Strategies for Developing e-LMS for Tanzania Secondary Schools
Tanzania secondary schools in rural areas are geographically and socially isolated, hence face a number of problems in getting learning materials resulting in poor performance in National examinations. E-learning as defined to be the use of information and communication technology (ICT) for supporting the educational processes has motivated Tanzania to apply ICT in its education system. There has been effort to improve secondary school education using ICT through several projects. ICT for e-learning to Tanzania rural secondary school is one of the research projects conceived by the University of Dar-es-Salaam through its College of Engineering and Technology. The main objective of the project is to develop a tool to enable ICT support rural secondary school. The project is comprehensive with a number of components, one being development of e-learning management system (e-LMS) for Tanzania secondary schools. This paper presents strategies of developing e-LMS. It shows the importance of integrating action research methodology with the modeling methods as presented by model driven architecture (MDA) and the usefulness of Unified Modeling Language (UML) on the issue of modeling. The benefit of MDA will go along with the development based on software development life cycle (SDLC) process, from analysis and requirement phase through design and implementation stages as employed by object oriented system analysis and design approach. The paper also explains the employment of open source code reuse from open source learning platforms for the context sensitive development of the e-LMS for Tanzania secondary schools.
[1] Abels E. G., White M. D., and Hahn K., (1998), "A User-Based Design
Process for Web Sites", Electronic Networking Applications and Policy,
Volume 8 ┬À Number 1 ┬À 1998 ┬À pp. 39-48, MCB University Press ┬À ISSN
1066-2243
[2] Brown A., (2004), "An Introduction to Model Driven Architecture", Part
I: MDA and Today-s Systems, Addison Wesley.
[3] Carlson, P. (1998), "Advanced Educational Technologies - Promise and
Puzzlement", Journal of Universal Computer Science, 4 (3), 210-215.
[4] Chambers, Robert, (1997), "Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First
Last, London: IT Publications".
[5] Collier, G., (2002), "Elearning application Infrastructure", Sun
Microsystems white paper, http://www.sun.com/products-nsolutions/
edu/whitepapers/index.html, January 2002.
[6] Davis W. S., (1983), "Systems Analysis and Design: A Structured
Approach", Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0201102714
[7] IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee (LTSC) (2001a),
"Draft Standard for Learning Technology Systems Architecture
(LTSA)", Draft 9, http://ltsc.ieee.org/.
[8] IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee (LTSC) (2001b),
"Draft Standard for Learning Object Metadata (LOM)", Draft
6.4,http://ltsc.ieee.org/.
[9] Kalinga E. A., Bagile B. B. R, and Lena Trojer L., (2007), " An
Interactive e-Learning Management System (e-LMS): A Solution to
Tanzanian Secondary Schools- Education", XXI. International
Conference on Computer, Electrical, and Systems Science, and
Engineering (CESSE), 2007 WASET.ORG, ISBN 978-975-01752-0-6,
V-21, 19
[10] Kendall P. A., (1996), "Introduction to Systems Analysis & Design: A
Structured Approach", ISBN: 0697124142, Irwin.
[11] Mika Nikolopoulou, 2004, "Replication setup for DB2 Universal
Database, A step-by-step approach to user-copy replication", 27 May
[12] Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (1996), "Distance Education: A Systems
View", Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
[13] O'Brien, R. (2001), "An Overview of the Methodological Approach of
Action Research", Roberto Richardson (Ed.).
[14] Oleg, S., Liber, B., (1999), "A framework of pedagogical evaluation of
Virtual Learning Environments", Available online at
(http://www.jtap.ac.uk/reports/htm/jtap-041.html), 1999.
[15] OMG, (2003), "MDA Guide", Version 1.0.1, Document Number:
omg/2003-06-01
[16] OMG, (2003), "Unified Modeling Language Specification", Version 1.5,
March, Formal/03-03-01
[17] OMG, (2006), "Diagram Interchange", Version 1.0, Formal/06-04-04
[18] O.S.S. AFRICA, (2005), "Frequently Asked Questions. (online)",
http://www.ossafrica.com/index.php?pg=faq (05 August 2005)
[19] Pavliashvili B., 2004, "Introduction to Database Replication", Article
from http://www.informit.com/articles, Mar. 26
[20] Pelle Ehn, Dan Sjögren and Yngve Sundblad , (2000), "Co-operative
Design ÔÇö perspectives on 20 years with ÔÇÿthe Scandinavian IT Design
Model", Report number: CID-104, ISSN number: ISSN 1403-073X,
Publication date: October
[21] Rydhagen, Birgitta, (2002), "Feminist Sanitary Engineering as a
Participatory Alternative in South Africa and Sweden", BTH,
Dissertation Series Nr 2002:06, ISBN 91-7295-017-X.
[22] Schach S. R., (2004), "An Introduction to Object-Oriented Systems
Analysis and Design with UML and the Unified Process", McGraw-
Hill/Irwin, ISBN 0071215107
[23] Schibrowski E., "MDA Model Driven Architecture", http://www.inf.unikonstanz.
de/dbis/teaching/ws0607/busintelligence/talks/schibrowski.pdf
[24] Walker T. and Herrmann T., (1998), "The Relevance of Showcases for
the Participative Improvement of Business Processes and Workflow-
Management", ISBN 0-9667818-0-5
[25] Yair Amir, Claudiu Danilov, Michal Miskin-Amir, Jonathan Stanton,
Ciprian Tutu, (2002), "Practical Wide-Area Database Replication",
Technical Report CNDS-2002-1 Johns Hopkins University,
http://www.cnds.jhu.edu/publications
[1] Abels E. G., White M. D., and Hahn K., (1998), "A User-Based Design
Process for Web Sites", Electronic Networking Applications and Policy,
Volume 8 ┬À Number 1 ┬À 1998 ┬À pp. 39-48, MCB University Press ┬À ISSN
1066-2243
[2] Brown A., (2004), "An Introduction to Model Driven Architecture", Part
I: MDA and Today-s Systems, Addison Wesley.
[3] Carlson, P. (1998), "Advanced Educational Technologies - Promise and
Puzzlement", Journal of Universal Computer Science, 4 (3), 210-215.
[4] Chambers, Robert, (1997), "Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First
Last, London: IT Publications".
[5] Collier, G., (2002), "Elearning application Infrastructure", Sun
Microsystems white paper, http://www.sun.com/products-nsolutions/
edu/whitepapers/index.html, January 2002.
[6] Davis W. S., (1983), "Systems Analysis and Design: A Structured
Approach", Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0201102714
[7] IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee (LTSC) (2001a),
"Draft Standard for Learning Technology Systems Architecture
(LTSA)", Draft 9, http://ltsc.ieee.org/.
[8] IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee (LTSC) (2001b),
"Draft Standard for Learning Object Metadata (LOM)", Draft
6.4,http://ltsc.ieee.org/.
[9] Kalinga E. A., Bagile B. B. R, and Lena Trojer L., (2007), " An
Interactive e-Learning Management System (e-LMS): A Solution to
Tanzanian Secondary Schools- Education", XXI. International
Conference on Computer, Electrical, and Systems Science, and
Engineering (CESSE), 2007 WASET.ORG, ISBN 978-975-01752-0-6,
V-21, 19
[10] Kendall P. A., (1996), "Introduction to Systems Analysis & Design: A
Structured Approach", ISBN: 0697124142, Irwin.
[11] Mika Nikolopoulou, 2004, "Replication setup for DB2 Universal
Database, A step-by-step approach to user-copy replication", 27 May
[12] Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (1996), "Distance Education: A Systems
View", Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
[13] O'Brien, R. (2001), "An Overview of the Methodological Approach of
Action Research", Roberto Richardson (Ed.).
[14] Oleg, S., Liber, B., (1999), "A framework of pedagogical evaluation of
Virtual Learning Environments", Available online at
(http://www.jtap.ac.uk/reports/htm/jtap-041.html), 1999.
[15] OMG, (2003), "MDA Guide", Version 1.0.1, Document Number:
omg/2003-06-01
[16] OMG, (2003), "Unified Modeling Language Specification", Version 1.5,
March, Formal/03-03-01
[17] OMG, (2006), "Diagram Interchange", Version 1.0, Formal/06-04-04
[18] O.S.S. AFRICA, (2005), "Frequently Asked Questions. (online)",
http://www.ossafrica.com/index.php?pg=faq (05 August 2005)
[19] Pavliashvili B., 2004, "Introduction to Database Replication", Article
from http://www.informit.com/articles, Mar. 26
[20] Pelle Ehn, Dan Sjögren and Yngve Sundblad , (2000), "Co-operative
Design ÔÇö perspectives on 20 years with ÔÇÿthe Scandinavian IT Design
Model", Report number: CID-104, ISSN number: ISSN 1403-073X,
Publication date: October
[21] Rydhagen, Birgitta, (2002), "Feminist Sanitary Engineering as a
Participatory Alternative in South Africa and Sweden", BTH,
Dissertation Series Nr 2002:06, ISBN 91-7295-017-X.
[22] Schach S. R., (2004), "An Introduction to Object-Oriented Systems
Analysis and Design with UML and the Unified Process", McGraw-
Hill/Irwin, ISBN 0071215107
[23] Schibrowski E., "MDA Model Driven Architecture", http://www.inf.unikonstanz.
de/dbis/teaching/ws0607/busintelligence/talks/schibrowski.pdf
[24] Walker T. and Herrmann T., (1998), "The Relevance of Showcases for
the Participative Improvement of Business Processes and Workflow-
Management", ISBN 0-9667818-0-5
[25] Yair Amir, Claudiu Danilov, Michal Miskin-Amir, Jonathan Stanton,
Ciprian Tutu, (2002), "Practical Wide-Area Database Replication",
Technical Report CNDS-2002-1 Johns Hopkins University,
http://www.cnds.jhu.edu/publications
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:57870", author = "Ellen A. Kalinga and R. B. Bagile Burchard and Lena Trojer", title = "Strategies for Developing e-LMS for Tanzania Secondary Schools", abstract = "Tanzania secondary schools in rural areas are geographically and socially isolated, hence face a number of problems in getting learning materials resulting in poor performance in National examinations. E-learning as defined to be the use of information and communication technology (ICT) for supporting the educational processes has motivated Tanzania to apply ICT in its education system. There has been effort to improve secondary school education using ICT through several projects. ICT for e-learning to Tanzania rural secondary school is one of the research projects conceived by the University of Dar-es-Salaam through its College of Engineering and Technology. The main objective of the project is to develop a tool to enable ICT support rural secondary school. The project is comprehensive with a number of components, one being development of e-learning management system (e-LMS) for Tanzania secondary schools. This paper presents strategies of developing e-LMS. It shows the importance of integrating action research methodology with the modeling methods as presented by model driven architecture (MDA) and the usefulness of Unified Modeling Language (UML) on the issue of modeling. The benefit of MDA will go along with the development based on software development life cycle (SDLC) process, from analysis and requirement phase through design and implementation stages as employed by object oriented system analysis and design approach. The paper also explains the employment of open source code reuse from open source learning platforms for the context sensitive development of the e-LMS for Tanzania secondary schools.
", keywords = "Action Research Methodology, OOSA&D, MDA,
UML, Open Source LMS.", volume = "1", number = "6", pages = "221-6", }
