Rapid Frequency Response Measurement of Power Conversion Products with Coherence-Based Confidence Analysis
Switched-mode converters play now a significant role in
modern society. Their operation are often crucial in various electrical
applications affecting the every day life. Therefore, the quality of
the converters needs to be reliably verified. Recent studies have
shown that the converters can be fully characterized by a set of
frequency responses which can be efficiently used to validate the
proper operation of the converters. Consequently, several methods
have been proposed to measure the frequency responses fast and
accurately. Most often correlation-based techniques have been applied.
The presented measurement methods are highly sensitive to
external errors and system nonlinearities. This fact has been often
forgotten and the necessary uncertainty analysis of the measured
responses has been neglected. This paper presents a simple approach
to analyze the noise and nonlinearities in the frequency-response
measurements of switched-mode converters. Coherence analysis is
applied to form a confidence interval characterizing the noise and
nonlinearities involved in the measurements. The presented method is
verified by practical measurements from a high-frequency switchedmode
converter.
[1] M. Sayani and J. Wanes, "Trends and drivers in isolated
board-mounted DC/DC products for communications ap
plications," in Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics
Conference and Exposition, 2003, pp. 37-41.
[2] S. Mobin, H. Takano, and M. Nakaoka, "Simulation of
series-parallel resonant DC-DC converter system with
DSP based digital control scheme for medical X-ray use,"
in Proc. IEEE Industry Applications Conference, 1999,
pp. 1048-1055.
[3] S. Madani and M. Shahbazi, "A soft-switching hybrid
BLDC drive using dc-dc converter," in Proc. IEEE International
Electric Machines and Drives Conference, 2009,
pp. 1290-1294.
[4] A. Khaligh, S. Williamson, and A. Emadi, "Control and
stabilization of DC/DC buck-boost converters loaded by
constant power loads in vehicular systems using a novel
digital scheme," in Proc. International Power Electronics
and Motion Control Conference, 2006, pp. 1769-1775.
[5] M. Ehsani, L. Laskai, and M. Bilgic, "Topological variations
of the inverse dual converter for high power DCDC
applications," in Proc. IEEE Industry Applications
Society Annual Meeting, 1990, pp. 1262-1266.
[6] K. Kobayashi, H. Matsuo, and Y. Sekine, "Novel solarcell
power supply system using a multiple-input DCDC
converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 281-286, 2006.
[7] L. Palma and P. Enjeti, "A modular fuel cell, modular
DC-DC converter concept for high performance and
enhanced reliability," in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics
Specialists Conference, 2007, pp. 2633-2638.
[8] S.-H. Song, S.-I. Kang, and N.-K. Hahm, "Implementation
and control of grid connected AC-DC-AC power
converter for variable speed wind energy conversion
system," in Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference
and Exposition, 2003, pp. 154-158.
[9] "Energy star program requirements for displays 5.0,"
2009, available: http://www.eu-energystar.org.
[10] R. Calantone and C. D. Benedetto, "Performance and
time to market: Accelerating cycle time with overlapping
stages," IEEE Trans. on Engineering Management,
vol. 47, pp. 232-244, 2000.
[11] T. Suntio, Dynamic Profile of Switched-Mode Converter.
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim,
2009.
[12] T. Roinila, M. Hankaniemi, T. Suntio, M. Sippola, and
M. Vilkko, "Dynamical profile of a switched-mode converter
- reality or imagination," in Proc. IEEE International
Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2007, pp.
420-427.
[13] T. Suntio, M. Hankaniemi, and T. Roinila, "Dynamical
modelling of peak-current-mode-controlled converter
in continuous conduction mode," Simulation Modelling
Practice and Theory, vol. 15, pp. 1321-1337, 2007.
[14] K. Natarajan and M. Yektaii, "Modeling of DC-DC buck
converters for large-signal frequency response and limit
cycles," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, vol. 53,
pp. 712-716, 2006.
[15] R. Ridley, "Frequency response measurements for
switching power supplies," in Unitrode Design Seminar,
1999.
[16] B. Miao, R. Zane, and D. Maksimovic, "A modified
cross-correlation method for system identification of
power converters with digital control," in Proc. IEEE
Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004, pp.
3728-3733.
[17] ÔÇöÔÇö, "System identification of power converters with
digital control through cross-correlation methods," IEEE
Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1093-
1099, 2005.
[18] ÔÇöÔÇö, "Practical identification of DC-DC converter dynamic
responses," in Proc. Applied Power Electronics
Conference and Exposition, 2005, pp. 57-62.
[19] ÔÇöÔÇö, "Automated digital controller design for switching
converters," in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists
Conference, 2005, pp. 2729-2735.
[20] ÔÇöÔÇö, "FPGA-based digital network analyzer for digitally
controlled SMPS," in Proc. IEEE COMPEL Workshop,
2006, pp. 240-245.
[21] A. Barkley and E. Santi, "Improved online identification
of switching converters using digital network analyzer
techniques," in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists
Conference, 2008, pp. 891-896.
[22] M. Shirazi, J. Morroni, A. Dolgov, and D. Maksimovic,
"Integration of frequency response measurement capabilities
in digital controllers for DC-DC converters," IEEE
Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 2524-
2535, 2008.
[23] A. Barkley and E. Santi, "Online monitoring of network
impedances using digital network analyzer techniques,"
in Proc. Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,
2009, pp. 440-446.
[24] ÔÇöÔÇö, "Improved online identification of a DC/DC converter
and its control loop gain using cross-correlation
methods," IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 24,
pp. 2021-2031, 2009.
[25] T. Roinila, T. Helin, M. Vilkko, T. Suntio, and
H. Koivisto, "Circular correlation based identification
of switching power converter with uncertainty analysis
using fuzzy density approach," Simulation Modelling
Practice and Theory, vol. 17, pp. 1043-1058, 2009.
[26] T. Roinila, M. Vilkko, and T. Suntio, "Fast loop gain
measurement of switched-mode converter using binary
signal with specified Fourier amplitude spectrum," IEEE
Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 2746-
2755, 2009.
[27] ÔÇöÔÇö, "Fast frequency response measurement of
switched-mode converter in the presence of nonlinear
distortions," in Proc. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress
and Exposition, 2009, pp. 3014-3020.
[28] T. Suntio, M. Karppanen, and M. Hankaniemi,
"Analysing the dynamics of regulated converters," IEE
Proc. Electronic Power Applications, vol. 153, no. 6, pp.
905-910, 2006.
[29] L. Ljung, System Identification-Theory for the User.
Prentice Hall PTR, USA, 1999.
[30] K. Godfrey, Perturbation Signals for System Identification.
Prentice Hall, UK, 1993.
[31] K. R. Godfrey, "Introduction to binary signals used in
system identification," in Proc. International Conference
on Control, 1991, pp. 161-166.
[32] A. Tan and K. Godfrey, "The generation of binary and
near-binary pseudo-random signals: An overview," IEEE
Trans. on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 51,
no. 4, pp. 583-588, 2002.
[33] K. R. Godfrey, "Introduction to non-binary signals used
in system identification," in Proc. International Conference
on Control, 1991, pp. 550-555.
[34] D. Wulich, "Comments on the peak factor of sampled
and continuous signals," IEEE Communications Letters,
vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 213-214, 2000.
[35] S. Golomb, Shift Register Sequences. San Fransisco,
Holden-Day, 1967.
[36] R. Lang, M. Hutchison, and H. Yee, "Microprocessorbased
identification system applied to synchronous generators
with voltage regulators," Proc. IEE on Generations,
Transmissions and Distribution, vol. 130, pp. 257-265,
1983.
[37] S. Lesecq and A. Barraud, "A PRBS with exactly zero
correlation and its application," in Proc. 16th Mediterranean
Conference on Control and Automation, 2008,
pp. 724-728.
[38] T. Roinila, M. Vilkko, and A. Taskinen, "Improved
fast frequency response measurement of switched-mode
power supplies using Dirac-ideal PRBS excitation," in
Proc. International Conference on Adaptive Science and
Technology, 2009, pp. 175-181.
[39] R. Pintelon and J. Schoukens, System Identification - A
Frequency Domain Approach. Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Inc., 3 Park Avenue, New York,
2001.
[1] M. Sayani and J. Wanes, "Trends and drivers in isolated
board-mounted DC/DC products for communications ap
plications," in Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics
Conference and Exposition, 2003, pp. 37-41.
[2] S. Mobin, H. Takano, and M. Nakaoka, "Simulation of
series-parallel resonant DC-DC converter system with
DSP based digital control scheme for medical X-ray use,"
in Proc. IEEE Industry Applications Conference, 1999,
pp. 1048-1055.
[3] S. Madani and M. Shahbazi, "A soft-switching hybrid
BLDC drive using dc-dc converter," in Proc. IEEE International
Electric Machines and Drives Conference, 2009,
pp. 1290-1294.
[4] A. Khaligh, S. Williamson, and A. Emadi, "Control and
stabilization of DC/DC buck-boost converters loaded by
constant power loads in vehicular systems using a novel
digital scheme," in Proc. International Power Electronics
and Motion Control Conference, 2006, pp. 1769-1775.
[5] M. Ehsani, L. Laskai, and M. Bilgic, "Topological variations
of the inverse dual converter for high power DCDC
applications," in Proc. IEEE Industry Applications
Society Annual Meeting, 1990, pp. 1262-1266.
[6] K. Kobayashi, H. Matsuo, and Y. Sekine, "Novel solarcell
power supply system using a multiple-input DCDC
converter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 281-286, 2006.
[7] L. Palma and P. Enjeti, "A modular fuel cell, modular
DC-DC converter concept for high performance and
enhanced reliability," in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics
Specialists Conference, 2007, pp. 2633-2638.
[8] S.-H. Song, S.-I. Kang, and N.-K. Hahm, "Implementation
and control of grid connected AC-DC-AC power
converter for variable speed wind energy conversion
system," in Proc. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference
and Exposition, 2003, pp. 154-158.
[9] "Energy star program requirements for displays 5.0,"
2009, available: http://www.eu-energystar.org.
[10] R. Calantone and C. D. Benedetto, "Performance and
time to market: Accelerating cycle time with overlapping
stages," IEEE Trans. on Engineering Management,
vol. 47, pp. 232-244, 2000.
[11] T. Suntio, Dynamic Profile of Switched-Mode Converter.
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim,
2009.
[12] T. Roinila, M. Hankaniemi, T. Suntio, M. Sippola, and
M. Vilkko, "Dynamical profile of a switched-mode converter
- reality or imagination," in Proc. IEEE International
Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2007, pp.
420-427.
[13] T. Suntio, M. Hankaniemi, and T. Roinila, "Dynamical
modelling of peak-current-mode-controlled converter
in continuous conduction mode," Simulation Modelling
Practice and Theory, vol. 15, pp. 1321-1337, 2007.
[14] K. Natarajan and M. Yektaii, "Modeling of DC-DC buck
converters for large-signal frequency response and limit
cycles," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, vol. 53,
pp. 712-716, 2006.
[15] R. Ridley, "Frequency response measurements for
switching power supplies," in Unitrode Design Seminar,
1999.
[16] B. Miao, R. Zane, and D. Maksimovic, "A modified
cross-correlation method for system identification of
power converters with digital control," in Proc. IEEE
Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004, pp.
3728-3733.
[17] ÔÇöÔÇö, "System identification of power converters with
digital control through cross-correlation methods," IEEE
Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1093-
1099, 2005.
[18] ÔÇöÔÇö, "Practical identification of DC-DC converter dynamic
responses," in Proc. Applied Power Electronics
Conference and Exposition, 2005, pp. 57-62.
[19] ÔÇöÔÇö, "Automated digital controller design for switching
converters," in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists
Conference, 2005, pp. 2729-2735.
[20] ÔÇöÔÇö, "FPGA-based digital network analyzer for digitally
controlled SMPS," in Proc. IEEE COMPEL Workshop,
2006, pp. 240-245.
[21] A. Barkley and E. Santi, "Improved online identification
of switching converters using digital network analyzer
techniques," in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists
Conference, 2008, pp. 891-896.
[22] M. Shirazi, J. Morroni, A. Dolgov, and D. Maksimovic,
"Integration of frequency response measurement capabilities
in digital controllers for DC-DC converters," IEEE
Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 2524-
2535, 2008.
[23] A. Barkley and E. Santi, "Online monitoring of network
impedances using digital network analyzer techniques,"
in Proc. Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,
2009, pp. 440-446.
[24] ÔÇöÔÇö, "Improved online identification of a DC/DC converter
and its control loop gain using cross-correlation
methods," IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 24,
pp. 2021-2031, 2009.
[25] T. Roinila, T. Helin, M. Vilkko, T. Suntio, and
H. Koivisto, "Circular correlation based identification
of switching power converter with uncertainty analysis
using fuzzy density approach," Simulation Modelling
Practice and Theory, vol. 17, pp. 1043-1058, 2009.
[26] T. Roinila, M. Vilkko, and T. Suntio, "Fast loop gain
measurement of switched-mode converter using binary
signal with specified Fourier amplitude spectrum," IEEE
Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 2746-
2755, 2009.
[27] ÔÇöÔÇö, "Fast frequency response measurement of
switched-mode converter in the presence of nonlinear
distortions," in Proc. IEEE Energy Conversion Congress
and Exposition, 2009, pp. 3014-3020.
[28] T. Suntio, M. Karppanen, and M. Hankaniemi,
"Analysing the dynamics of regulated converters," IEE
Proc. Electronic Power Applications, vol. 153, no. 6, pp.
905-910, 2006.
[29] L. Ljung, System Identification-Theory for the User.
Prentice Hall PTR, USA, 1999.
[30] K. Godfrey, Perturbation Signals for System Identification.
Prentice Hall, UK, 1993.
[31] K. R. Godfrey, "Introduction to binary signals used in
system identification," in Proc. International Conference
on Control, 1991, pp. 161-166.
[32] A. Tan and K. Godfrey, "The generation of binary and
near-binary pseudo-random signals: An overview," IEEE
Trans. on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 51,
no. 4, pp. 583-588, 2002.
[33] K. R. Godfrey, "Introduction to non-binary signals used
in system identification," in Proc. International Conference
on Control, 1991, pp. 550-555.
[34] D. Wulich, "Comments on the peak factor of sampled
and continuous signals," IEEE Communications Letters,
vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 213-214, 2000.
[35] S. Golomb, Shift Register Sequences. San Fransisco,
Holden-Day, 1967.
[36] R. Lang, M. Hutchison, and H. Yee, "Microprocessorbased
identification system applied to synchronous generators
with voltage regulators," Proc. IEE on Generations,
Transmissions and Distribution, vol. 130, pp. 257-265,
1983.
[37] S. Lesecq and A. Barraud, "A PRBS with exactly zero
correlation and its application," in Proc. 16th Mediterranean
Conference on Control and Automation, 2008,
pp. 724-728.
[38] T. Roinila, M. Vilkko, and A. Taskinen, "Improved
fast frequency response measurement of switched-mode
power supplies using Dirac-ideal PRBS excitation," in
Proc. International Conference on Adaptive Science and
Technology, 2009, pp. 175-181.
[39] R. Pintelon and J. Schoukens, System Identification - A
Frequency Domain Approach. Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, Inc., 3 Park Avenue, New York,
2001.
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:63091", author = "Tomi Roinila and Aki Taskinen and Matti Vilkko", title = "Rapid Frequency Response Measurement of Power Conversion Products with Coherence-Based Confidence Analysis", abstract = "Switched-mode converters play now a significant role in
modern society. Their operation are often crucial in various electrical
applications affecting the every day life. Therefore, the quality of
the converters needs to be reliably verified. Recent studies have
shown that the converters can be fully characterized by a set of
frequency responses which can be efficiently used to validate the
proper operation of the converters. Consequently, several methods
have been proposed to measure the frequency responses fast and
accurately. Most often correlation-based techniques have been applied.
The presented measurement methods are highly sensitive to
external errors and system nonlinearities. This fact has been often
forgotten and the necessary uncertainty analysis of the measured
responses has been neglected. This paper presents a simple approach
to analyze the noise and nonlinearities in the frequency-response
measurements of switched-mode converters. Coherence analysis is
applied to form a confidence interval characterizing the noise and
nonlinearities involved in the measurements. The presented method is
verified by practical measurements from a high-frequency switchedmode
converter.", keywords = "Switched-mode converters, Frequency analysis, CoherenceAnalysis.", volume = "4", number = "9", pages = "1454-6", }
