Stress versus Strain Behavior of Geopolymer Cement under Triaxial Stress Conditions in Saline and Normal Water
Geopolymer cement was evaluated as wellbore sealing material for carbon dioxide geosequestration application. Curing of cement system in saline water and strength testing in triaxial stress state condition under lateral confinement is relevant to primary cementing in CO2 geosequestration wellbore in saline aquifer. Geopolymer cement was cured in saline water (both at ambient conditions for 28 days and heated (60°C) conditions for 12 hours) and tested for triaxial strength at different levels of lateral confinement. Normal water and few other curing techniques were also studied both for geopolymer and API ‘G’ cement. Results reported were compared to evaluate the suitability of saline water for curing of geopolymer cement. Unconfined compression test results showed higher strength for curing in saline water than normal water. Besides, testing strength under lateral confinement demonstrated the material failure behavior from brittle to plastic.
<p>[1] J. W. Carey, M. Wigand, S. J. Chipera, G. W. Gabriel, R. Pawar, P. C.
Lichtner, S. C. Wehner, M. A. Raines, and Jr George D. Guthrie,
“Analysis and performance of oil well cement with 30 years of CO2
exposure from the Sacroc Unit, West Texas, USA,” International
Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, vol. 1, pp. 75-85, 2007.
[2] V. Barlet-Gouédard, G. Rimmelé, O. Porcherie, N. Quisel, and J.
Desroches, “A solution against well cement degradation under CO2
geological storage environment,”International Journal of Greenhouse
Gas Control,vol. 3, pp. 206-16,2009.
[3] C. Baumgarte, M. Thiercelin, and D. Klaus, “Case studies of expanding
cement to prevent microannular formation,”SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition,pp. 275 -82, Houston, Texas, 1999.
[4] C. Shi, A. Fernández Jiménez, and A. Palomo, “New cements for the
21st century: the pursuit of an alternative to portland cement,” Cement
and Concrete Research, vol. 41, pp. 750-763, 2011.
[5] R Thakur and S Ghosh, “Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Composites:
Manufacturing and Engineering Properties,” LAMBERT Academic
Publishing, 2011.
[6] T. Bakharev, “Resistance of geopolymer materials to acid attack,”
Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 35, pp. 658-70, 2005.
[7] D. L. Y. Kong, and J. G. Sanjayan, “Effect of elevated temperatures on
geopolymer paste, mortar and concrete,”Cement and Concrete
Research, vol. 40, pp. 334-39, 2010.
[8] G. Kovalchuk, A. Fernández-Jiménez, and A. Palomo, “Alkali-activated
fly ash: effect of thermal curing conditions on mechanical and
microstructural development - part ii,” Fuel, vol. 86, pp.315-22, 2007.
[9] H. Hassanzadeh, M. Pooladi-Darvish, and D.W. Keith, “Accelerating
CO2 dissolution in saline aquifers for geological storage - mechanistics
and sensitivity studies,” Energy Fuels, pp. 3328 -36, 2009.
[10] K. Michael, A. Golab, V. Shulakova, J. Ennis-King, G. Allinson, S.
Sharma, and T. Aiken, “Geological storage of CO2 in saline aquifers - a
review of the experience from existing storage operations,”
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, vol. 4,pp. 659-
67,2010.
[11] K. Michael, G. Allinson, A. Golab, S. Sharma, and V. Shulakova, “CO2
storage in saline aquifers ii - experience from existing storage
operations,” Energy Procedia, vol. 1, pp. 1973-80, 2009.
[12] K. Ravi, “A comparative study of mechanical properties of densityreduced
cement compositions,” SPE Drilling & Completion, vol. 22, pp.
119-26, 2007.
[13] X. S. Zhou, X. Lin, M. J. Huo, and Y. Zhang, “The hydration of saline
oil-well cement,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 26, pp. 1753-59,
1996.
[14] F. Pacheco-Torgal, J. Castro-Gomes, and S. Jalali, “Alkali-activated
binders: a review. part 2. about materials and binders manufacture,”
Construction and Building Materials, vol. 22, pp. 1315-22, 2008.
[15] J. Temuujin, A. van Riessen, and R. Williams, “Influence of calcium
compounds on the mechanical properties of fly ash geopolymer pastes,”
Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 167, pp. 82-88, 2009.
[16] T.C. Hansen, “Triaxial tests with concrete and cement paste,” Technical
University of Denmark, 1995.
[17] J. P. Zhang, “Shear strength of cracked concrete, Part 2,” Technical
University of Denmark, 1994.</p>
<p>[1] J. W. Carey, M. Wigand, S. J. Chipera, G. W. Gabriel, R. Pawar, P. C.
Lichtner, S. C. Wehner, M. A. Raines, and Jr George D. Guthrie,
“Analysis and performance of oil well cement with 30 years of CO2
exposure from the Sacroc Unit, West Texas, USA,” International
Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, vol. 1, pp. 75-85, 2007.
[2] V. Barlet-Gouédard, G. Rimmelé, O. Porcherie, N. Quisel, and J.
Desroches, “A solution against well cement degradation under CO2
geological storage environment,”International Journal of Greenhouse
Gas Control,vol. 3, pp. 206-16,2009.
[3] C. Baumgarte, M. Thiercelin, and D. Klaus, “Case studies of expanding
cement to prevent microannular formation,”SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition,pp. 275 -82, Houston, Texas, 1999.
[4] C. Shi, A. Fernández Jiménez, and A. Palomo, “New cements for the
21st century: the pursuit of an alternative to portland cement,” Cement
and Concrete Research, vol. 41, pp. 750-763, 2011.
[5] R Thakur and S Ghosh, “Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Composites:
Manufacturing and Engineering Properties,” LAMBERT Academic
Publishing, 2011.
[6] T. Bakharev, “Resistance of geopolymer materials to acid attack,”
Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 35, pp. 658-70, 2005.
[7] D. L. Y. Kong, and J. G. Sanjayan, “Effect of elevated temperatures on
geopolymer paste, mortar and concrete,”Cement and Concrete
Research, vol. 40, pp. 334-39, 2010.
[8] G. Kovalchuk, A. Fernández-Jiménez, and A. Palomo, “Alkali-activated
fly ash: effect of thermal curing conditions on mechanical and
microstructural development - part ii,” Fuel, vol. 86, pp.315-22, 2007.
[9] H. Hassanzadeh, M. Pooladi-Darvish, and D.W. Keith, “Accelerating
CO2 dissolution in saline aquifers for geological storage - mechanistics
and sensitivity studies,” Energy Fuels, pp. 3328 -36, 2009.
[10] K. Michael, A. Golab, V. Shulakova, J. Ennis-King, G. Allinson, S.
Sharma, and T. Aiken, “Geological storage of CO2 in saline aquifers - a
review of the experience from existing storage operations,”
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, vol. 4,pp. 659-
67,2010.
[11] K. Michael, G. Allinson, A. Golab, S. Sharma, and V. Shulakova, “CO2
storage in saline aquifers ii - experience from existing storage
operations,” Energy Procedia, vol. 1, pp. 1973-80, 2009.
[12] K. Ravi, “A comparative study of mechanical properties of densityreduced
cement compositions,” SPE Drilling & Completion, vol. 22, pp.
119-26, 2007.
[13] X. S. Zhou, X. Lin, M. J. Huo, and Y. Zhang, “The hydration of saline
oil-well cement,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 26, pp. 1753-59,
1996.
[14] F. Pacheco-Torgal, J. Castro-Gomes, and S. Jalali, “Alkali-activated
binders: a review. part 2. about materials and binders manufacture,”
Construction and Building Materials, vol. 22, pp. 1315-22, 2008.
[15] J. Temuujin, A. van Riessen, and R. Williams, “Influence of calcium
compounds on the mechanical properties of fly ash geopolymer pastes,”
Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 167, pp. 82-88, 2009.
[16] T.C. Hansen, “Triaxial tests with concrete and cement paste,” Technical
University of Denmark, 1995.
[17] J. P. Zhang, “Shear strength of cracked concrete, Part 2,” Technical
University of Denmark, 1994.</p>
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:59704", author = "Haider M. Giasuddin and Jay G. Sanjayan and P. G. Ranjith", title = "Stress versus Strain Behavior of Geopolymer Cement under Triaxial Stress Conditions in Saline and Normal Water", abstract = "Geopolymer cement was evaluated as wellbore sealing material for carbon dioxide geosequestration application. Curing of cement system in saline water and strength testing in triaxial stress state condition under lateral confinement is relevant to primary cementing in CO2 geosequestration wellbore in saline aquifer. Geopolymer cement was cured in saline water (both at ambient conditions for 28 days and heated (60°C) conditions for 12 hours) and tested for triaxial strength at different levels of lateral confinement. Normal water and few other curing techniques were also studied both for geopolymer and API ‘G’ cement. Results reported were compared to evaluate the suitability of saline water for curing of geopolymer cement. Unconfined compression test results showed higher strength for curing in saline water than normal water. Besides, testing strength under lateral confinement demonstrated the material failure behavior from brittle to plastic.
", keywords = "Fly ash, Geopolymer, Geosequestration, Saline
water, Strength, Traiaxial test.", volume = "7", number = "7", pages = "571-4", }
