Relational Impact of Job Stress on Gender Based Managerial Effectiveness in Ghanaian Organizations

This study explored the relationship between occupational stress and the perceived effectiveness of men and women managers in Ghanaian organizations. The exploration is underlined by attempt to understand the degree to which male and female managers in Ghanaian organizations experience occupational stress at the workplace. The purpose is to examine the sources and extents of occupational stress experienced by male and female managers in Ghana. Data was collected using questionnaires and analyzed using both descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The results showed that female managers in Ghana are more likely to report of more stress experiences in the workplace than their male counterparts. The female managers are more likely to perceive role conflict and alienation as job stressors while the male managers perceived blocked career as a major source of workplace stress. It is concluded that despite the female managers experiencing enormous level of occupational stress, there was no significant differences between their managerial effectiveness and that of the male.




References:
[1] P. F. Drucker, The Effective Executive. New York: Harper Collins
Publishers, 2002.
[2] H. Mintzberg, "The manager-s job: Folklore and fact," Harvard Bus.
Rev., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 49-61, 1975.
[3] J. Sackey, M. A. Sanda, "Social support as mental health improver for
managerial women in the organizational work environment," Bus.
Intelligence J., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 362-368, 2011.
[4] M. A. Sanda, J. Sackey "Unmasking the sociocultural constraints to
career growth of married women in Ghanaian organizations," Advancing
Women Leadership J., vol. 30, no. 22, pp. 1-19, 2010.
[5] J. Sackey, M. A. Sanda, "Influence of occupational stress on the mental
health of Ghanaian professional women," Int. J. of Ind. Ergonom., vol.
39, no. 5, pp. 876-887, 2009.
[6] M. Aryeetey, F. W. Yeboah, M. A. Sanda, "Learning towards enabling
work-family life balance for female professionals in Ghanaian
organizations," Bus. Mgt. Quart. Rev., vol. 2, no. 4, 2011 (in press).
[7] J. Arnold, I. T. Robertson, C. Cooper, Work Psychology: Understanding
Human Behaviour in the Workplace. London: Pearson Higher
Education, 1998.
[8] D. Bunce, M. West, "Changing work environments: Innovative coping
responses to occupational stress," Work Stress, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1994.
[9] K. Hall, L. K. Savery, "Tight rein, more stress," Harvard Bus. Rev., vol.
23, no. 10, pp. 1162-1164, 1986.
[10] A. A. Thompson, A. J. Strickland, J. E. Gamble, Crafting and Executing
Strategy: The Quest for Competitive Advantage. Boston: McGraw Hill
Irwin, 2004.
[11] L. H. Mullins, Management and Organizational Behaviour. London:
Pearson Education, 2007.
[12] J. M. Ivancevich, M. T. Matteson, Organizational Behavior and
Management. Boston, MA: Irwin McGraw-Hill, 2002.
[13] R. S. Schuler, "An integrated transactional process model of stress in
organizations," J. Occup. Behav., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 5-19, 1982.
[14] S. P. Glowinkowski, C. L. Cooper, "Managers and professionals in
business/ industrial setting; The research evidence," J. Organ. Behav.
Manage., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 177-193, 1986.
[15] M. Frankenhaeuser, "The psychophysiology of workload stress, and
health: Comparison between the sexes," Ann. Behav. Med., vol. 13, no.
4, pp. 197-204, 1991.
[16] D. L. Nelson, J. C. Quick, "Professional women: Are distress and
disease inevitable?" Acad. Manage. Rev., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 206-218,
1985.
[17] O. L. Siu, L. Lu, L, C. L. Cooper, "Managerial stress in Hong Kong and
Taiwan: A comparative study," J. Manage. Psychol., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 6
- 25, 1999.
[18] M. Loosemore, T. Waters, "Gender difference in occupational stress
among professionals in the construction industry," J. of Manage. Eng.,
vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 126-132, 2004.
[19] M. J. Davidson, C. L. Cooper, "Occupational stress in female managers:
A comparative study," J. Manage. Stud., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 185-205,
1984.
[20] D. J. Brass, "Men-s and women-s networks: A study of interaction
patterns and influence in an organization," Acad. Manage. J., vol. 28,
no.2, pp. 327-243, 1985.
[21] J. R. Terborg, "Working women and stress," in Human Stress and
Cognition in Organisations, T. A. Beehr, R. S. Bhaget, Eds. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, 1985, pp. 245-286.
[22] M. J. Davidson, C.L. Cooper, V. Baldini, "Occupational stress in female
and male graduate managers: A comparative study". Stress Medicine,
vol. 11, no.1 pp. 157-175, 1995.
[23] R.N. Haar, M. Morash, "Gender, race and strategies for coping with
occupational stress in policing," Justice Q., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 303-336,
1999.
[24] H. Seyle, The Stress of Life. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1984.
[25] S. P. Robbins, T. Judge, Essentials of Organizational Behaviour.
Harlow: Prentice Hall, 2007.
[26] K. I. Miller, B. H. Ellis, E. G. Zook, J. S. Lyle, "An integrated model of
communication, stress and burnout in the workplace". Commun. Res.,
vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 300-326, 1990.
[27] J. W. Eugene, "The impact of work resources on job stress among
correctional treatment star," J. Addict. Offender Couns., vol. 20, no. 1,
pp 26-34, 1999.
[28] R. D. Caplan, "Person-environment fit: past, present and future," in
Stress Research, C. L. Cooper, Ed. New York: Wiley, 1983, pp. 35-78.
[29] R. D. Caplan, R. V. Harrison, "Person-environment fit theory: Some
history, recent developments, and future directions," J. Soc. Issues, vol.
49, no. 4, pp. 253-275, 1993.
[30] J. C. Quick, J. D. Quick, D. L. Nelson, J. J. Hurrell, Jr., Preventive
Stress Management in Organizations. Washington D. C: American
Psychological Association, 1997.
[31] D. K. Foot, R. A. Venne, "Population, pyramids and promotional
prospects," Can. Public Pol., vol. 16, no. 4, pp 387-398, 1990.
[32] J. H. Greenhaus, A. G. Bedeian, K. W. Mossholder, "Work experiences,
job performance, and feelings of personal and family well-being," J. of
Vocat. Behav., vol. 31, no. 7, pp 200-215, 1987.
[33] T. A. Beehr, J. E. Newman, "Job stress, employee health and
organizational effectiveness: A facet analysis, model and literature
review," Personnel Psychology, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 665-699, 1978.
[34] J. A. Roberts, R. A. Lapidus, L. B. Chonko, "Salesperson and stress: The
moderating role of locus of control on work stressors and felt stress," J.
Marketing Theor. Pract., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 93-108, 1997.
[35] M. J. Colligan, M. J. Smith, J. J. Hurrell, "Occupational incidence rates
of mental health disorders," J. Hum. Stress, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 34-39,
1977.
[36] J. B. Miner, Management Theory. New York: Macmillan, 1971.
[37] A. M. Nasurdin, T. Ramayah, S. Kumaresan, "Organizational stressors
and job stress among managers: The moderating role of neuroticism,"
Singapore Manage. Rev., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 63-79, 2005.
[38] C. L. Cooper, S. L. Sloan, S. Williams, Occupational Stress Indicator.
Windsor, England: NFER-Nelson, 1988.
[39] C. L. Cooper, A. J. Baglioni Jr, "A structural model approach toward the
development of a theory of the link between stress and mental health,"
Brit. J. Med. Psychol., vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 87-102, 1988.
[40] J. B. Leslie, M. Dalton, C. Ernst, J. Deal, Managerial Effectiveness in
Global Context. Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership Press,
2002.
[41] H. Mintzberg, The Nature of Managerial Work. New York: Harper &
Row, 1973.
[42] R. E. Kaplan, Skillscope. Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative
Leadership Press, 1997.
[43] J. P. Kotter, The Leadership Factor. New York: Free Press, 1988.
[44] M. R. Barrick, M. K. Mount, "The big five personality dimensions and
job performance: A meta-analysis," Pers. Psychol., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 1-
26, 1991.
[45] J. F. Salgado, "The five factor model of personality and job performance
in the European Community," J. Appl. Psychol., vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 30-
43, 1997.
[46] J. L. Nunnally, Psychometric Theory. New York; McGraw Hill, 1994.
[47] D. Ramdane, "The impact of stress in site management effectiveness,"
Constr. Manage. Econ., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 281-293, 1996.
[48] M. Sashkin, Pillars of Excellence: Organizational Beliefs
Questionnaire. Washington: Ducochon Press, 1984.
[49] P. Thoits, "Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we?
What next?" J. Health Soc. Behav., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 53-79, 1995.
[50] V. K. G. Lim, S. H. Thompson, "Gender differences in occupational
stress and coping strategies among information technology personnel,"
Women in Manage. Rev., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 20-28, 1996.