Regional Differences in the Effect of Immigration on Poverty Rates in Spain
This paper explores the extent of the gap in poverty rates between immigrant and native households in Spanish regions and assess to what extent regional differences in individual and contextual characteristics can explain the divergences in such a gap. By using multilevel techniques and European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions, we estimate immigrant households experiments an increase of 76 per cent in the odds of being poor compared with a native one when we control by individual variables. In relation to regional differences in the risk of poverty, regionallevel variables have higher effect in the reduction of these differences than individual variables.
[1] Anastossova, L. & Paligorova, T. (2006) ÔÇÿWhat is behind Native-
Immigrant Social IncomeÔÇÿ, Luxembourg Income Study Working Paper,
no. 432.
[2] Barth E., Bratsberg B., & Raaum O. (2004) ÔÇÿIdentifying earnings
assimilation of immigrants under changing macroeconomic conditions-,
Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol. 106, no 1, pp. 1-22.
[3] Bengtsson, T., Lundh, C. & Scott, K. (2005) ÔÇÿFrom Boom to Bust: The
Economic Integration of Immigrants in Postwar Sweden-, in European
Migration: What do We Know?, eds K. Zimmermann, Oxford
University Press, Oxford.
[4] Blume, K., Gustafsson, B., Pedersen, P. J. & Verner, M., (2005) ÔÇÿA Tale
of two Countries: Poverty and Income Distribution Among Immigrants
in Denmark and Sweden Since 1984-, in Poverty, International
Migration and Asylum, eds G. J. Borjas & J. Crisp, Macmillan,
Palgrave, pp. 317-340.
[5] Blume, K., Gustafsson, B., Pedersen, P. J. & Verner, M. (2007) ÔÇÿAt the
Lower End of the Table: Determinants of Poverty among Immigrants to
Denmark and Sweden-, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol.
33, no. 3, pp. 373-396.
[6] Borjas G. J. (1985) ÔÇÿAssimilation, changes in cohort quality and the
earnings of immigrants-, Journal of Labor Economics, vol. 3, no. 4, pp.
463-489.
[7] Borjas, G. J. (1990) Friends or Strangers? The Impact of Immigrants
on the U.S. Economy, Basic Books, New York.
[8] Borjas, G. J. & Trejo, S. J. (1991) ÔÇÿImmigrant Participation in the
Welfare SystemÔÇÿ, NBER Working Paper, no. 3423.
[9] Brady, D., Fullerton, A. D. & Moren-Cross, J. (2009) ÔÇÿPutting Poverty
in Political Context: A Multi-Level Analysis of Adult Poverty across 18
Affluent Democracies-, Social Forces, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 271-300.
[10] Br├╝cker, H., Epstein, G., McCormick, B., Saint-Paul, G., Venturini, A.
& Zimmermann, K. (2002) ÔÇÿWelfare State Provision-, in Immigration
Policy and the Welfare System, eds T. Boeri, G. H. Hanson & B.
McCormick, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 66-90.
[11] Callens, M. & Croux, C. (2009) ÔÇÿPoverty Dynamics in Europe: A
Multilevel Recurrent Discrete-Time Hazard-, International Sociology,
vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 368-396.
[12] Castronova, E. J., Kayser, H., Frick, J. R. & Wagner, G. G. (2001)
ÔÇÿImmigrants, Natives and Social Assistance: Comparable Take-Up
under Comparable Circumstances-, International Migration Review,
vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 726-748.
[13] Centro de Investigaciones Sociol├│gicas (2006) Bar├│metro Septiembre
2006, Centro de Investigaciones Sociol├│gicas, Madrid.
[14] Chapman, J. & Bernstein, J. (2003) ÔÇÿImmigration and poverty: How are
they linked?-, Monthly Labor Review, vol. 126, no. 4, pp. 10-15.
[15] Chiswick, B. R. (1978) ÔÇÿThe effect of Americanization of the earnings
of foreign-born men-, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 86, no 5, pp.
897-921.
[16] Debels, A. & Vandercasteele, L. (2008) ÔÇÿThe time lag in annual
household-based income measures: Assessing and correcting the bias-,
Review of Income and Wealth, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 71-88.
[17] Dewilde, C. (2008) ÔÇÿIndividual and Institutional Determinants of
Multidimensional Poverty: A European Comparison-, Social Indicators
Research, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 233-256.
[18] Fleury, D. (2007) A Study of Poverty and Working Poverty among
Recent Immigrants to Canada. Human Resources and Social
Development Canada, Final Report.
[19] Galloway, T. A. & Aaberge, R. (2005) ÔÇÿAssimilation effects on poverty
among immigrants in Norway-, Journal of Population Economics, vol.
18, no. 4, pp. 691-718.
[20] Galloway, T. A. (2008) ÔÇÿRe-Examining the Earnings Assimilation of
Immigrants-, Discussion Papers no. 570, Statistics Norway, Research
Department.
[21] Galloway, T. A., Gustafsson, B., Pedersen, P. J. & Österberg, T. (2009)
ÔÇÿImmigrant Child Poverty in Scandinavia: A Panel Data Study-, IZA
DP, no. 4232.
[22] Goldthorpe, J. H. (2000) On sociology: numbers, narratives, and the
integration of research and theory. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[23] Hammarstedt, M. (2001) ÔÇÿDisposable income differences between
immigrants and natives in Sweden-, International Journal of Social
Welfare, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 117-126.
[24] Hammarstedt, M. & Shukur, G. (2007) ÔÇÿImmigrant's Relative Earnings
in Sweden - A Quantile Regression Approach-, International Journal of
Manpower, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 456- 473.
[25] Hansen, J. & Lofstrom, M. (2003) ÔÇÿImmigrant Assimilation and Welfare
Participation: Do Immigrants Assimilate Into or Out-of Welfare?-,
Journal of Human Resources, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 74-98.
[26] Hayfron, J. E. (1998) ÔÇÿThe performance of immigrants in the Norwegian
labor market-, Journal of Population Economics, vol. 11, no. 2, pp.
293-303.
[27] Kazemipur, A. & Halli, S. S. (2001) ÔÇÿImmigrants and ÔÇÿNew Poverty-:
The Case of Canada-, International Migration Review, vol. 35, no. 4,
pp. 1129-1156.
[28] Kreft, I. G. & de Leeuw, J. (1998) Introducing Multilevel Modeling.
Thousands Oaks, CA, Sage.
[29] Longva P, & Raaum O. (2002) ÔÇÿUnemployment and earnings
assimilation of immigrants-, Labour, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 469-489.
[30] Mu├▒oz de Bustillo, R. & Ant├│n, J. I. (2010): ÔÇÿFrom rags to riches?
Immigration and poverty in Spain-, Munich Personal RePEc Archive,
no. 21095.
[31] OCDE (2003) Economic Surveys: Spain, OECD, Paris.
[32] Pedersen, P. J. (2005) ÔÇÿImmigration in a High Unemployment Economy:
The Recent Danish Experience- in European Migration: What do We
Know?, eds K. Zimmermann, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[33] Pedersen, P. J. (2010) ÔÇÿA Panel Study of Immigrant Poverty Dynamics
and Income Mobility - Denmark, 1984-2007-, School of Economics and
Management, Aarhus University and IZA.
[34] Picot, G. & Hou, F. (2003) The Rise in Low-Income Rates among
Immigrants in Canada. Statistics Canada, Business and Labour Market
Analysis Division, Ottawa.
[35] Picot, G., Hou, F. & Coulombe, S. (2008) ÔÇÿPoverty Dynamics among
Recent Immigrants to Canada.- International Migration Review, vol.
42, no. 2, pp. 393-424.
[36] Pressman, S. (1998) ÔÇÿThe gender poverty gap in developed countries:
causes and cures-, The Social Science Journal, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 275-
286.
[37] Pressman, S. (2002) ÔÇÿExplaining the gender poverty gap in developed
and transitional economies-, Journal of Economic Issues, vol. XXXVI,
no. 1, pp. 17-39.
[38] Pressman, S. (2003) ÔÇÿFeminist explanation for the feminization of
poverty-, Journal of Economic Issues, vol. XXXVII, no. 2, pp. 353-361.
[39] Raphael, S. & Smolensky, E. (2009) ÔÇÿImmigration and Poverty in The
United States-, American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, pp.
99, no. 2, pp. 41-44.
[40] Robila, M. (2007) ÔÇÿEastern European immigrants in the United States:
A socio-demographic profile-, The Social Science Journal, vol. 44, no.
1, pp. 113-125.
[41] Van der Berg, S. (2008) Poverty and education, Education Policy
Series, no. 8, International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO,
Paris.
[42] Wiepking, P. & Maas, I. (2005) ÔÇÿGender differences in poverty: A crossnational
study-, European Sociological Review, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 187-
200.
[43] Wright, R. E. (1995) ÔÇÿWomen and Poverty in Industrialized Countries-,
Journal of Income Distribution, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 31-46.
[1] Anastossova, L. & Paligorova, T. (2006) ÔÇÿWhat is behind Native-
Immigrant Social IncomeÔÇÿ, Luxembourg Income Study Working Paper,
no. 432.
[2] Barth E., Bratsberg B., & Raaum O. (2004) ÔÇÿIdentifying earnings
assimilation of immigrants under changing macroeconomic conditions-,
Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol. 106, no 1, pp. 1-22.
[3] Bengtsson, T., Lundh, C. & Scott, K. (2005) ÔÇÿFrom Boom to Bust: The
Economic Integration of Immigrants in Postwar Sweden-, in European
Migration: What do We Know?, eds K. Zimmermann, Oxford
University Press, Oxford.
[4] Blume, K., Gustafsson, B., Pedersen, P. J. & Verner, M., (2005) ÔÇÿA Tale
of two Countries: Poverty and Income Distribution Among Immigrants
in Denmark and Sweden Since 1984-, in Poverty, International
Migration and Asylum, eds G. J. Borjas & J. Crisp, Macmillan,
Palgrave, pp. 317-340.
[5] Blume, K., Gustafsson, B., Pedersen, P. J. & Verner, M. (2007) ÔÇÿAt the
Lower End of the Table: Determinants of Poverty among Immigrants to
Denmark and Sweden-, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol.
33, no. 3, pp. 373-396.
[6] Borjas G. J. (1985) ÔÇÿAssimilation, changes in cohort quality and the
earnings of immigrants-, Journal of Labor Economics, vol. 3, no. 4, pp.
463-489.
[7] Borjas, G. J. (1990) Friends or Strangers? The Impact of Immigrants
on the U.S. Economy, Basic Books, New York.
[8] Borjas, G. J. & Trejo, S. J. (1991) ÔÇÿImmigrant Participation in the
Welfare SystemÔÇÿ, NBER Working Paper, no. 3423.
[9] Brady, D., Fullerton, A. D. & Moren-Cross, J. (2009) ÔÇÿPutting Poverty
in Political Context: A Multi-Level Analysis of Adult Poverty across 18
Affluent Democracies-, Social Forces, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 271-300.
[10] Br├╝cker, H., Epstein, G., McCormick, B., Saint-Paul, G., Venturini, A.
& Zimmermann, K. (2002) ÔÇÿWelfare State Provision-, in Immigration
Policy and the Welfare System, eds T. Boeri, G. H. Hanson & B.
McCormick, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 66-90.
[11] Callens, M. & Croux, C. (2009) ÔÇÿPoverty Dynamics in Europe: A
Multilevel Recurrent Discrete-Time Hazard-, International Sociology,
vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 368-396.
[12] Castronova, E. J., Kayser, H., Frick, J. R. & Wagner, G. G. (2001)
ÔÇÿImmigrants, Natives and Social Assistance: Comparable Take-Up
under Comparable Circumstances-, International Migration Review,
vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 726-748.
[13] Centro de Investigaciones Sociol├│gicas (2006) Bar├│metro Septiembre
2006, Centro de Investigaciones Sociol├│gicas, Madrid.
[14] Chapman, J. & Bernstein, J. (2003) ÔÇÿImmigration and poverty: How are
they linked?-, Monthly Labor Review, vol. 126, no. 4, pp. 10-15.
[15] Chiswick, B. R. (1978) ÔÇÿThe effect of Americanization of the earnings
of foreign-born men-, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 86, no 5, pp.
897-921.
[16] Debels, A. & Vandercasteele, L. (2008) ÔÇÿThe time lag in annual
household-based income measures: Assessing and correcting the bias-,
Review of Income and Wealth, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 71-88.
[17] Dewilde, C. (2008) ÔÇÿIndividual and Institutional Determinants of
Multidimensional Poverty: A European Comparison-, Social Indicators
Research, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 233-256.
[18] Fleury, D. (2007) A Study of Poverty and Working Poverty among
Recent Immigrants to Canada. Human Resources and Social
Development Canada, Final Report.
[19] Galloway, T. A. & Aaberge, R. (2005) ÔÇÿAssimilation effects on poverty
among immigrants in Norway-, Journal of Population Economics, vol.
18, no. 4, pp. 691-718.
[20] Galloway, T. A. (2008) ÔÇÿRe-Examining the Earnings Assimilation of
Immigrants-, Discussion Papers no. 570, Statistics Norway, Research
Department.
[21] Galloway, T. A., Gustafsson, B., Pedersen, P. J. & Österberg, T. (2009)
ÔÇÿImmigrant Child Poverty in Scandinavia: A Panel Data Study-, IZA
DP, no. 4232.
[22] Goldthorpe, J. H. (2000) On sociology: numbers, narratives, and the
integration of research and theory. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[23] Hammarstedt, M. (2001) ÔÇÿDisposable income differences between
immigrants and natives in Sweden-, International Journal of Social
Welfare, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 117-126.
[24] Hammarstedt, M. & Shukur, G. (2007) ÔÇÿImmigrant's Relative Earnings
in Sweden - A Quantile Regression Approach-, International Journal of
Manpower, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 456- 473.
[25] Hansen, J. & Lofstrom, M. (2003) ÔÇÿImmigrant Assimilation and Welfare
Participation: Do Immigrants Assimilate Into or Out-of Welfare?-,
Journal of Human Resources, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 74-98.
[26] Hayfron, J. E. (1998) ÔÇÿThe performance of immigrants in the Norwegian
labor market-, Journal of Population Economics, vol. 11, no. 2, pp.
293-303.
[27] Kazemipur, A. & Halli, S. S. (2001) ÔÇÿImmigrants and ÔÇÿNew Poverty-:
The Case of Canada-, International Migration Review, vol. 35, no. 4,
pp. 1129-1156.
[28] Kreft, I. G. & de Leeuw, J. (1998) Introducing Multilevel Modeling.
Thousands Oaks, CA, Sage.
[29] Longva P, & Raaum O. (2002) ÔÇÿUnemployment and earnings
assimilation of immigrants-, Labour, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 469-489.
[30] Mu├▒oz de Bustillo, R. & Ant├│n, J. I. (2010): ÔÇÿFrom rags to riches?
Immigration and poverty in Spain-, Munich Personal RePEc Archive,
no. 21095.
[31] OCDE (2003) Economic Surveys: Spain, OECD, Paris.
[32] Pedersen, P. J. (2005) ÔÇÿImmigration in a High Unemployment Economy:
The Recent Danish Experience- in European Migration: What do We
Know?, eds K. Zimmermann, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[33] Pedersen, P. J. (2010) ÔÇÿA Panel Study of Immigrant Poverty Dynamics
and Income Mobility - Denmark, 1984-2007-, School of Economics and
Management, Aarhus University and IZA.
[34] Picot, G. & Hou, F. (2003) The Rise in Low-Income Rates among
Immigrants in Canada. Statistics Canada, Business and Labour Market
Analysis Division, Ottawa.
[35] Picot, G., Hou, F. & Coulombe, S. (2008) ÔÇÿPoverty Dynamics among
Recent Immigrants to Canada.- International Migration Review, vol.
42, no. 2, pp. 393-424.
[36] Pressman, S. (1998) ÔÇÿThe gender poverty gap in developed countries:
causes and cures-, The Social Science Journal, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 275-
286.
[37] Pressman, S. (2002) ÔÇÿExplaining the gender poverty gap in developed
and transitional economies-, Journal of Economic Issues, vol. XXXVI,
no. 1, pp. 17-39.
[38] Pressman, S. (2003) ÔÇÿFeminist explanation for the feminization of
poverty-, Journal of Economic Issues, vol. XXXVII, no. 2, pp. 353-361.
[39] Raphael, S. & Smolensky, E. (2009) ÔÇÿImmigration and Poverty in The
United States-, American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, pp.
99, no. 2, pp. 41-44.
[40] Robila, M. (2007) ÔÇÿEastern European immigrants in the United States:
A socio-demographic profile-, The Social Science Journal, vol. 44, no.
1, pp. 113-125.
[41] Van der Berg, S. (2008) Poverty and education, Education Policy
Series, no. 8, International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO,
Paris.
[42] Wiepking, P. & Maas, I. (2005) ÔÇÿGender differences in poverty: A crossnational
study-, European Sociological Review, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 187-
200.
[43] Wright, R. E. (1995) ÔÇÿWomen and Poverty in Industrialized Countries-,
Journal of Income Distribution, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 31-46.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:58949", author = "E. Bárcena-Martín and S. Pérez-Moreno", title = "Regional Differences in the Effect of Immigration on Poverty Rates in Spain", abstract = "This paper explores the extent of the gap in poverty rates between immigrant and native households in Spanish regions and assess to what extent regional differences in individual and contextual characteristics can explain the divergences in such a gap. By using multilevel techniques and European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions, we estimate immigrant households experiments an increase of 76 per cent in the odds of being poor compared with a native one when we control by individual variables. In relation to regional differences in the risk of poverty, regionallevel variables have higher effect in the reduction of these differences than individual variables.
", keywords = "Immigration, Multilevel Analysis, Poverty, Spanish
Regions", volume = "6", number = "6", pages = "1408-11", }
