Sexual and Gender Based Crimes in International Criminal Law: Moving Forwards or Backwards?
Prosecution of sexual violence in international
criminal law requires not only an understanding of the mechanisms
employed to prosecute sexual violence but also a critical analysis of
the factors facilitating perpetuation of such crimes in armed conflicts.
The extrapolations laid out in this essay delve into the jurisprudence
of international criminal law pertaining to sexual and gender based
violence followed by the core question of this essay – has the
entrenchment of sexual violence as international crimes in the Rome
Statute been successful to address such violence in armed conflicts?
[1] Leatherman, Janie. Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict. Cambridge:
Polity Press, 2011.
[2] Rape and Sexual Violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a case
study of gender-based violence. Banwell, Stacy. Journal of Gender
Studies, 2014.
[3] Who’s human? Developing sociological understandings of the rights of
women raped in conflict. Canning, Victoria. The International Journal of
Human Rights, 2010.
[4] Rape of the Congo: understanding sexual violence in the conflict in the
Democratic Republic of Congo. Meger, Sara. Journal of Contemporary
African Studies, 2010.
[5] Art. 46 (Regulations). The Hague Convention. 1907.
[6] Art. 3. Geneva Convention. 1949.
[7] Art. 5(g). ICTY Statute. 1993.
[8] Art 4(e). ICTR Statute. 1995.
[9] Gender Crimes as War Crimes: Integrating Crimes Against Women into
International Criminal Law. Copelon, Rhonda. McGill Law Journal,
2000.
[10] Prosecutor v. Anto Furundzija. ICTY, 1998.
[11] Prosecutor v. Dus ko Tadic. ICTY, 1995.
[12] Not Waving but Drowning: Gender Mainstreaming and Human Rights
in the United Nations. Charlesworth, Hilary. Harvard Human Rights
Journal, 2005.
[13] The Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu. ICTR-96-4, ICTR, 1998.
[14] Copelon, Rhonda. Gendered War Crimes: Reconceptualizing Rape in
Time of War. (book auth.) Julie, Andrea Peters, Wolper. Women’s
Rights Human Rights: International Feminist Perspectives. USA :
Routledge, 1995.
[15] Prosecutor v. Pauline Nyiramasuhuko. ICTR, 2011.
[16] Landesman, Peter. A Woman's Work. New York Times, 2002.
[17] Rape, Representation, and Rights: Permeating International Law with
the Voices of Women. Kalajdzic, Jasminka. Queen's Law Journal, 1996.
[18] Investigation and Prosecution of Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes
before the International Criminal Court. Luping, Dianne. Journal of
Gender, Social Policy & the Law, 2009.
[19] The Prosecutor V Dragoljub Kunarac. ICTY, 2001.
[20] The Prosecutor V Miroslav Kvocka. ICTY, 2001.
[21] The Prosecutor V Delalic. ICTY, 1998.
[22] The Prosecutor V Dragan Gagovic . Indictment, ICTY, 1996.
[23] Art. 7(1)(g), Rome Statute 2002.
[24] Art. 8(2)(b)(xxii), Rome Statute 2002.
[25] Art. 7(1)(h), Rome Statute 2002.
[26] Rape as a Crime in International Humanitarian Law: Where to from
here? Dixon, Rosalind. European Journal of International Law, 2002.
[27] Court, International Criminal. http://www.icc-cpi.int/ Victims before the
International Criminal Court: A Guide for the Participation of Victims
in the Proceedings of the Court. (Online) (Cited: July 23, 2015.)
http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/8FF91A2C-5274-4DCB-9CCE-
37273C5E9AB4/
[28] The Prosecution of Gender-based Crimes at the ICC: Challenges and
Opportunities. Mouthaan, Solange. International Criminal Law Review,
2011.
[29] Art. 68, Rome Statute 2002.
[30] Prosecutor v Bemba. Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for a
Warrant of Arrest: ICC, 2008.
[31] Prosecutor v Bemba. Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the
Rome Statute: ICC, 2009.
[32] Hayes, Niamh. Sisyphus Wept: Prosecuting Sexual Violence at the
International Criminal Court. (book auth.)William, Yvonne, Niamh
Schabas, McDermott, Hayes. The Ashgate Companion to International
Criminal Law – Critical Perspectives. Ashgate.
[33] Prosecutor v Muthaura et al. Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and
(b) of the Rome Statute: ICC, 2012.
[34] Art. 61(1), Rome Statute 2002.
[35] Prosecutor v Lubanga. Warrant of Arrest: ICC, 2006.
[36] Prosecutor v Lubanga. Transcript: ICC, 2009.
[37] Prosecutor, Office of the. Policy Paper on Sexual and Gender-Based
Crimes (ICC 2014). http://www.icc-cpi.int/. (Online) June 2014. (Cited:
July 23, 2015.) http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/OTP-Policy-Paper-on-
Sexual-and-Gender-Based-Crimes--June-2014.pdf.
[38] Review, Harvard Law. The Office of The Prosecutor of the ICC, Policy
Paper on Sexual and Gender Based Crimes. harvardlawreview.org.
(Online) 2014. (Cited: July 24, 2015.) http://harvardlawreview.org/2014/
12/the-office-of-the-prosecutor-of-the-icc-policy-paper-on-sexual-andgender-
based-crimes/
[1] Leatherman, Janie. Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict. Cambridge:
Polity Press, 2011.
[2] Rape and Sexual Violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a case
study of gender-based violence. Banwell, Stacy. Journal of Gender
Studies, 2014.
[3] Who’s human? Developing sociological understandings of the rights of
women raped in conflict. Canning, Victoria. The International Journal of
Human Rights, 2010.
[4] Rape of the Congo: understanding sexual violence in the conflict in the
Democratic Republic of Congo. Meger, Sara. Journal of Contemporary
African Studies, 2010.
[5] Art. 46 (Regulations). The Hague Convention. 1907.
[6] Art. 3. Geneva Convention. 1949.
[7] Art. 5(g). ICTY Statute. 1993.
[8] Art 4(e). ICTR Statute. 1995.
[9] Gender Crimes as War Crimes: Integrating Crimes Against Women into
International Criminal Law. Copelon, Rhonda. McGill Law Journal,
2000.
[10] Prosecutor v. Anto Furundzija. ICTY, 1998.
[11] Prosecutor v. Dus ko Tadic. ICTY, 1995.
[12] Not Waving but Drowning: Gender Mainstreaming and Human Rights
in the United Nations. Charlesworth, Hilary. Harvard Human Rights
Journal, 2005.
[13] The Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu. ICTR-96-4, ICTR, 1998.
[14] Copelon, Rhonda. Gendered War Crimes: Reconceptualizing Rape in
Time of War. (book auth.) Julie, Andrea Peters, Wolper. Women’s
Rights Human Rights: International Feminist Perspectives. USA :
Routledge, 1995.
[15] Prosecutor v. Pauline Nyiramasuhuko. ICTR, 2011.
[16] Landesman, Peter. A Woman's Work. New York Times, 2002.
[17] Rape, Representation, and Rights: Permeating International Law with
the Voices of Women. Kalajdzic, Jasminka. Queen's Law Journal, 1996.
[18] Investigation and Prosecution of Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes
before the International Criminal Court. Luping, Dianne. Journal of
Gender, Social Policy & the Law, 2009.
[19] The Prosecutor V Dragoljub Kunarac. ICTY, 2001.
[20] The Prosecutor V Miroslav Kvocka. ICTY, 2001.
[21] The Prosecutor V Delalic. ICTY, 1998.
[22] The Prosecutor V Dragan Gagovic . Indictment, ICTY, 1996.
[23] Art. 7(1)(g), Rome Statute 2002.
[24] Art. 8(2)(b)(xxii), Rome Statute 2002.
[25] Art. 7(1)(h), Rome Statute 2002.
[26] Rape as a Crime in International Humanitarian Law: Where to from
here? Dixon, Rosalind. European Journal of International Law, 2002.
[27] Court, International Criminal. http://www.icc-cpi.int/ Victims before the
International Criminal Court: A Guide for the Participation of Victims
in the Proceedings of the Court. (Online) (Cited: July 23, 2015.)
http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/8FF91A2C-5274-4DCB-9CCE-
37273C5E9AB4/
[28] The Prosecution of Gender-based Crimes at the ICC: Challenges and
Opportunities. Mouthaan, Solange. International Criminal Law Review,
2011.
[29] Art. 68, Rome Statute 2002.
[30] Prosecutor v Bemba. Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for a
Warrant of Arrest: ICC, 2008.
[31] Prosecutor v Bemba. Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and (b) of the
Rome Statute: ICC, 2009.
[32] Hayes, Niamh. Sisyphus Wept: Prosecuting Sexual Violence at the
International Criminal Court. (book auth.)William, Yvonne, Niamh
Schabas, McDermott, Hayes. The Ashgate Companion to International
Criminal Law – Critical Perspectives. Ashgate.
[33] Prosecutor v Muthaura et al. Decision Pursuant to Article 61(7)(a) and
(b) of the Rome Statute: ICC, 2012.
[34] Art. 61(1), Rome Statute 2002.
[35] Prosecutor v Lubanga. Warrant of Arrest: ICC, 2006.
[36] Prosecutor v Lubanga. Transcript: ICC, 2009.
[37] Prosecutor, Office of the. Policy Paper on Sexual and Gender-Based
Crimes (ICC 2014). http://www.icc-cpi.int/. (Online) June 2014. (Cited:
July 23, 2015.) http://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/otp/OTP-Policy-Paper-on-
Sexual-and-Gender-Based-Crimes--June-2014.pdf.
[38] Review, Harvard Law. The Office of The Prosecutor of the ICC, Policy
Paper on Sexual and Gender Based Crimes. harvardlawreview.org.
(Online) 2014. (Cited: July 24, 2015.) http://harvardlawreview.org/2014/
12/the-office-of-the-prosecutor-of-the-icc-policy-paper-on-sexual-andgender-
based-crimes/
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:71598", author = "Khadija Ali", title = "Sexual and Gender Based Crimes in International Criminal Law: Moving Forwards or Backwards?", abstract = "Prosecution of sexual violence in international
criminal law requires not only an understanding of the mechanisms
employed to prosecute sexual violence but also a critical analysis of
the factors facilitating perpetuation of such crimes in armed conflicts.
The extrapolations laid out in this essay delve into the jurisprudence
of international criminal law pertaining to sexual and gender based
violence followed by the core question of this essay – has the
entrenchment of sexual violence as international crimes in the Rome
Statute been successful to address such violence in armed conflicts?", keywords = "Conflict, Gender, International Criminal Law Sexual
Violence.", volume = "9", number = "10", pages = "3601-5", }
