R.J., Hatami, K., (1999), “Earthquake Response Analysis of
Reinforced Soil walls Using FLAC, and Numerical Modeling in
Geomechanics”, P.P.273-297.
[18] FHWA (2009), “Design of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and
Reinforced Soil Slopes”, Publication No. FHWA-NHI-10-024, National
Highway Institute Office of Bridge Technology.
[19] Bathurst, R. J., and Hatami, K. (1998) “Influence of Reinforcement
Stiffness, Length and Base Condition on Seismic Response of
Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Walls”, Proceedings of the 6th
International Conference on Geosynthetics, USA, pp. 613-616.
[20] Huang, B., Bathurst, R. J. & Hatami, K. s(2008). “Numerical study of
the influence of reinforcement length and spacing on reinforced soil
segmental walls of variable height”. Proceedings of the First Pan
American Geosynthetics Conference and Exhibition, 2–5 March 2008,
Cancun, Mexico, IFAI, pp. 1256–1264.
[21] Okabe, S., 1924. General theory of earth pressure and seismic stability
of retaining wall and dam. Journal of Japanese Society of Civil
Engineering. Vol. 12. No. 1.
[22] Zarrabi-Kashani, K., 1979. "Sliding of Gravity Retaining Walls during
Earthquake Vertical Acceleration and Changing Inclination of Failure
Surface". M.S. Thesis, Dept. Of Civil Engineering MIT, Cambridge,
USA, 1979.
[23] Bathurst, R.J. and Alfaro, M.C. (1997). “Review of seismic design,
analysis and performance of geosynthetic-reinforced walls, slopes and
embankments.” Earth Reinforcement, Ochiai, Yasufuku and Omine,
Eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 887-918.
[24] Partovian, M., "Investigation on seismic behavior of reinforced-soil
retaining walls by shaking table test", MS Thesis, Azad University, Iran,
2010.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:71229", author = "Majid Yazdandoust", title = "Study on Seismic Performance of Reinforced Soil Walls to Modify the Pseudo Static Method", abstract = "This study, tries to suggest a design method based on
displacement using finite difference numerical modeling in
reinforcing soil retaining wall with steel strip. In this case, dynamic
loading characteristics such as duration, frequency, peak ground
acceleration, geometrical characteristics of reinforced soil structure
and type of the site are considered to correct the pseudo static method
and finally introduce the pseudo static coefficient as a function of
seismic performance level and peak ground acceleration. For this
purpose, the influence of dynamic loading characteristics,
reinforcement length, height of reinforced system and type of the site
are investigated on seismic behavior of reinforcing soil retaining wall
with steel strip. Numerical results illustrate that the seismic response
of this type of wall is highly dependent to cumulative absolute
velocity, maximum acceleration, and height and reinforcement length
so that the reinforcement length can be introduced as the main factor
in shape of failure. Considering the loading parameters, geometric parameters of the
wall and type of the site showed that the used method in this study
leads to efficient designs in comparison with other methods, which
are usually based on limit-equilibrium concept. The outputs show the
over-estimation of equilibrium design methods in comparison with
proposed displacement based methods here.", keywords = "Pseudo static coefficient, seismic performance
design, numerical modeling, steel strip reinforcement, retaining
walls, cumulative absolute velocity, failure shape.", volume = "9", number = "9", pages = "1256-12", }
