In this paper, a new reversible watermarking method is presented that reduces the size of a stereoscopic image sequence while keeping its content visible. The proposed technique embeds the residuals of the right frames to the corresponding frames of the left sequence, halving the total capacity. The residual frames may result in after a disparity compensated procedure between the two video streams or by a joint motion and disparity compensation. The residuals are usually lossy compressed before embedding because of the limited embedding capacity of the left frames. The watermarked frames are visible at a high quality and at any instant the stereoscopic video may be recovered by an inverse process. In fact, the left frames may be exactly recovered whereas the right ones are slightly distorted as the residuals are not embedded intact. The employed embedding method reorders the left frame into an array of consecutive pixel pairs and embeds a number of bits according to their intensity difference. In this way, it hides a number of bits in intensity smooth areas and most of the data in textured areas where resulting distortions are less visible. The experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed scheme is quite effective.
[1] J. N. Ellinas, M. S. Sangriotis, "Stereo Video Coding Based on Interpolated
Motion and Disparity Estimation", Proc. EURASIP 3rd Int. Conf.
on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis, Rome, Italy, pp. 301-306,
Sept. 2003.
[2] J. N. Ellinas, M. S. Sangriotis, "Stereo video coding based on quadtree
decomposition of B-P frames by motion and disparity interpolation",
Proc. IEE Vision, Image and Signal Processing, vol. 152, no. 5, pp. 639-
647, 2005.
[3] D. Coltuc, "On stereo embedding by reversible watermarking", Proc.
Int. Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (ISSCS 2007), Iasi,
Romania, pp. 1-4, July 2007.
[4] Da-Chun Wu, and Wen-Hsiang Tsai, "A steganographic method for
images by pixel-value differencing", Pattern Recognition Letters, Elsevier,
no. 24, pp. 1613-1626, 2003.
[5] M. U. Celik, G. Sharma, A. M. Tekalp, and E. Saber, "Lossless
generalized-lsb data embedding", IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,
vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 253-266, 2005.
[6] J. Fridrich, M. Goljan, Q. Chen, and V. Pathak, "Lossless data embedding
with file size preservation", Proc. of EI SPIE, San Jose, USA, pp. 354-
365, Jan. 2004.
[7] A. Leest, M. Veen, and F. Bruekers, "Reversible image watermarking",
Proc. Int. Conf. on Image Processing, Barcelona, Spain, pp. II-731-4,
Sept. 2003.
[8] G. Xuan, C. Yang, Y. Zhen, Y. Q. Shi, and Z. Ni, "Reversible data
hiding based on wavelet spread spectrum", Proc. IEEE 6th Workshop
on Multimedia Signal Processing, Italy, pp. 211-214, Sept. 2004.
[9] A. M. Alattar, "Reversible watermark using the difference expansion of a
generalized integer transform", IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,
vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1147-1156, 2004.
[10] D. M. Thodi, and J. J. Rodriguez, "Prediction-error based reversible
watermarking", Proc. Int. Conf. on Image Processing, Genova, pp. 1549-
1552, Oct. 2004.
[11] J. Tian, "High capacity reversible data embedding and content authentication",
IEEE Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal
Processing, Hong Kong, pp. III-517-20, Apr. 2003.
[12] J. Tian, and R. O. Wells, "Reversible data-embedding with a hierarchical
structure", Proc. Int. Conf. on Image Processing, Genova, pp. 3419-3422,
Oct. 2004.
[13] C. C. Chang, W. L. Tai, and M. H. Lin, "A reversible data hiding
scheme with modified side match vector quantization", Proc. Int. Conf.
on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Taiwan, pp. 947-
952, Mar. 2005.
[14] C. D. Vleeschouwer, J. F. Delaigle, and B. Macq, "Circular interpretation
of bijective transformations in lossless watermarking for media asset
management", IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 97-
105, 2003.
[15] B. Yang, M. Schmucker, X. Niu, C. Busch, and S. Sun, "Reversible image
watermarking by histogram modification for integer dct coefficients",
Proc. IEEE 6th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, Siena, Italy,
pp. 143-146, Sept. 2004.
[16] H. C. Wu, C. S. Tsai, and M.S. Hwang, "Image steganographic scheme
based on pixel-value differencing and LSB replacement methods", IEE
Proc. Vision Image Signal Processing, vol. 152, no. 5, pp. 611-615, 2005.
[1] J. N. Ellinas, M. S. Sangriotis, "Stereo Video Coding Based on Interpolated
Motion and Disparity Estimation", Proc. EURASIP 3rd Int. Conf.
on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis, Rome, Italy, pp. 301-306,
Sept. 2003.
[2] J. N. Ellinas, M. S. Sangriotis, "Stereo video coding based on quadtree
decomposition of B-P frames by motion and disparity interpolation",
Proc. IEE Vision, Image and Signal Processing, vol. 152, no. 5, pp. 639-
647, 2005.
[3] D. Coltuc, "On stereo embedding by reversible watermarking", Proc.
Int. Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (ISSCS 2007), Iasi,
Romania, pp. 1-4, July 2007.
[4] Da-Chun Wu, and Wen-Hsiang Tsai, "A steganographic method for
images by pixel-value differencing", Pattern Recognition Letters, Elsevier,
no. 24, pp. 1613-1626, 2003.
[5] M. U. Celik, G. Sharma, A. M. Tekalp, and E. Saber, "Lossless
generalized-lsb data embedding", IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,
vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 253-266, 2005.
[6] J. Fridrich, M. Goljan, Q. Chen, and V. Pathak, "Lossless data embedding
with file size preservation", Proc. of EI SPIE, San Jose, USA, pp. 354-
365, Jan. 2004.
[7] A. Leest, M. Veen, and F. Bruekers, "Reversible image watermarking",
Proc. Int. Conf. on Image Processing, Barcelona, Spain, pp. II-731-4,
Sept. 2003.
[8] G. Xuan, C. Yang, Y. Zhen, Y. Q. Shi, and Z. Ni, "Reversible data
hiding based on wavelet spread spectrum", Proc. IEEE 6th Workshop
on Multimedia Signal Processing, Italy, pp. 211-214, Sept. 2004.
[9] A. M. Alattar, "Reversible watermark using the difference expansion of a
generalized integer transform", IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,
vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1147-1156, 2004.
[10] D. M. Thodi, and J. J. Rodriguez, "Prediction-error based reversible
watermarking", Proc. Int. Conf. on Image Processing, Genova, pp. 1549-
1552, Oct. 2004.
[11] J. Tian, "High capacity reversible data embedding and content authentication",
IEEE Proc. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal
Processing, Hong Kong, pp. III-517-20, Apr. 2003.
[12] J. Tian, and R. O. Wells, "Reversible data-embedding with a hierarchical
structure", Proc. Int. Conf. on Image Processing, Genova, pp. 3419-3422,
Oct. 2004.
[13] C. C. Chang, W. L. Tai, and M. H. Lin, "A reversible data hiding
scheme with modified side match vector quantization", Proc. Int. Conf.
on Advanced Information Networking and Applications, Taiwan, pp. 947-
952, Mar. 2005.
[14] C. D. Vleeschouwer, J. F. Delaigle, and B. Macq, "Circular interpretation
of bijective transformations in lossless watermarking for media asset
management", IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 97-
105, 2003.
[15] B. Yang, M. Schmucker, X. Niu, C. Busch, and S. Sun, "Reversible image
watermarking by histogram modification for integer dct coefficients",
Proc. IEEE 6th Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, Siena, Italy,
pp. 143-146, Sept. 2004.
[16] H. C. Wu, C. S. Tsai, and M.S. Hwang, "Image steganographic scheme
based on pixel-value differencing and LSB replacement methods", IEE
Proc. Vision Image Signal Processing, vol. 152, no. 5, pp. 611-615, 2005.
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:52334", author = "John N. Ellinas", title = "Reversible Watermarking on Stereo Image Sequences", abstract = "In this paper, a new reversible watermarking method is presented that reduces the size of a stereoscopic image sequence while keeping its content visible. The proposed technique embeds the residuals of the right frames to the corresponding frames of the left sequence, halving the total capacity. The residual frames may result in after a disparity compensated procedure between the two video streams or by a joint motion and disparity compensation. The residuals are usually lossy compressed before embedding because of the limited embedding capacity of the left frames. The watermarked frames are visible at a high quality and at any instant the stereoscopic video may be recovered by an inverse process. In fact, the left frames may be exactly recovered whereas the right ones are slightly distorted as the residuals are not embedded intact. The employed embedding method reorders the left frame into an array of consecutive pixel pairs and embeds a number of bits according to their intensity difference. In this way, it hides a number of bits in intensity smooth areas and most of the data in textured areas where resulting distortions are less visible. The experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed scheme is quite effective.
", keywords = "Stereoscopic video, Reversible watermarking, Disparity compensation, Joint compensation", volume = "3", number = "11", pages = "2550-6", }
