Relationship between Level of Physical Activity and Exercise Imagery among Klang Valley Citizens
This study investigated the relationship between
exercise imagery use and level of physical activity within a wide
range of exercisers in Klang valley, Malaysia. One hundred and
twenty four respondents (Mage = 28.92, SD = 9.34) completed two
sets of questionnaires (Exercise Imagery Inventory and Leisure-Time
Exercise Questionnaire) that measure the use of imagery and exercise
frequency of participants. From the result obtained, exercise imagery
is found to be significantly correlated to level of physical activity.
Besides that, variables such as gender, age and ethnicity that may
affect the use of imagery and exercise frequency were also being
assessed in this study. Among all variables, only ethnicity showed
significant difference in level of physical activity (p < 0.05). Findings
in this study suggest that further investigation should be done on
other variables such as socioeconomic, educational level, and selfefficacy
that may affect the imagery use and frequency of physical
activity among exercisers.
[1] Taylor, J., & Wilson, G. S. (2005). Applying Sport Psychology.
Champaign: Human Kinetics.
[2] Jones, L., & Stuth, G. (1997). The Uses of Mental Imagery in athletics:
An overview. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 6 , 101-115.
[3] Saedeghi, H., Omar Fauzee M.S., Jamalis, M, Abd-Latif, R. (2010). The
Mental Skills Training of University Soccer Players. International
Education Studies, 3, 81-89.
[4] Gammage, K. L., Hall, C. R., & Rodgers, W. M. (2000). More About
Exercise Imagery. The Sport Psychologist, 14 , 348-359.
[5] Hausenblas, A. H., Hall, C. R., Rodgers, W. M., & Munroe, K. J.
(1999). Exercise Imagery: Its Nature and Measurement. Journal of
Applied Sport Psychology, 11 , 171-180.
[6] Giacobbi, P. R., Hausenblas, H. A., Fallon, E. A., & Hall, C. A. (2003).
Even More About Exercise Imagery: A Grounded Theory of Exercise
Imagery. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15 , 160-175.
[7] Gregg, M., & Hall, C. (2006). The Relationship of Skill Level and Age
to the Use of Imagery by Golfers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,
18 , 363-375.
[8] Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Daud, W. R., Abdullah, R., & Rashid, S. A.
(2009). The Effectiveness of Imagery and Coping Strategies in Sport
Performance. European Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1) , 97-108.
[9] Ramsey, R., Cumming, J., Edwards, M. G., Williams, S., & Brunning,
C. (2010, August 14). Examining the emotion aspect of PETTLEP-based
imagery with penalty taking in soccer. Retrieved October 6, 2010, from
The Free Library:
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Examining+the+emotion+aspect+of+PE
TTLEP-based+imagery+with+penalty...-a0234228320
[10] Holmes, P. S., & Collins, D. J. (2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor
imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists.
Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13 , 60-83.
[11] Munroe-Chandler, K. J., & Gammage, K. L. (2005). Now See This: A
New Vision of Exercise Imagery. Exercise and Sport Science Review ,
201-205.
[12] Reilly, J. J., L. Kelly, et al. (2006). "Physical activity to prevent obesity
in young children: cluster randomised controlled trial." BMJ 333(7577):
1041-.
[13] Boyle, S., G. Jones, et al. (2008). "Physical activity among adolescents
and barriers to delivering physical education in Cornwall and
Lancashire, UK: A qualitative study of heads of PE and heads of
schools." BMC Public Health 8(1): 273.
[14] Duncan, J. S., H. M. Badland, et al. (2009). "Combining GPS with heart
rate monitoring to measure physical activity in children: A feasibility
study." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12(5): 583-585.
[15] Omondi, D.O., Walingo, M.K., Mbagaya, G.M., Othuon, L.O.A. (2010).
Understanding Physical Activity Behavior of Type 2 Diabetics Using
the Theory of Planned Behavior and Structural Equation Modeling.
International Journal of Human and Social Sciences 5:3 2010.
[16] WHO. (2010). WHO Global Info Base: Indicator. Retrieved September
8, 2010, from World Health Organisation:
https://apps.who.int/infobase/Indicators.aspx
[17] Yap, S. F., & Sabaruddin, N. A. (2008). An Extended Model of Theory
of Planned Behaviour in Predicting Exercise Intention. International
Business Research, 1 , 108-122.
[18] Zalilah, M. S., Khor, G. L., Mirnalini, K., Norimah, A. K., & Ang, M.
(2006). Dietary intake, physical activity and energy expenditure of
Malaysian adolescents. Singapore Medical Journal, 47(6) , 491-498.
[19] Giacobbi, P. R., Hausenblas, H. A., & Penfield, R. D. (2005). Further
Refinements in the Measurement of Exercise Imagery: The Exercise
Imagery Inventory. Measurement In Physical Education and Exercise
Science, 9(4) , 251-266.
[20] Giacobbi, P. R. (2007). Age and Activity Differences in Use of Exercise
Imagery. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19 , 487-493.
[21] Godin, G., & Shephard, R. J. (1985). A simple method to assess exercise
behavior in the community. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Science,
10 , 141-146.
[22] Cumming, J. (2008). Investigating the Relationship between Exercise
Imagery, Leisure-Time Exercise Behavior, and Self-Efficacy. Journal of
Applied Sport Psychology, 20 , 184-198.
[23] Rattanakoses, R., Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Soh, K. G., Abdullah, M. C.,
Choosakul, C., Nazaruddin, M. N., et al. (2009). Evaluating the
Relationship of Imagery and Self-Confidence in Female and Male
Athletes. European Journal of Social Science, 10 , 129-142.
[24] Dan, S. P., & Nasir, M. T. (2008). Psycho-social Correlates of Physical
Activity in Young Adolescents. 23rd Scientific Conference of the
Nutrition Society of Malaysia (p. 28). Kuala Lumpur: Nutrition Society
of Malaysia.
[1] Taylor, J., & Wilson, G. S. (2005). Applying Sport Psychology.
Champaign: Human Kinetics.
[2] Jones, L., & Stuth, G. (1997). The Uses of Mental Imagery in athletics:
An overview. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 6 , 101-115.
[3] Saedeghi, H., Omar Fauzee M.S., Jamalis, M, Abd-Latif, R. (2010). The
Mental Skills Training of University Soccer Players. International
Education Studies, 3, 81-89.
[4] Gammage, K. L., Hall, C. R., & Rodgers, W. M. (2000). More About
Exercise Imagery. The Sport Psychologist, 14 , 348-359.
[5] Hausenblas, A. H., Hall, C. R., Rodgers, W. M., & Munroe, K. J.
(1999). Exercise Imagery: Its Nature and Measurement. Journal of
Applied Sport Psychology, 11 , 171-180.
[6] Giacobbi, P. R., Hausenblas, H. A., Fallon, E. A., & Hall, C. A. (2003).
Even More About Exercise Imagery: A Grounded Theory of Exercise
Imagery. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15 , 160-175.
[7] Gregg, M., & Hall, C. (2006). The Relationship of Skill Level and Age
to the Use of Imagery by Golfers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology,
18 , 363-375.
[8] Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Daud, W. R., Abdullah, R., & Rashid, S. A.
(2009). The Effectiveness of Imagery and Coping Strategies in Sport
Performance. European Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1) , 97-108.
[9] Ramsey, R., Cumming, J., Edwards, M. G., Williams, S., & Brunning,
C. (2010, August 14). Examining the emotion aspect of PETTLEP-based
imagery with penalty taking in soccer. Retrieved October 6, 2010, from
The Free Library:
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Examining+the+emotion+aspect+of+PE
TTLEP-based+imagery+with+penalty...-a0234228320
[10] Holmes, P. S., & Collins, D. J. (2001). The PETTLEP approach to motor
imagery: A functional equivalence model for sport psychologists.
Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13 , 60-83.
[11] Munroe-Chandler, K. J., & Gammage, K. L. (2005). Now See This: A
New Vision of Exercise Imagery. Exercise and Sport Science Review ,
201-205.
[12] Reilly, J. J., L. Kelly, et al. (2006). "Physical activity to prevent obesity
in young children: cluster randomised controlled trial." BMJ 333(7577):
1041-.
[13] Boyle, S., G. Jones, et al. (2008). "Physical activity among adolescents
and barriers to delivering physical education in Cornwall and
Lancashire, UK: A qualitative study of heads of PE and heads of
schools." BMC Public Health 8(1): 273.
[14] Duncan, J. S., H. M. Badland, et al. (2009). "Combining GPS with heart
rate monitoring to measure physical activity in children: A feasibility
study." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12(5): 583-585.
[15] Omondi, D.O., Walingo, M.K., Mbagaya, G.M., Othuon, L.O.A. (2010).
Understanding Physical Activity Behavior of Type 2 Diabetics Using
the Theory of Planned Behavior and Structural Equation Modeling.
International Journal of Human and Social Sciences 5:3 2010.
[16] WHO. (2010). WHO Global Info Base: Indicator. Retrieved September
8, 2010, from World Health Organisation:
https://apps.who.int/infobase/Indicators.aspx
[17] Yap, S. F., & Sabaruddin, N. A. (2008). An Extended Model of Theory
of Planned Behaviour in Predicting Exercise Intention. International
Business Research, 1 , 108-122.
[18] Zalilah, M. S., Khor, G. L., Mirnalini, K., Norimah, A. K., & Ang, M.
(2006). Dietary intake, physical activity and energy expenditure of
Malaysian adolescents. Singapore Medical Journal, 47(6) , 491-498.
[19] Giacobbi, P. R., Hausenblas, H. A., & Penfield, R. D. (2005). Further
Refinements in the Measurement of Exercise Imagery: The Exercise
Imagery Inventory. Measurement In Physical Education and Exercise
Science, 9(4) , 251-266.
[20] Giacobbi, P. R. (2007). Age and Activity Differences in Use of Exercise
Imagery. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19 , 487-493.
[21] Godin, G., & Shephard, R. J. (1985). A simple method to assess exercise
behavior in the community. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Science,
10 , 141-146.
[22] Cumming, J. (2008). Investigating the Relationship between Exercise
Imagery, Leisure-Time Exercise Behavior, and Self-Efficacy. Journal of
Applied Sport Psychology, 20 , 184-198.
[23] Rattanakoses, R., Omar-Fauzee, M. S., Soh, K. G., Abdullah, M. C.,
Choosakul, C., Nazaruddin, M. N., et al. (2009). Evaluating the
Relationship of Imagery and Self-Confidence in Female and Male
Athletes. European Journal of Social Science, 10 , 129-142.
[24] Dan, S. P., & Nasir, M. T. (2008). Psycho-social Correlates of Physical
Activity in Young Adolescents. 23rd Scientific Conference of the
Nutrition Society of Malaysia (p. 28). Kuala Lumpur: Nutrition Society
of Malaysia.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:49860", author = "Kok and M.O. and Omar-Fauzee and M.S. and Rosli and M.H.", title = "Relationship between Level of Physical Activity and Exercise Imagery among Klang Valley Citizens", abstract = "This study investigated the relationship between
exercise imagery use and level of physical activity within a wide
range of exercisers in Klang valley, Malaysia. One hundred and
twenty four respondents (Mage = 28.92, SD = 9.34) completed two
sets of questionnaires (Exercise Imagery Inventory and Leisure-Time
Exercise Questionnaire) that measure the use of imagery and exercise
frequency of participants. From the result obtained, exercise imagery
is found to be significantly correlated to level of physical activity.
Besides that, variables such as gender, age and ethnicity that may
affect the use of imagery and exercise frequency were also being
assessed in this study. Among all variables, only ethnicity showed
significant difference in level of physical activity (p < 0.05). Findings
in this study suggest that further investigation should be done on
other variables such as socioeconomic, educational level, and selfefficacy
that may affect the imagery use and frequency of physical
activity among exercisers.", keywords = "Physical activity, exercise imagery, ExerciseImagery Inventory, Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire", volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "1-5", }