Smart Sustainable Cities: An Integrated Planning Approach towards Sustainable Urban Energy Systems, India
Cities denote instantaneously a challenge and an
opportunity for climate change policy. Cities are the place where
most energy services are needed because urbanization is closely
linked to high population densities and concentration of economic
activities and production (Urban energy demand). Consequently, it is
critical to explain about the role of cities within the world-s energy
systems and its correlation with the climate change issue. With more
than half of the world-s population already living in urban areas, and
that percentage expected to rise to 75 per cent by 2050, it is clear that
the path to sustainable development must pass through cities. Cities
expanding in size and population pose increased challenges to the
environment, of which energy is part as a natural resource, and to the
quality of life. Nowadays, most cities have already understood the
importance of sustainability, both at their local scale as in terms of
their contribution to sustainability at higher geographical scales. It
requires the perception of a city as a complex and dynamic
ecosystem, an open system, or cluster of systems, where the energy
as well as the other natural resources is transformed to satisfy the
needs of the different urban activities. In fact, buildings and
transportation generally represent most of cities direct energy
demand, i.e., between 60 per cent and 80 per cent of the overall
consumption. Buildings, both residential and services are usually
influenced by the local physical and social conditions. In terms of
transport, the energy demand is also strongly linked with the specific
characteristics of a city (urban mobility).The concept of a “smart
city" builds on statistics as seven key axes of a city-s success in
moving towards common platform (brain nerve)of sustainable urban
energy systems.
With the aforesaid knowledge, the authors have suggested a frame
work to role of cities, as energy actors for smart city management.
The authors have discusses the potential elements needed for energy
in smart cities and also identified potential energy actions and
relevant barriers. Furthermore, three levels of city smartness in cities
actions to overcome market /institutional failures with a local
approach are distinguished. The authors have made an attempt to
conceive and implement concepts of city smartness by adopting the
city or local government as nerve center through an integrated
planning approach. Finally, concluding with recommendations for
the organization of the Smart Sustainable Cities for positive changes
of urban India.
[1] Caragliu, A. et al. 2009. Smart Cities in Europe, Serie Research
Memoranda 0048, VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics,
Business Administration and Econometrics.
[2] Census of India, 2011, Report on Registrar General of India. New Delhi,
India.
[3] Dodman, D., 2009. Blaming cities for climate change? An analysis of
urban greenhouse gas emissions inventories. Environment and
Urbanization. 21: 185-201.
[4] Eckholm, T., Krey, V., Pachauri, S., Riahi, K., 2010. Determinants of
household energy consumption in India. Energy Policy 38, 5696-5707.
[5] Eichhammer, W., Fleiter, T., Schlomann, B., Faberi, S., Fioretto, M.,
Piccioni, N., Lechtenböhmer, S., Resch, G., 2009. Study on the Energy
Savings Potentials in EU Member States, Candidate Countries and EEA
Countries. Final Report.
[6] Europe-s Energy Portal, 2010. http://www.energy.eu/
[7] European Commission, 2010a. "Strategic Energy Technology Plan
Information System: European Initiative on Smart Cities",
http://setis.ec.europa.eu/ initiatives/technology-roadmap/europeaninitiative
on- smart-cities. May/June 2010.
[8] European Commission, 2010a. "Strategic Energy Technology Plan
Information System: European Initiative on Smart Cities",
http://setis.ec.europa.eu/ initiatives/technology-roadmap/Europeaninitiative
on- smart-cities. May/June 2010.
[9] Fernandes, E. de Oliveira, 2008. A Energia nas Cidades do Futuro, Série
Pol├¡tica das Cidades nº1, Direc├º├úo Geral do Ordenamento do Territ├│rio e
Desenvolvimento Urbano.
[10] Hardoy, J., Mitlin, D., Satterthwaite, D., 2001. Environmental Problems
in an Urbanizing World. Earthscan Publications Ltd., London.
[11] IEA, 2008c, World Energy Outlook, ┬® OECD/IEA 20
[12] IEA, 2009a. Cities, towns & Renewable Energy. Yes in my front yard.
ISBN 978-92-64-07687-7. 194 pages.
[13] International Council for Science, Science and technology for
sustainable development (Int. Council for Science, Paris), Vol. 9, p. 9:
Cited in, Clark WC & Dickson NM (2003) Sustainability science: the
emerging research program, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100 (2002)
8059-8061.
[14] Jiang, L., O'Neill, B.C., 2004. The energy transition in rural China. Int.
J. Global Energy Issues 21 (1/2), 2-26.
[15] Kennedy, C., Steinberger, J., Gasson, B., Hansen, Y., Hillman, T.,
Havrnek, M., Pataki, D., Phdungsilp, A., Ramaswami, A., Villalba
Mendez G., 2009. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Global Cities.
Environmental Science & Technology. 43(19): 7297 - 7302.
[16] Leach, G., 1992. The energy transition. Energy Policy 20 (2), 116-123.
[17] McKinsey, 2009. Pathways to a low-carbon economy; Version 2 of the
global greenhouse gas abatement cost curve.
[18] Montgomery, M., 2008. The urban transformation of the developing
world. Science 319, 761-764.
[19] OECD, 2010. Cities and Climate Change, OECD Publishing, Paris.
[20] O'Neill, B.C., Dalton, M., Fuchs, R., Jiang, L., Pachauri, S., Zigova, K.,
2010. Global demographic trends and future carbon emissions Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107 (41), 17521-17526.
[21] Pauchari, S., Jiang, L., 2008. The household energy transition in India
and China. Energy Policy 36 (11), 4022-4035.
[22] Rabe, B. G., 2007. Beyond Kyoto: Climate Change Policy in Multilevel
Governance Systems. Governance. 20(3): 423-444.
[23] Ravetz, J., 2008. State of the stock: what do we know about existing
buildings and their future prospects? Energy Policy. 36: 4462-4470.
[24] Report of State of Green, Climate Consortium Denmark, 2011
[25] Report on Exxon Mobil 2012, The Outlook for Energy: A View to 2040,
exxonmobil.com/energy outlook
[26] Report on India's Urban awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining
economic growth, Mckinsey Global Institute, April 2010, p.55
[27] Schleich, J., 2009. Barriers to energy efficiency: A comparison across
the German commercial and services sector. Ecological Economics. 68:
2150-2159
[28] Schleich, J., Gruber, E., 2008. Beyond case studies: Barriers to energy
efficiency in commerce and the services sector. Energy Economics, 30:
449-464.
[29] Sippel, M., Jenssen, T., 2010. What about local climate governance? A
review of promise and problems. Munich Personal RePEc Archive Paper
No. 20987.
[30] Smil, Energy Transitions (1800-1960)
[31] UKERC, UK Energy Research Centre, 2007. The Rebound Effect - an
assessment of the evidence for economy-wide energy savings from
improved energy efficiency, Report, London.
[32] United Nations Population Divisions, 2012, World Urbanization
Prospects: The 2011 Revision Population Database. United Nations,
New York, USA.
[33] United Nations, 2009. World Urbanisation prospects, 2007 revision.
[34] Urge-Vorsatz, D., Koeppel, S., Mirasgedis, S., 2007. Appraisal of policy
instruments for reducing buildings- CO2 emissions. Building Research
and Information, 35(4), 458-477.
[35] Van Ruijven, B., Urban, F., Benders, R., Moll, H., van der Sluijs, J., de
Vries, B., van Vuuren,D., 2008. Modelling energy and development: an
evaluation of models and concepts. World Dev. 36 (12), 2801-2821.
[36] Wheeler S., 1998. Planning Sustainable and Livable Cities. ISBN 0-415-
27173-8, Routledge, New York.
[1] Caragliu, A. et al. 2009. Smart Cities in Europe, Serie Research
Memoranda 0048, VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics,
Business Administration and Econometrics.
[2] Census of India, 2011, Report on Registrar General of India. New Delhi,
India.
[3] Dodman, D., 2009. Blaming cities for climate change? An analysis of
urban greenhouse gas emissions inventories. Environment and
Urbanization. 21: 185-201.
[4] Eckholm, T., Krey, V., Pachauri, S., Riahi, K., 2010. Determinants of
household energy consumption in India. Energy Policy 38, 5696-5707.
[5] Eichhammer, W., Fleiter, T., Schlomann, B., Faberi, S., Fioretto, M.,
Piccioni, N., Lechtenböhmer, S., Resch, G., 2009. Study on the Energy
Savings Potentials in EU Member States, Candidate Countries and EEA
Countries. Final Report.
[6] Europe-s Energy Portal, 2010. http://www.energy.eu/
[7] European Commission, 2010a. "Strategic Energy Technology Plan
Information System: European Initiative on Smart Cities",
http://setis.ec.europa.eu/ initiatives/technology-roadmap/europeaninitiative
on- smart-cities. May/June 2010.
[8] European Commission, 2010a. "Strategic Energy Technology Plan
Information System: European Initiative on Smart Cities",
http://setis.ec.europa.eu/ initiatives/technology-roadmap/Europeaninitiative
on- smart-cities. May/June 2010.
[9] Fernandes, E. de Oliveira, 2008. A Energia nas Cidades do Futuro, Série
Pol├¡tica das Cidades nº1, Direc├º├úo Geral do Ordenamento do Territ├│rio e
Desenvolvimento Urbano.
[10] Hardoy, J., Mitlin, D., Satterthwaite, D., 2001. Environmental Problems
in an Urbanizing World. Earthscan Publications Ltd., London.
[11] IEA, 2008c, World Energy Outlook, ┬® OECD/IEA 20
[12] IEA, 2009a. Cities, towns & Renewable Energy. Yes in my front yard.
ISBN 978-92-64-07687-7. 194 pages.
[13] International Council for Science, Science and technology for
sustainable development (Int. Council for Science, Paris), Vol. 9, p. 9:
Cited in, Clark WC & Dickson NM (2003) Sustainability science: the
emerging research program, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100 (2002)
8059-8061.
[14] Jiang, L., O'Neill, B.C., 2004. The energy transition in rural China. Int.
J. Global Energy Issues 21 (1/2), 2-26.
[15] Kennedy, C., Steinberger, J., Gasson, B., Hansen, Y., Hillman, T.,
Havrnek, M., Pataki, D., Phdungsilp, A., Ramaswami, A., Villalba
Mendez G., 2009. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Global Cities.
Environmental Science & Technology. 43(19): 7297 - 7302.
[16] Leach, G., 1992. The energy transition. Energy Policy 20 (2), 116-123.
[17] McKinsey, 2009. Pathways to a low-carbon economy; Version 2 of the
global greenhouse gas abatement cost curve.
[18] Montgomery, M., 2008. The urban transformation of the developing
world. Science 319, 761-764.
[19] OECD, 2010. Cities and Climate Change, OECD Publishing, Paris.
[20] O'Neill, B.C., Dalton, M., Fuchs, R., Jiang, L., Pachauri, S., Zigova, K.,
2010. Global demographic trends and future carbon emissions Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107 (41), 17521-17526.
[21] Pauchari, S., Jiang, L., 2008. The household energy transition in India
and China. Energy Policy 36 (11), 4022-4035.
[22] Rabe, B. G., 2007. Beyond Kyoto: Climate Change Policy in Multilevel
Governance Systems. Governance. 20(3): 423-444.
[23] Ravetz, J., 2008. State of the stock: what do we know about existing
buildings and their future prospects? Energy Policy. 36: 4462-4470.
[24] Report of State of Green, Climate Consortium Denmark, 2011
[25] Report on Exxon Mobil 2012, The Outlook for Energy: A View to 2040,
exxonmobil.com/energy outlook
[26] Report on India's Urban awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining
economic growth, Mckinsey Global Institute, April 2010, p.55
[27] Schleich, J., 2009. Barriers to energy efficiency: A comparison across
the German commercial and services sector. Ecological Economics. 68:
2150-2159
[28] Schleich, J., Gruber, E., 2008. Beyond case studies: Barriers to energy
efficiency in commerce and the services sector. Energy Economics, 30:
449-464.
[29] Sippel, M., Jenssen, T., 2010. What about local climate governance? A
review of promise and problems. Munich Personal RePEc Archive Paper
No. 20987.
[30] Smil, Energy Transitions (1800-1960)
[31] UKERC, UK Energy Research Centre, 2007. The Rebound Effect - an
assessment of the evidence for economy-wide energy savings from
improved energy efficiency, Report, London.
[32] United Nations Population Divisions, 2012, World Urbanization
Prospects: The 2011 Revision Population Database. United Nations,
New York, USA.
[33] United Nations, 2009. World Urbanisation prospects, 2007 revision.
[34] Urge-Vorsatz, D., Koeppel, S., Mirasgedis, S., 2007. Appraisal of policy
instruments for reducing buildings- CO2 emissions. Building Research
and Information, 35(4), 458-477.
[35] Van Ruijven, B., Urban, F., Benders, R., Moll, H., van der Sluijs, J., de
Vries, B., van Vuuren,D., 2008. Modelling energy and development: an
evaluation of models and concepts. World Dev. 36 (12), 2801-2821.
[36] Wheeler S., 1998. Planning Sustainable and Livable Cities. ISBN 0-415-
27173-8, Routledge, New York.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:59423", author = "Adinarayanane Ramamurthy and Monsingh D. Devadas", title = "Smart Sustainable Cities: An Integrated Planning Approach towards Sustainable Urban Energy Systems, India", abstract = "Cities denote instantaneously a challenge and an
opportunity for climate change policy. Cities are the place where
most energy services are needed because urbanization is closely
linked to high population densities and concentration of economic
activities and production (Urban energy demand). Consequently, it is
critical to explain about the role of cities within the world-s energy
systems and its correlation with the climate change issue. With more
than half of the world-s population already living in urban areas, and
that percentage expected to rise to 75 per cent by 2050, it is clear that
the path to sustainable development must pass through cities. Cities
expanding in size and population pose increased challenges to the
environment, of which energy is part as a natural resource, and to the
quality of life. Nowadays, most cities have already understood the
importance of sustainability, both at their local scale as in terms of
their contribution to sustainability at higher geographical scales. It
requires the perception of a city as a complex and dynamic
ecosystem, an open system, or cluster of systems, where the energy
as well as the other natural resources is transformed to satisfy the
needs of the different urban activities. In fact, buildings and
transportation generally represent most of cities direct energy
demand, i.e., between 60 per cent and 80 per cent of the overall
consumption. Buildings, both residential and services are usually
influenced by the local physical and social conditions. In terms of
transport, the energy demand is also strongly linked with the specific
characteristics of a city (urban mobility).The concept of a “smart
city" builds on statistics as seven key axes of a city-s success in
moving towards common platform (brain nerve)of sustainable urban
energy systems.
With the aforesaid knowledge, the authors have suggested a frame
work to role of cities, as energy actors for smart city management.
The authors have discusses the potential elements needed for energy
in smart cities and also identified potential energy actions and
relevant barriers. Furthermore, three levels of city smartness in cities
actions to overcome market /institutional failures with a local
approach are distinguished. The authors have made an attempt to
conceive and implement concepts of city smartness by adopting the
city or local government as nerve center through an integrated
planning approach. Finally, concluding with recommendations for
the organization of the Smart Sustainable Cities for positive changes
of urban India.", keywords = "Urbanization, Urban Energy Demand, Sustainable Urban Energy Systems, Integrated Planning Approach, Smart Sustainable City.", volume = "7", number = "1", pages = "165-21", }