Strategic Risk Issues for Film Distributors of Hindi Film Industry in Mumbai: A Grounded Theory Approach
The purpose of the paper is to address the strategic
risk issues surrounding Hindi film distribution in Mumbai for a film
distributor, who acts as an entrepreneur when launching a product
(movie) in the market (film territory).The paper undertakes a
fundamental review of films and risk in the Hindi film industry and
applies Grounded Theory technique to understand the complex
phenomena of risk taking behavior of the film distributors (both
independent and studios) in Mumbai. Rich in-depth interviews with
distributors are coded to develop core categories through constant
comparison leading to conceptualization of the phenomena of
interest. This paper is a first-of-its-kind-attempt to understand risk
behavior of a distributor, which is akin to entrepreneurial risk
behavior under conditions of uncertainty.
[1] A. Athique, “Leisure capital in the new economy: the rapid rise of the
multiplex in India,” Contemporary South Asia, vol. 17 no. 2, pp. 123-
140, 2009.
[2] A. L. Pablo, “Managerial risk interpretations: does industry make a
difference?” Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 92–
107, 1999.
[3] A. Mittal, Cinema Industry in India: Pricing and Tax. New Delhi, Indus
Publishing, 1995. [4] A. Strauss, and J. Corbin, Basics of qualitative research, grounded
theory procedures and techniques, New York: Sage Publications, 1990.
[5] B. G. Glaser and A. Strauss, The discovery of grounded theory:
Strategies for qualitative research, .New York: Aldine, 1967.
[6] B. G. Glaser, and J. Holton, “Remodeling grounded theory,” Qualitative
Social Research, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1-17, 2004.
[7] C. Jaeger, O. Renn, E. A. Rosa, and T. Webler, Risk, uncertainty, and
rational Action,Earthscan, London, 2001.
[8] C. P. Alderfer and Jr. B. Harold, “Choices with risk: Beyond the mean
and variance,” J. Business, vol. 43, pp. 341-353, 1970..
[9] E. A. Rosa, “The logical structure of the social amplification of risk
framework (SARF): Metatheoretical foundation and policy implication,”
in The social amplification of risk. N. K. Pidgeon, R.E. Kasperson and P.
Slovic, Ed. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
[10] FICCI KPMG Reports2014/2013/2012.
[11] G. Allan, “A critique of using grounded theory as a research method,”
Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-
10, 2003.
[12] G. Hsu, G. Negro, and F. Perretti, “Hybrids in Hollywood: a study of the
production and performance of genre-spanning films,” Industrial and
Corporate Change, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1427–1450, 2012.
[13] H. M. Markowitz, Portfolio selection: Efficient diversification of
investments. Wiley, New York, 1959
[14] I. S. Baird, and H. Thomas, “What is risk anyway?” in Risk, Strategy,
and Management' R. A. Bettis and H. Thomas, Eds.JAI Press,
Greenwich, CT, 1990, pp. 21-52.
[15] J. Eliashberg, C. Weinberg, and Sam K. Hui, “Decision Models for the
Movie Industry”. In handbook of marketing decision models, B.
Wierenga (Ed.), Springer Science, 2008
[16] J. F. Short Jr, “The social fabric of risk: towards the social
transformation of risk analysis,” Am. Sociol. Rev., vol. 49, pp. 711-725,
December, 1984.
[17] J. M Boussard, and P. Michel, “Representation of farmers' behavior
under uncertainty with a focus-loss constraint,” J. Farm Economics, vol.
49, pp. 869-880, 1967.
[18] J. Ribera, and S. Sieber, “How uncertainty and risk management impacts
the success of Spanish film projects,” Journal of Media Business
Studies, vol. 4, pp.49-74, 2009
[19] K. Charmaz, “Grounded theory,” in Qualitative psychology: A practical
guide to research methods. J. A. Smith, Ed. Los Angeles: SAGE.
2008,pp. 81-110
[20] K. Charmaz, Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through
qualitative analysis. London: Sage Publications Ltd. 2006
[21] K. Mitra, M. C. Reiss, and L. M. Capella, “An examination of perceived
risk, information search, experience and credence services,” The Journal
of Services Marketing, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 208-228, 1999.
[22] K. Ng, and S. Hase, “Grounded Suggestions for Doing a Grounded
Theory Business Research,” The Electronic Journal of Business
Research Methods, vol. 6, no.2, pp. 155 -170, 2008..
[23] M. Bjørn von Rimscha, “Managing risk in motion picture project
development,” Journal of Media Business Studies, vol. 6, no. 4, pp 75-
101, 2009.
[24] M. D. Huettig, Economic Control of the Motion Picture Industry.
Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944.
[25] M. Dale, The Movie Game. Cassell.London, 1997.
[26] M. Jones, and I. Alony, “Guiding the use of Grounded Theory in
Doctoral studies – an example from the Australian film industry,”
International Journal of Doctoral Studies, vol. 6, pp. 95-114, 2011.
[27] M. Litwak, Reel Power: The struggle for influence and success in the
new Hollywood. New York: William Morrow, 1986.
[28] M. Pendakur, “Digital pleasure palaces: Bollywood seduces the global
Indian at the multiplex,” In Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary
Media, No. 54, Fall, 2012.
[29] M. Pokorny, and J. Sedgwick, “Profitability trends in Hollywood, 1929
to 1999,” Economic History Review, vol. 63, pp. 56–84, 2009
[30] M. R. Gibbons, “Multivariate tests of financial models: A new
approach,” J. Financial Economics, vol. 10. pp.3-27, 1982.
[31] N. D. Weinstein, “Unrealistic optimism about future life events," J.
Pers. Soc. Psychol., vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 806-820, 1989.
[32] P. Srivastava, Bollywood-s-big-buck-bonaza-PK-set-break-recordssmaller-
films-enjoyed-success,
2014,http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-
2888596/Bollywood-s-big-buck-bonaza-PK-set-break-records-smallerfilms-
enjoyed-success.html, Daily mail.accessed on 15th March 2015.
[33] R. G. Picard, “Unique characteristics and business dynamics of media
products’. Journal of Media Business Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 61–69,
2005
[34] R. L. Goettler, and P. Leslie, “Co financing to manage risk in the motion
pictures,” Industry Journal of Economics and Management Strategy,
vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 231–261,2005.
[35] S. B. Sitkin, and A. L. Pablo, “Reconceptualizing the determinants of
risk behavior,” Academy of Management Review, vol. 17, pp.9-38, 1992.
[36] S. Chakravarty, National Identity in Indian Popular Cinema 1947–87,
Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993.
[37] S. L. Star, “Grounded Classification: Grounded Theory and Faceted
Classification,” Library Trends, vol. 47, no.2, pp. 218-232, 1998.
[38] S. Rayner, and R. Cantor, “How fair is safe enough? The cultural
approach to societal technology choice,” Risk Anal. Vol. 7, pp. 3–13,
1978.
[39] T. Ganti, Producing Hindi film: inside the contemporary Hindi film
industry. Duke University Press, 2012.
[40] T. W. Ruefli, J. M. Collins, and J. R. Lacugna, “Risk measures in
strategic management research: auld langsyne?,” Strategic Management
Journal, vol. 20, no.2, pp.167–194, February 1999.
[41] V. A. Zeithaml, “How consumer evaluation process differs between
goods and services,” in Marketing of Services J.H. Donelly and W. R.
George, eds., Chicago, American Marketing,1981, pp 186-190
[42] P. Y. Martin, and B. A. Turner, ”Grounded Theory and organizational
research,” The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, vol. 22, no. 2, pp.
141-157., 1986
[43] B. G. Glaser,Theoretical Sensitivity: Advances in the Methodology of
Grounded Theory, Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press, 1978.
[1] A. Athique, “Leisure capital in the new economy: the rapid rise of the
multiplex in India,” Contemporary South Asia, vol. 17 no. 2, pp. 123-
140, 2009.
[2] A. L. Pablo, “Managerial risk interpretations: does industry make a
difference?” Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 92–
107, 1999.
[3] A. Mittal, Cinema Industry in India: Pricing and Tax. New Delhi, Indus
Publishing, 1995. [4] A. Strauss, and J. Corbin, Basics of qualitative research, grounded
theory procedures and techniques, New York: Sage Publications, 1990.
[5] B. G. Glaser and A. Strauss, The discovery of grounded theory:
Strategies for qualitative research, .New York: Aldine, 1967.
[6] B. G. Glaser, and J. Holton, “Remodeling grounded theory,” Qualitative
Social Research, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1-17, 2004.
[7] C. Jaeger, O. Renn, E. A. Rosa, and T. Webler, Risk, uncertainty, and
rational Action,Earthscan, London, 2001.
[8] C. P. Alderfer and Jr. B. Harold, “Choices with risk: Beyond the mean
and variance,” J. Business, vol. 43, pp. 341-353, 1970..
[9] E. A. Rosa, “The logical structure of the social amplification of risk
framework (SARF): Metatheoretical foundation and policy implication,”
in The social amplification of risk. N. K. Pidgeon, R.E. Kasperson and P.
Slovic, Ed. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
[10] FICCI KPMG Reports2014/2013/2012.
[11] G. Allan, “A critique of using grounded theory as a research method,”
Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-
10, 2003.
[12] G. Hsu, G. Negro, and F. Perretti, “Hybrids in Hollywood: a study of the
production and performance of genre-spanning films,” Industrial and
Corporate Change, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1427–1450, 2012.
[13] H. M. Markowitz, Portfolio selection: Efficient diversification of
investments. Wiley, New York, 1959
[14] I. S. Baird, and H. Thomas, “What is risk anyway?” in Risk, Strategy,
and Management' R. A. Bettis and H. Thomas, Eds.JAI Press,
Greenwich, CT, 1990, pp. 21-52.
[15] J. Eliashberg, C. Weinberg, and Sam K. Hui, “Decision Models for the
Movie Industry”. In handbook of marketing decision models, B.
Wierenga (Ed.), Springer Science, 2008
[16] J. F. Short Jr, “The social fabric of risk: towards the social
transformation of risk analysis,” Am. Sociol. Rev., vol. 49, pp. 711-725,
December, 1984.
[17] J. M Boussard, and P. Michel, “Representation of farmers' behavior
under uncertainty with a focus-loss constraint,” J. Farm Economics, vol.
49, pp. 869-880, 1967.
[18] J. Ribera, and S. Sieber, “How uncertainty and risk management impacts
the success of Spanish film projects,” Journal of Media Business
Studies, vol. 4, pp.49-74, 2009
[19] K. Charmaz, “Grounded theory,” in Qualitative psychology: A practical
guide to research methods. J. A. Smith, Ed. Los Angeles: SAGE.
2008,pp. 81-110
[20] K. Charmaz, Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through
qualitative analysis. London: Sage Publications Ltd. 2006
[21] K. Mitra, M. C. Reiss, and L. M. Capella, “An examination of perceived
risk, information search, experience and credence services,” The Journal
of Services Marketing, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 208-228, 1999.
[22] K. Ng, and S. Hase, “Grounded Suggestions for Doing a Grounded
Theory Business Research,” The Electronic Journal of Business
Research Methods, vol. 6, no.2, pp. 155 -170, 2008..
[23] M. Bjørn von Rimscha, “Managing risk in motion picture project
development,” Journal of Media Business Studies, vol. 6, no. 4, pp 75-
101, 2009.
[24] M. D. Huettig, Economic Control of the Motion Picture Industry.
Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944.
[25] M. Dale, The Movie Game. Cassell.London, 1997.
[26] M. Jones, and I. Alony, “Guiding the use of Grounded Theory in
Doctoral studies – an example from the Australian film industry,”
International Journal of Doctoral Studies, vol. 6, pp. 95-114, 2011.
[27] M. Litwak, Reel Power: The struggle for influence and success in the
new Hollywood. New York: William Morrow, 1986.
[28] M. Pendakur, “Digital pleasure palaces: Bollywood seduces the global
Indian at the multiplex,” In Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary
Media, No. 54, Fall, 2012.
[29] M. Pokorny, and J. Sedgwick, “Profitability trends in Hollywood, 1929
to 1999,” Economic History Review, vol. 63, pp. 56–84, 2009
[30] M. R. Gibbons, “Multivariate tests of financial models: A new
approach,” J. Financial Economics, vol. 10. pp.3-27, 1982.
[31] N. D. Weinstein, “Unrealistic optimism about future life events," J.
Pers. Soc. Psychol., vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 806-820, 1989.
[32] P. Srivastava, Bollywood-s-big-buck-bonaza-PK-set-break-recordssmaller-
films-enjoyed-success,
2014,http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-
2888596/Bollywood-s-big-buck-bonaza-PK-set-break-records-smallerfilms-
enjoyed-success.html, Daily mail.accessed on 15th March 2015.
[33] R. G. Picard, “Unique characteristics and business dynamics of media
products’. Journal of Media Business Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 61–69,
2005
[34] R. L. Goettler, and P. Leslie, “Co financing to manage risk in the motion
pictures,” Industry Journal of Economics and Management Strategy,
vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 231–261,2005.
[35] S. B. Sitkin, and A. L. Pablo, “Reconceptualizing the determinants of
risk behavior,” Academy of Management Review, vol. 17, pp.9-38, 1992.
[36] S. Chakravarty, National Identity in Indian Popular Cinema 1947–87,
Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993.
[37] S. L. Star, “Grounded Classification: Grounded Theory and Faceted
Classification,” Library Trends, vol. 47, no.2, pp. 218-232, 1998.
[38] S. Rayner, and R. Cantor, “How fair is safe enough? The cultural
approach to societal technology choice,” Risk Anal. Vol. 7, pp. 3–13,
1978.
[39] T. Ganti, Producing Hindi film: inside the contemporary Hindi film
industry. Duke University Press, 2012.
[40] T. W. Ruefli, J. M. Collins, and J. R. Lacugna, “Risk measures in
strategic management research: auld langsyne?,” Strategic Management
Journal, vol. 20, no.2, pp.167–194, February 1999.
[41] V. A. Zeithaml, “How consumer evaluation process differs between
goods and services,” in Marketing of Services J.H. Donelly and W. R.
George, eds., Chicago, American Marketing,1981, pp 186-190
[42] P. Y. Martin, and B. A. Turner, ”Grounded Theory and organizational
research,” The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, vol. 22, no. 2, pp.
141-157., 1986
[43] B. G. Glaser,Theoretical Sensitivity: Advances in the Methodology of
Grounded Theory, Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press, 1978.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:70557", author = "R. Dyondi and S. K. Jha", title = "Strategic Risk Issues for Film Distributors of Hindi Film Industry in Mumbai: A Grounded Theory Approach", abstract = "The purpose of the paper is to address the strategic
risk issues surrounding Hindi film distribution in Mumbai for a film
distributor, who acts as an entrepreneur when launching a product
(movie) in the market (film territory).The paper undertakes a
fundamental review of films and risk in the Hindi film industry and
applies Grounded Theory technique to understand the complex
phenomena of risk taking behavior of the film distributors (both
independent and studios) in Mumbai. Rich in-depth interviews with
distributors are coded to develop core categories through constant
comparison leading to conceptualization of the phenomena of
interest. This paper is a first-of-its-kind-attempt to understand risk
behavior of a distributor, which is akin to entrepreneurial risk
behavior under conditions of uncertainty.", keywords = "Entrepreneurial Risk Behavior, Film Distribution
Strategy, Hindi Film Industry, Risk.", volume = "9", number = "6", pages = "2076-7", }
