Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Present in Tyre Pyrolytic Oil Using Low Cost Natural Adsorbents
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed
during the pyrolysis of scrap tyres to produce tyre pyrolytic oil
(TPO). Due to carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxic properties PAHs
are priority pollutants. Hence it is essential to remove PAHs from
TPO before utilising TPO as a petroleum fuel alternative (to run the
engine). Agricultural wastes have promising future to be utilized as
biosorbent due to their cost effectiveness, abundant availability, high
biosorption capacity and renewability. Various low cost adsorbents
were prepared from natural sources. Uptake of PAHs present in tyre
pyrolytic oil was investigated using various low-cost adsorbents of
natural origin including sawdust (shisham), coconut fiber, neem bark,
chitin, activated charcoal. Adsorption experiments of different PAHs
viz. naphthalene, acenaphthalene, biphenyl and anthracene have been
carried out at ambient temperature (25°C) and at pH 7. It was
observed that for any given PAH, the adsorption capacity increases
with the lignin content. Freundlich constant Kf and 1/n have been
evaluated and it was found that the adsorption isotherms of PAHs
were in agreement with a Freundlich model, while the uptake
capacity of PAHs followed the order: activated charcoal> saw dust
(shisham) > coconut fiber > chitin. The partition coefficients in
acetone-water, and the adsorption constants at equilibrium, could be
linearly correlated with octanol–water partition coefficients. It is
observed that natural adsorbents are good alternative for PAHs
removal. Sawdust of Dalbergia sissoo, a by-product of sawmills was
found to be a promising adsorbent for the removal of PAHs present in
TPO. It is observed that adsorbents studied were comparable to those
of some conventional adsorbents.
[1] Public Health Service, Toxicology profile for polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,
Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services,
Atlanta, GA, 1990.
[2] E. Alcock, S.C. Wilson, M.J. Wang, S.R. Wild, A.P. Sewart, K.C. Jones,
“Long-term persistence of organic chemicals in sewage sludge-amended
agricultural land: a soil quality perspective”, Adv. Argon., 55, 1996, pp.
345-391.
[3] E. anoli, and C. Samara, “Polycyclic hydrocarbons in natural waters:
sources, occurrence and analysis”, Trends Anal. Chem., 18, 1999, pp.
417-428.
[4] G. Witt, “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment of the
Baltic Sea”, Mar. Pollut. Bull.,31, 1995, pp.237-248.
[5] M. Charlesworth, M. Service, and C.E. Gibson, “PAHs contamination of
Irish Sediments”, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44, 2002, pp.1421-1424.
[6] T. Nielsen, “Traffic contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
the center of a large city”, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1996, pp.3481-3490.
[7] C. J. Halsall, P. J.Coleman, B. J. Davis, V. Burnett, K. S. Waterhouse, P.
Jones Hardings, K. C. Jones, “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in UK
urban air”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 1994, pp. 2380-2386.
[8] C. Domeno, C. Nerin, “Fate of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the
pyrolysis of industrial waste oils”, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 67, 2003, pp.
237-246.
[9] S.D. Barr, “Mechanisms white rot fungi use to degrade pollutants,”
Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 1994, pp. 78-87.
[10] H. M. Eulenberg, H.J. Rijaanrts, J.A. Doddema, Field, “Partially
oxidized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons show an increased
bioavailability and biodegradability”, FEMS Microbol. Lett., 152, 1997,
pp. 45-49.
[11] F.J. Rivas, Beltran, B. Acedo, “Chemical and photochemical degradation
of acenaphthalene. Intermediate identification,” J. Hazard. Mater. B 75,
2000, pp. 89-98
[12] G.L. Corless, Reynolds, N. J. D. Graham, P. Perry, “Ozonation of
pyrene in aqueous solution”, Water Res. 24, 1990, pp. 1119-1123.
[13] R.W. Walters, R.G. Luthy, “Equilibrium adsorption of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons from water onto activated carbon”, Environ. Sci.
Technol. 18, 1984, pp. 395-403.
[14] X. Dai, X. Yin, C. Wu, W. Zhang, Y. Chen, “ Pyrolysis of waste tires in
a circulating fluidized-bed reactor”, Energy, 26, 2001, pp. 385-399.
[15] Z. Gong, K. Alef, B. Wilke, P. Li, “Activated carbon adsorption of
PAHs from vegetable oil used in soil remediation”, J. Hazard. Mater.
143 (2007) 372-378.
[16] F.M.T. Luna, A.A. Pontes-Filho, E.D. Trindade, I.J. Silva Jr., D.C.S.
Azevedo, C.L. Cavalcante Jr., “Removal of aromatic compounds from
mineral naphthenic oil by adsorption”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47 (2008)
3207-3212.
[17] H. Zhou, Z. Zhong, B. Jin, Y. Huang, R. Xiao, “Experimental study on
the removal of PAHs using induct activated carbon injection”,
Chemosphere 59 (2005) 861-869.
[18] A.M. Mastral, Y. Garcia, M.S. Callen, M.V. Navarro, J. Galban,
“Removal of naphthalene, pheanthrene and pyrene by sorbents from hot
gas”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 2395-2400.
[19] C.O. Ania, B. Cabal, C. Pevida, A. Arenillas, J.B. Parra, F. Rubiera, J.J.
Pis, “Removal of naphthalene from aqueous solution on chemically
modified activated carbons”, Water Res. 41 (2007) 333-340.
[20] C. Valderrama, X. Gamisans, J.L. Cortina, A. Farran, F.X. de las Heras,
“Evaluation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon removal from aqueous
solutions using activated carbon and hyper-cross linked polymer
(Macronet MN200)”, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 84 (2008) 236-245.
[21] P.T. Williams, Sampling and analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds
from combustion system: a review, of the Institute of Energy, 63 (1990)
22-30.
[22] M. L. Lee, M. Novotny and K. D. Bartle, “Analytical Chemistry of
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds”, Academic Press, New York, USA.
1981.
[23] J. P. Longwell, “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soot from
practical combustion systems, in Lahaye, J. and Prado, G. (eds), Soot in Combustion Systems and its Toxic Properties (Plenum Press, New York,
USA).
[24] R.E. Hinchee and B.C. Alleman, R.E. Hoeppel, R.N. Miller (Eds.),
“Hydrocarbon Bioremediation”, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA,
1994.
[25] D.O. Cooney, “Adsorption Designer for Wastewater Treatment”, Lewis
Publishers, London, England, UK, 1999, pp.45-190.
[26] S.B. Lalvani, T. Wiltoski, A. Hubner, A. Weston and N. Mandich,
“Removal of hexavalent chromium and metal cations by a selective and
novel carbon adsorbent”, Carbon, 36, 1998, pp. 1219-1226.
[27] T.B. Boving and W. Zhang, “Removal of aqueous phase polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons using aspen wood fibers”, Chemosphere, 54,
2004, pp. 839-881.
[28] A.A. Mackay, P.M. Gschwend, “Sorption of monoaromatic
hydrocarbons to wood”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 2000, pp. 839-845.
[29] A. Pandey, C.R. Soccol, P. Nigam and V.T. Soccol, “Biotechnological
potential of agro-industrial residues. I: sugar cane bagasse”, Biores.
Technol., 74, 2000, pp. 69-80.
[30] D.E. Teixeira, A.C. Florian and M.A.E. Santana, “Test for natural decay
resistance of the sugar cane bagasse particle board”, Scientia Forestalis.,
52, 1997, pp. 29-34.
[31] P. Noguera, M. Abad, V. Noguera, R. Purchades and A. Maquiera,
“Coconut coir waste a new and viable ecologically-friendly peat
substitute” Acta Horticult., 517, 2000, pp. 279-286.
[32] O.A. Carrijo, R.S. De Liz and N. Makishima, “Fiber of green coconut
shell as an agricultural substrate Horticult”, Brasileira, 20, 2002, pp.533-
535.
[33] Z. Jumanova, T. Sdykov, E. Seitmuratov, G. Dalimova, “Lignins from
Oryza sativa chemistry of natural compounds”, 42, 2006, pp. 724-726.
[34] B. Xiao, X.F. Sun, R.C. Sun, “Chemical, structural and thermal
characterizations of alkali-soluble lignin and hemicelluloses, and
cellulose from maize stems, rye straw and rice straw” Polymer
Degradation and Stability, 74, 2001, pp. 307-319.
[35] S.P. Deosarkar and V.G. Pangarkar, “Adsorptive separation and
recovery organics from PHA and SA plant effluents”, Sep. Purif.
Technol. 38, 2004, pp. 241-254.
[36] E. Ayranci, “Adsorption kinetics and isotherms of pesticides onto
activated carbon cloth”, Chemosphere, 60, 2005, pp. 1600-1607.
[37] G. Mckay, “Use of Adsorbents for the removal of Pollutants from
Wastewater”, CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1995.
[38] R.P. Schwarzenbach, P.M. Gschwend and D.M. Imboden,
“Environmental Organic Chemistry”, Wiley Interscience, New York,
USA, 1993.
[1] Public Health Service, Toxicology profile for polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,
Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services,
Atlanta, GA, 1990.
[2] E. Alcock, S.C. Wilson, M.J. Wang, S.R. Wild, A.P. Sewart, K.C. Jones,
“Long-term persistence of organic chemicals in sewage sludge-amended
agricultural land: a soil quality perspective”, Adv. Argon., 55, 1996, pp.
345-391.
[3] E. anoli, and C. Samara, “Polycyclic hydrocarbons in natural waters:
sources, occurrence and analysis”, Trends Anal. Chem., 18, 1999, pp.
417-428.
[4] G. Witt, “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment of the
Baltic Sea”, Mar. Pollut. Bull.,31, 1995, pp.237-248.
[5] M. Charlesworth, M. Service, and C.E. Gibson, “PAHs contamination of
Irish Sediments”, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44, 2002, pp.1421-1424.
[6] T. Nielsen, “Traffic contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in
the center of a large city”, Atmos. Environ., 30, 1996, pp.3481-3490.
[7] C. J. Halsall, P. J.Coleman, B. J. Davis, V. Burnett, K. S. Waterhouse, P.
Jones Hardings, K. C. Jones, “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in UK
urban air”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 1994, pp. 2380-2386.
[8] C. Domeno, C. Nerin, “Fate of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the
pyrolysis of industrial waste oils”, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 67, 2003, pp.
237-246.
[9] S.D. Barr, “Mechanisms white rot fungi use to degrade pollutants,”
Environ. Sci. Technol., 28, 1994, pp. 78-87.
[10] H. M. Eulenberg, H.J. Rijaanrts, J.A. Doddema, Field, “Partially
oxidized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons show an increased
bioavailability and biodegradability”, FEMS Microbol. Lett., 152, 1997,
pp. 45-49.
[11] F.J. Rivas, Beltran, B. Acedo, “Chemical and photochemical degradation
of acenaphthalene. Intermediate identification,” J. Hazard. Mater. B 75,
2000, pp. 89-98
[12] G.L. Corless, Reynolds, N. J. D. Graham, P. Perry, “Ozonation of
pyrene in aqueous solution”, Water Res. 24, 1990, pp. 1119-1123.
[13] R.W. Walters, R.G. Luthy, “Equilibrium adsorption of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons from water onto activated carbon”, Environ. Sci.
Technol. 18, 1984, pp. 395-403.
[14] X. Dai, X. Yin, C. Wu, W. Zhang, Y. Chen, “ Pyrolysis of waste tires in
a circulating fluidized-bed reactor”, Energy, 26, 2001, pp. 385-399.
[15] Z. Gong, K. Alef, B. Wilke, P. Li, “Activated carbon adsorption of
PAHs from vegetable oil used in soil remediation”, J. Hazard. Mater.
143 (2007) 372-378.
[16] F.M.T. Luna, A.A. Pontes-Filho, E.D. Trindade, I.J. Silva Jr., D.C.S.
Azevedo, C.L. Cavalcante Jr., “Removal of aromatic compounds from
mineral naphthenic oil by adsorption”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47 (2008)
3207-3212.
[17] H. Zhou, Z. Zhong, B. Jin, Y. Huang, R. Xiao, “Experimental study on
the removal of PAHs using induct activated carbon injection”,
Chemosphere 59 (2005) 861-869.
[18] A.M. Mastral, Y. Garcia, M.S. Callen, M.V. Navarro, J. Galban,
“Removal of naphthalene, pheanthrene and pyrene by sorbents from hot
gas”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 2395-2400.
[19] C.O. Ania, B. Cabal, C. Pevida, A. Arenillas, J.B. Parra, F. Rubiera, J.J.
Pis, “Removal of naphthalene from aqueous solution on chemically
modified activated carbons”, Water Res. 41 (2007) 333-340.
[20] C. Valderrama, X. Gamisans, J.L. Cortina, A. Farran, F.X. de las Heras,
“Evaluation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon removal from aqueous
solutions using activated carbon and hyper-cross linked polymer
(Macronet MN200)”, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 84 (2008) 236-245.
[21] P.T. Williams, Sampling and analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds
from combustion system: a review, of the Institute of Energy, 63 (1990)
22-30.
[22] M. L. Lee, M. Novotny and K. D. Bartle, “Analytical Chemistry of
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds”, Academic Press, New York, USA.
1981.
[23] J. P. Longwell, “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soot from
practical combustion systems, in Lahaye, J. and Prado, G. (eds), Soot in Combustion Systems and its Toxic Properties (Plenum Press, New York,
USA).
[24] R.E. Hinchee and B.C. Alleman, R.E. Hoeppel, R.N. Miller (Eds.),
“Hydrocarbon Bioremediation”, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA,
1994.
[25] D.O. Cooney, “Adsorption Designer for Wastewater Treatment”, Lewis
Publishers, London, England, UK, 1999, pp.45-190.
[26] S.B. Lalvani, T. Wiltoski, A. Hubner, A. Weston and N. Mandich,
“Removal of hexavalent chromium and metal cations by a selective and
novel carbon adsorbent”, Carbon, 36, 1998, pp. 1219-1226.
[27] T.B. Boving and W. Zhang, “Removal of aqueous phase polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons using aspen wood fibers”, Chemosphere, 54,
2004, pp. 839-881.
[28] A.A. Mackay, P.M. Gschwend, “Sorption of monoaromatic
hydrocarbons to wood”, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 2000, pp. 839-845.
[29] A. Pandey, C.R. Soccol, P. Nigam and V.T. Soccol, “Biotechnological
potential of agro-industrial residues. I: sugar cane bagasse”, Biores.
Technol., 74, 2000, pp. 69-80.
[30] D.E. Teixeira, A.C. Florian and M.A.E. Santana, “Test for natural decay
resistance of the sugar cane bagasse particle board”, Scientia Forestalis.,
52, 1997, pp. 29-34.
[31] P. Noguera, M. Abad, V. Noguera, R. Purchades and A. Maquiera,
“Coconut coir waste a new and viable ecologically-friendly peat
substitute” Acta Horticult., 517, 2000, pp. 279-286.
[32] O.A. Carrijo, R.S. De Liz and N. Makishima, “Fiber of green coconut
shell as an agricultural substrate Horticult”, Brasileira, 20, 2002, pp.533-
535.
[33] Z. Jumanova, T. Sdykov, E. Seitmuratov, G. Dalimova, “Lignins from
Oryza sativa chemistry of natural compounds”, 42, 2006, pp. 724-726.
[34] B. Xiao, X.F. Sun, R.C. Sun, “Chemical, structural and thermal
characterizations of alkali-soluble lignin and hemicelluloses, and
cellulose from maize stems, rye straw and rice straw” Polymer
Degradation and Stability, 74, 2001, pp. 307-319.
[35] S.P. Deosarkar and V.G. Pangarkar, “Adsorptive separation and
recovery organics from PHA and SA plant effluents”, Sep. Purif.
Technol. 38, 2004, pp. 241-254.
[36] E. Ayranci, “Adsorption kinetics and isotherms of pesticides onto
activated carbon cloth”, Chemosphere, 60, 2005, pp. 1600-1607.
[37] G. Mckay, “Use of Adsorbents for the removal of Pollutants from
Wastewater”, CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1995.
[38] R.P. Schwarzenbach, P.M. Gschwend and D.M. Imboden,
“Environmental Organic Chemistry”, Wiley Interscience, New York,
USA, 1993.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:69357", author = "Neha Budhwani", title = "Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Present in Tyre Pyrolytic Oil Using Low Cost Natural Adsorbents", abstract = "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed
during the pyrolysis of scrap tyres to produce tyre pyrolytic oil
(TPO). Due to carcinogenic, mutagenic, and toxic properties PAHs
are priority pollutants. Hence it is essential to remove PAHs from
TPO before utilising TPO as a petroleum fuel alternative (to run the
engine). Agricultural wastes have promising future to be utilized as
biosorbent due to their cost effectiveness, abundant availability, high
biosorption capacity and renewability. Various low cost adsorbents
were prepared from natural sources. Uptake of PAHs present in tyre
pyrolytic oil was investigated using various low-cost adsorbents of
natural origin including sawdust (shisham), coconut fiber, neem bark,
chitin, activated charcoal. Adsorption experiments of different PAHs
viz. naphthalene, acenaphthalene, biphenyl and anthracene have been
carried out at ambient temperature (25°C) and at pH 7. It was
observed that for any given PAH, the adsorption capacity increases
with the lignin content. Freundlich constant Kf and 1/n have been
evaluated and it was found that the adsorption isotherms of PAHs
were in agreement with a Freundlich model, while the uptake
capacity of PAHs followed the order: activated charcoal> saw dust
(shisham) > coconut fiber > chitin. The partition coefficients in
acetone-water, and the adsorption constants at equilibrium, could be
linearly correlated with octanol–water partition coefficients. It is
observed that natural adsorbents are good alternative for PAHs
removal. Sawdust of Dalbergia sissoo, a by-product of sawmills was
found to be a promising adsorbent for the removal of PAHs present in
TPO. It is observed that adsorbents studied were comparable to those
of some conventional adsorbents.
", keywords = "Acenaphthene, anthracene, biphenyl, Coconut fiber,
naphthalene, natural adsorbent, PAHs, TPO and wood powder
(shisham).", volume = "9", number = "2", pages = "186-5", }
