Sex Differentiation of Elm Nymphalid (Nymphalis polychloros Linnaeus, 1758) on Pupal Stage
This study was conducted to determine sex
differentiation of laboratory reared Elm nymphalid (Nymphalis
polychloros Linnaeus, 1758) by examining the morphological
structure of pupal stage. Laboratory colony of elm nymphalid, reared
on pear leaves, was used to set up experiments. It was performed
with 5 replications having 8 pupae for each replication. Dorsal,
ventral and lateral parts of external morphological structures of pupae
were examined by Olympus SZX9 stereozoom microscope and
photographed. When fully grown, mature larvae wander the highest
part of the rearing cage and pupae were formed hanging by
cremaster. After completing prepupa stage about 1.5±0.3 days, they
all pupated. Pupal stage was completed at 24±1°C about 4.38±1.20
days. Pupal weights were 0.483±0.05 g in females and 0.392±0.08 g
(n=40) in males respectively. Pupal emergence rate was 95%, with
22 females and 16 males. Examinations of ventral parts of 8th, 9th,
and 10th abdominal segments revealed that anal opening were found
at 10th abdominal segment in both sexes, 3 lumps were determined at
9th abdominal segments then the specific opening structure at 8th
segment was only found on female pupae.
[1] D. J. Harvey, “Higher classification of the Nymphalidae. Re In: Nijhout
HF, ed. The development and evolution of anglewings butterfly wing
patterns”, Washington: Smithsonian University Press, 255–276, 1991.
[2] G. Hesselbarth, H. V. Oorschot, and S. Wagener, ”Die Tagfalter der
Türkei”, Selbstverlag Sigbert Wagener, 3 Band, pp. 1354, 1995.
[3] A. Baytas, “A field guide to the butterflies of Turkey”, NTV Press, 218p.
[4] B. Kovancı, N. S. Gencer, and O. B. Kovancı, “Bursa İli’nde bulunan
Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) familyasına ait türlerin yayılışı ve bugünkü
statüleri”. Turk. entomol. Dergisi, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 63-80, 2007.
[5] H. Genc, “Determination of sex in pupae of Phyciodes phaon
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)”, Florida Entomologist, vol. 88, no. 4, pp.
536-537, 2005.
[6] A. J. Anton, and A. Garrido, “Differences in the morphology of male
and female pupae of Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae”
Florida Entomologist, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 603-606, 1996.
[7] J. E. Eaton, Lepidopteran Anatomy. Wiley-Interscience Series in Insect
Morphology, Carl W. Schaefer (ed.). Wiley-Interscience, New York,
NY.229 pp, 1988.
[8] P. R, Hughes, C. D, Radke, A. A. Renwick, “A simple, low-input
method for continuous laboratory rearing of the monarch butterfly
(Lepidoptera: Danaidae) for research”, American Entomol., vol. 39, pp.
109-111, 1993.
[9] UW-MADISON, “http://manduca.entomology.wisc.edu/teacher/manual/
pupal.html”, 2002.
[10] F. J. Posada1a, I. Virdiana, M. Navies, M. Pava-Ripoll, and P. Hebbar,
“Sexual dimorphism of pupae and adults of the cocoa pod borer,
Conopomorpha cramerella” Journal of Insect Science, vol. 11, no. 52,
pp. 1-8, 2010.
[11] S. Nylin, K. Nyblom, F. Ronquist, N. Janz, J. Belicek and M.Kallersjö,
“Phylogeny of Polygonia, Nymphalis and related butterflies
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a totalevidence analysis”, Zoological
Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 132, pp. 441–468, 2001.
[12] L. Manil, and S. Cuvelier, “Nymphalis xanthomelas (Esper, 1781) Mass
migration, temporary colonisation or sustainable expansion?
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)” Lépidoptères vol. 58, pp: 69-74, 2014.
[13] H. Genc, and J. L. Nation, “Life history and biology of Phyciodes phaon
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)” Florida Entomologist, vol. 86, no. 4, pp.
445-449, 2003.
[14] H. Genc, and J. L. Nation, “An artificial diet for the butterfly Phyciodes
phaon (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)” Florida Entomologist, vol. 87, no.
2, pp. 194-198, 2004.
[1] D. J. Harvey, “Higher classification of the Nymphalidae. Re In: Nijhout
HF, ed. The development and evolution of anglewings butterfly wing
patterns”, Washington: Smithsonian University Press, 255–276, 1991.
[2] G. Hesselbarth, H. V. Oorschot, and S. Wagener, ”Die Tagfalter der
Türkei”, Selbstverlag Sigbert Wagener, 3 Band, pp. 1354, 1995.
[3] A. Baytas, “A field guide to the butterflies of Turkey”, NTV Press, 218p.
[4] B. Kovancı, N. S. Gencer, and O. B. Kovancı, “Bursa İli’nde bulunan
Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) familyasına ait türlerin yayılışı ve bugünkü
statüleri”. Turk. entomol. Dergisi, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 63-80, 2007.
[5] H. Genc, “Determination of sex in pupae of Phyciodes phaon
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)”, Florida Entomologist, vol. 88, no. 4, pp.
536-537, 2005.
[6] A. J. Anton, and A. Garrido, “Differences in the morphology of male
and female pupae of Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae”
Florida Entomologist, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 603-606, 1996.
[7] J. E. Eaton, Lepidopteran Anatomy. Wiley-Interscience Series in Insect
Morphology, Carl W. Schaefer (ed.). Wiley-Interscience, New York,
NY.229 pp, 1988.
[8] P. R, Hughes, C. D, Radke, A. A. Renwick, “A simple, low-input
method for continuous laboratory rearing of the monarch butterfly
(Lepidoptera: Danaidae) for research”, American Entomol., vol. 39, pp.
109-111, 1993.
[9] UW-MADISON, “http://manduca.entomology.wisc.edu/teacher/manual/
pupal.html”, 2002.
[10] F. J. Posada1a, I. Virdiana, M. Navies, M. Pava-Ripoll, and P. Hebbar,
“Sexual dimorphism of pupae and adults of the cocoa pod borer,
Conopomorpha cramerella” Journal of Insect Science, vol. 11, no. 52,
pp. 1-8, 2010.
[11] S. Nylin, K. Nyblom, F. Ronquist, N. Janz, J. Belicek and M.Kallersjö,
“Phylogeny of Polygonia, Nymphalis and related butterflies
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): a totalevidence analysis”, Zoological
Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 132, pp. 441–468, 2001.
[12] L. Manil, and S. Cuvelier, “Nymphalis xanthomelas (Esper, 1781) Mass
migration, temporary colonisation or sustainable expansion?
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)” Lépidoptères vol. 58, pp: 69-74, 2014.
[13] H. Genc, and J. L. Nation, “Life history and biology of Phyciodes phaon
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)” Florida Entomologist, vol. 86, no. 4, pp.
445-449, 2003.
[14] H. Genc, and J. L. Nation, “An artificial diet for the butterfly Phyciodes
phaon (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)” Florida Entomologist, vol. 87, no.
2, pp. 194-198, 2004.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:70565", author = "Hanife Genc", title = "Sex Differentiation of Elm Nymphalid (Nymphalis polychloros Linnaeus, 1758) on Pupal Stage", abstract = "This study was conducted to determine sex
differentiation of laboratory reared Elm nymphalid (Nymphalis
polychloros Linnaeus, 1758) by examining the morphological
structure of pupal stage. Laboratory colony of elm nymphalid, reared
on pear leaves, was used to set up experiments. It was performed
with 5 replications having 8 pupae for each replication. Dorsal,
ventral and lateral parts of external morphological structures of pupae
were examined by Olympus SZX9 stereozoom microscope and
photographed. When fully grown, mature larvae wander the highest
part of the rearing cage and pupae were formed hanging by
cremaster. After completing prepupa stage about 1.5±0.3 days, they
all pupated. Pupal stage was completed at 24±1°C about 4.38±1.20
days. Pupal weights were 0.483±0.05 g in females and 0.392±0.08 g
(n=40) in males respectively. Pupal emergence rate was 95%, with
22 females and 16 males. Examinations of ventral parts of 8th, 9th,
and 10th abdominal segments revealed that anal opening were found
at 10th abdominal segment in both sexes, 3 lumps were determined at
9th abdominal segments then the specific opening structure at 8th
segment was only found on female pupae.", keywords = "Butterfly, Nymphalis polychloros, pupae, sex
differentiation.", volume = "9", number = "8", pages = "899-4", }