A pressure-based implicit procedure to solve Navier-
Stokes equations on a nonorthogonal mesh with collocated finite
volume formulation is used to simulate flow around the smart and
conventional flaps of spoiler under the ground effect. Cantilever
beam with uniformly varying load with roller support at the free end
is considered for smart flaps. The boundedness criteria for this
procedure are determined from a Normalized Variable diagram
(NVD) scheme. The procedure incorporates es the k -ε eddyviscosity
turbulence model. The method is first validated against
experimental data. Then, the algorithm is applied for turbulent
aerodynamic flows around a spoiler section with smart and
conventional flaps for different attack angle, flap angle and ground
clearance where the results of two flaps are compared.
[1] J. Zerihan and X. Zhang, "Aerodynamics of Gurney Flaps on a Wing in
Ground Effect," AIAA journal, vol. 39, pp. 772-780, 2001.
[2] D. Ueno, G. Hu, I. Komada, K. Otaki, and Q. Fan, "CFD Analysis in
Research and Development of Racing Car," presented at the
Motorsports Engineering Conference & Exposition, Dearborn, MI,
USA, 2006.
[3] K. Goto and H. Sakurai, "Numerical Study for the Optimal Flap Chord
Length of a Two-Element Airfoil," SAE International Journal of
Passenger Cars-Mechanical Systems, pp. 1-3643, 2006.
[4] J. Reddy and M. Gupta, "Finding the Optimum Angle of Attack for the
Front Wing of an F1 Car Using CFD," in 4th WSEAS International
Conference on Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Elounda, Greece,
2006, pp. 29-34.
[5] J. Katz, "Aerodynamics of Race Cars," Annual Review of Fluid
Mechanics, vol. 38, p. 27, 2005.
[6] W. Mokhtar, "A Numerical Study of High-Lift Single Element Airfoils
with Ground Effect for Racing Cars," SAE transactions, vol. 114, pp.
682-688, 2005.
[7] W. Mokhtar, "Aerodynamics of High-Lift Wings with Ground Effect
for Racecars," presented at the SAE World Congress, 2008.
[8] W. Mokhtar and J. Lane, "Racecar Front Wing Aerodynamics," SAE
International Journal of Passenger Cars-Mechanical Systems, vol. 1, p.
1392, 2009.
[9] J. Zerihan and Z. Xin, "Aerodynamics of a Single Element Wing in
Ground Effect," Journal of aircraft, vol. 37, pp. 1058-1064, 2000.
[10] M. Ahmed, S. H. Ali, G. M. Imran, and S. D. Sharma, "Experimental
Investigation of the Flow Field of a Symmetrical Airfoil in Ground
Effect," in 21st Applied Aerodynamics Conference, Orlando, Florida,
2003.
[11] M. Ahmed and S. Sharma, "An Investigation on the Aerodynamics of a
Symmetrical Airfoil in Ground Effect," Experimental Thermal and
Fluid Science, vol. 29, pp. 633-647, 2005.
[12] K. Jung, H. Chun, and H. Kim, "Experimental Investigation of Wingin-
Ground Effect with a NACA6409 Section," Journal of marine
science and technology, vol. 13, pp. 317-327, 2008.
[13] J. Smith, "Computational Analysis of Airfoils in Ground Effect for Use
as a Design Tool," M.Sc Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Department, West Virginia University, West Virginia, 2007.
[14] K. Park and J. Lee, "Influence of Endplate on Aerodynamic
Characteristics of Low-Aspect-Ratio Wing in Ground Effect," Journal
of mechanical science and technology, vol. 22, pp. 2578-2589, 2008.
[15] J. P. Boschetti, M. E. Cárdenas, and A. AmerioCLq, "Stability and
Performance of a Light Unmanned Airplane in Ground Effect," in 48th
AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum
and Aerospace Exposition, Florida, 2010.
[16] J. Lee, C. Hong, B. Kim, K. Park, and J. Ahn, "Optimization of Wings
in Ground Effect Using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm," in 48th
AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum
and Aerospace Exposition, Florida, 2010.
[17] A. Bolonkin, G. Gilyard, H. L. D. F. R. Center, U. S. N. Aeronautics,
and S. Administration, Estimated benefits of variable-geometry wing
camber control for transport aircraft: Citeseer, 1999.
[18] N. J. Pern and J. D. Jacob, "Wake Vortex Mitigation using Adaptive
Airfoils," presented at the 37th AIAA. Aerospace Sciences Meeting and
Exhibit, 1999.
[19] J. Kudva, C. Martin, A. Jardine, G. Sendeckyj, T. Harris, A. McGowan,
and R. Lake, "Design, Fabrication, and Testing of the DARPA/Wright
Lab" Smart Wing" Wind Tunnel Model," Journal of American Institute
of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 1997.
[20] E. Forster, B. Sanders, and F. Eastep, "Synthesis of a Variable
Geometry Trailing Edge Control Surface," AIAA paper, vol. 1717,
2003.
[21] M. Djavareshkian, "A new NVD Scheme in Pressure-Based Finite-
Volume Methods," in 14th Australasian Fluid Mechanics conference, ,
Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia, 2001, pp. 10-14.
[1] J. Zerihan and X. Zhang, "Aerodynamics of Gurney Flaps on a Wing in
Ground Effect," AIAA journal, vol. 39, pp. 772-780, 2001.
[2] D. Ueno, G. Hu, I. Komada, K. Otaki, and Q. Fan, "CFD Analysis in
Research and Development of Racing Car," presented at the
Motorsports Engineering Conference & Exposition, Dearborn, MI,
USA, 2006.
[3] K. Goto and H. Sakurai, "Numerical Study for the Optimal Flap Chord
Length of a Two-Element Airfoil," SAE International Journal of
Passenger Cars-Mechanical Systems, pp. 1-3643, 2006.
[4] J. Reddy and M. Gupta, "Finding the Optimum Angle of Attack for the
Front Wing of an F1 Car Using CFD," in 4th WSEAS International
Conference on Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics, Elounda, Greece,
2006, pp. 29-34.
[5] J. Katz, "Aerodynamics of Race Cars," Annual Review of Fluid
Mechanics, vol. 38, p. 27, 2005.
[6] W. Mokhtar, "A Numerical Study of High-Lift Single Element Airfoils
with Ground Effect for Racing Cars," SAE transactions, vol. 114, pp.
682-688, 2005.
[7] W. Mokhtar, "Aerodynamics of High-Lift Wings with Ground Effect
for Racecars," presented at the SAE World Congress, 2008.
[8] W. Mokhtar and J. Lane, "Racecar Front Wing Aerodynamics," SAE
International Journal of Passenger Cars-Mechanical Systems, vol. 1, p.
1392, 2009.
[9] J. Zerihan and Z. Xin, "Aerodynamics of a Single Element Wing in
Ground Effect," Journal of aircraft, vol. 37, pp. 1058-1064, 2000.
[10] M. Ahmed, S. H. Ali, G. M. Imran, and S. D. Sharma, "Experimental
Investigation of the Flow Field of a Symmetrical Airfoil in Ground
Effect," in 21st Applied Aerodynamics Conference, Orlando, Florida,
2003.
[11] M. Ahmed and S. Sharma, "An Investigation on the Aerodynamics of a
Symmetrical Airfoil in Ground Effect," Experimental Thermal and
Fluid Science, vol. 29, pp. 633-647, 2005.
[12] K. Jung, H. Chun, and H. Kim, "Experimental Investigation of Wingin-
Ground Effect with a NACA6409 Section," Journal of marine
science and technology, vol. 13, pp. 317-327, 2008.
[13] J. Smith, "Computational Analysis of Airfoils in Ground Effect for Use
as a Design Tool," M.Sc Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Department, West Virginia University, West Virginia, 2007.
[14] K. Park and J. Lee, "Influence of Endplate on Aerodynamic
Characteristics of Low-Aspect-Ratio Wing in Ground Effect," Journal
of mechanical science and technology, vol. 22, pp. 2578-2589, 2008.
[15] J. P. Boschetti, M. E. Cárdenas, and A. AmerioCLq, "Stability and
Performance of a Light Unmanned Airplane in Ground Effect," in 48th
AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum
and Aerospace Exposition, Florida, 2010.
[16] J. Lee, C. Hong, B. Kim, K. Park, and J. Ahn, "Optimization of Wings
in Ground Effect Using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm," in 48th
AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum
and Aerospace Exposition, Florida, 2010.
[17] A. Bolonkin, G. Gilyard, H. L. D. F. R. Center, U. S. N. Aeronautics,
and S. Administration, Estimated benefits of variable-geometry wing
camber control for transport aircraft: Citeseer, 1999.
[18] N. J. Pern and J. D. Jacob, "Wake Vortex Mitigation using Adaptive
Airfoils," presented at the 37th AIAA. Aerospace Sciences Meeting and
Exhibit, 1999.
[19] J. Kudva, C. Martin, A. Jardine, G. Sendeckyj, T. Harris, A. McGowan,
and R. Lake, "Design, Fabrication, and Testing of the DARPA/Wright
Lab" Smart Wing" Wind Tunnel Model," Journal of American Institute
of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 1997.
[20] E. Forster, B. Sanders, and F. Eastep, "Synthesis of a Variable
Geometry Trailing Edge Control Surface," AIAA paper, vol. 1717,
2003.
[21] M. Djavareshkian, "A new NVD Scheme in Pressure-Based Finite-
Volume Methods," in 14th Australasian Fluid Mechanics conference, ,
Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia, 2001, pp. 10-14.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:58380", author = "M.H. Djavareshkian and A. Esmaeli", title = "Smart Spoiler for Race Car", abstract = "A pressure-based implicit procedure to solve Navier-
Stokes equations on a nonorthogonal mesh with collocated finite
volume formulation is used to simulate flow around the smart and
conventional flaps of spoiler under the ground effect. Cantilever
beam with uniformly varying load with roller support at the free end
is considered for smart flaps. The boundedness criteria for this
procedure are determined from a Normalized Variable diagram
(NVD) scheme. The procedure incorporates es the k -ε eddyviscosity
turbulence model. The method is first validated against
experimental data. Then, the algorithm is applied for turbulent
aerodynamic flows around a spoiler section with smart and
conventional flaps for different attack angle, flap angle and ground
clearance where the results of two flaps are compared.", keywords = "Smart spoiler, Ground Effect, Flap, Aerodynamic
coefficients, Race car.", volume = "5", number = "1", pages = "157-7", }
