Prospective Class Teachers- Computer Experiences and Computer Attitudes
The main purpose of the research is to investigate the computer experiences and computer attitudes of prospective class teachers. The research also investigated the differences between computer attitudes and computer experiences, computer competencies and the influence of genders. Ninety prospective class teachers participated in the research. Computer Attitude Scale- Marmara (CAS-M), and a questionnaire, about their computer experiences, and opinions toward the use of computers in the classroom setting, were administrated. The major findings are as follows: (1) 62% of prospective class teachers have computer at home; (2) 50% of the computer owners have computers less than three years; (3) No significant differences were found between computer attitudes and gender; (4) Differences were found between general computer attitudes and computer liking attitudes of prospective class teachers based on their computer competencies in favor of more competent ones.
[1] Bannon, S.H., Marshall, J.C., & Fluegal, S. "Cognitive and affective
computer attitude scale," Educational and Psychological Measurement,
no. 45, pp. 679-681, 1985.
[2] Berberoğlu, G., & Çalıkoğlu, G. "Factorial validity of the Turkish
computer attitude scale," Studies in Educational Evaluation, no. 19, pp.
257-263, 1993.
[3] Coley, A., & Comber, C. "Age and gender differences in computer use
and attitudes among secondary school students: What has changed?"
Educational Research, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 155-165, 2003.
[4] Deniz, L. "Bilgisayar destekli eğitim projesi: Aşamalar, eleştiriler,
öneriler," [Computer Assisted Education Project: Stages, critique,
recommendations]. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi
E─ƒitim Bilimleri Dergisi, no. 4, pp. 45-58, 1992.
[5] Deniz, L. "Bilgisayar tutum öl├ºe─ƒi (BT├û-M)-nin ge├ºerlik, g├╝venirlik,
norm ├ºal─▒┼ƒmas─▒ ve örnek bir uygulama," (The Validity, Reliability and
Norm Studies of Computer Attitude Scale- Marmara (CAS-M) and A
Case Study). Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Marmara University,
─░stanbul, Turkey, 1994.
[6] Deniz, L. "Öğretmen adaylarının bilgisayar tutumları," (Computer
attitudes of student teachers) Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim
Fak├╝ltesi E─ƒitim Bilimleri Dergisi, no. 7, pp. 51-60, 1995.
[7] Deniz, L. Computer attitudes of student teachers: A study of Post
Graduate Certificate of Education (PGCE) Students at King-s College
London. Unpublished Post Doctoral Study, London, 1996.
[8] Deniz, L. "Öğretmen adaylarının bilgisayar yaşantıları ve tutumları,"
(Computer experiences and attitudes of student teachers) Marmara
Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi no. 12,
pp. 135-166, 2000.
[9] Deniz, L. "─░lkö─ƒretim okullar─▒nda görev yapan s─▒n─▒f ve alan
ö─ƒretmenlerinin bilgisayar tutumlar─▒," (Computer attitudes of primary
school classroom and subject teachers). The Turkish Online Journal Of
Educat─▒onal Technology, vol. 4, no. 4, 2005.
[10] Deniz, L., Köse, H. "├û─ƒretmen adaylar─▒n─▒n bilgisayar ya┼ƒant─▒lar─▒ ve
bilgisayar tutumları arasındaki ilişkiler," (The relationship between
computer attitudes and computer experiences of student teachers).
Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi,
no. 18, pp. 39-64, 2003.
[11] Deniz, S., Görgen, ─░., ┼×eker, H. "Tezsiz y├╝ksek lisans ö─ƒretmen
adaylar─▒n─▒n teknolojiye yönelik tutumlar─▒," (Attitudes of prospective
teachers attending master program without thesis towards technology).
Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, no. 23, pp. 62-71, 2003.
[12] Dusick, D.M. "What social cognitive factors influence a faculty
member's choice to use computers for teaching?," Journal of Research
on Computing in Education, vol. 31, no.2, pp. 123-137, 1999.
[13] DPT (State Planning Organization) Sixth five-year development plan
(1990-1994), Ankara, 1989.
[14] Downes, T. "Student-teachers- experiences in using computers during
teaching practice," Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol. 9, pp.
17-33, 1993.
[15] Francis, L.J. "Measuring attitude toward computers among
undergraduate college students: Affective domain," Computers &
Education, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 251-255, 1993.
[16] Francis, L.J., & Evans, T.E. "The reliability and validity of the Bath
County Computer Attitude Scale," Journal of Educational Computing
Research, no. 12, pp. 135-146, 1995.
[17] Francis, L.J., Katz, Y.J., & Jones, S.H. "The reliability and validity of
the Hebrew version of the Computer Attitude Scale," Computers &
Education, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 149-159, 2000.
[18] Garland, K.J., Noyes, J.M. "Computer experience: a poor predictor of
computer attitudes," Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 20, no. 6, pp.
823-840, 2004.
[19] Handler, M.G. "Preparing new teachers to use computer technology:
Perceptions and suggestions for teacher educators," Computers &
Education, vol. 20, no.2, pp. 147-156, 1993.
[20] Hunt, N.P., & Bohlin, R.M. "Teacher education students- attitudes
toward using computers," Journal of Research on Computing in
Education, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 487-497, 1993.
[21] Jones, T., & Clarke, V. "A computer attitude scale for secondary
students," Computers and Education, no. 22, pp. 315-318, 1994.
[22] Katz,Y. J., & Francis, L.J. "Personality, religiosity and computer
oriented attitudes among trainee teachers in Israel," Computers in
Human Behavior, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 1995.
[23] Levin, T., & Gordon, C. "Effects of gender and computer experience on
attitudes towards computers," Journal of Educational Computing
Research, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 69-88, 1989.
[24] Liu, M., Reed, W.M., & Phillips, P.D. "Teacher education students and
computers: Gender, major, prior computer experience, occurrence and
anxiety," Journal of Research on Computing in Education, vol. 24, no.
4, pp. 457-467, 1992.
[25] Loyd, B.H, Gressard, C.P. "Age and computer experience on computer
attitudes," Association for Educational Data Systems Journal, vol. 18,
no.2, pp. 67-76, 1984.
[26] Loyd, B.H, Loyd, D.E. "The reliability and validity of an instrument for
the assessment of computer attitudes" Educational and Psychological
Measurement, no. 45, pp. 903-908, 1985.
[27] Marcinkiewicz, H.R. "Computer and teachers: factors influencing
computer use in the classroom," Journal of Research on Computing in
Education, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 220-237, 1994.
[28] Marcoulides, G.A. "Measuring computer anxiety: The Computer
Anxiety Scale," Educational and Psychological Measurement, no. 49,
pp. 733-739, 1989.
[29] Marcoulides, G.A., & Wang, X.B. "A cross-cultural comparison anxiety
in college students," Journal of Educational Computing Research, vol. 6,
no. 3, pp. 251-263, 1990.
[30] Marshall, J. & Bannon, S. "Computer attitudes and computer knowledge
of students and educators," AEDS Journal, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 270-286,
1986.
[31] Martin, R. (1991). "School children-s attitudes towards computers as a
function of gender, course subjects and availability of home
computers,". Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, no. 7, pp. 187-
194, 1991.
[32] Massoud, S.L. "Computer attitudes and computer knowledge of adult
students," Journal of Educational Computing Research, vol. 7, no. 3, pp.
269-291, 1991.
[33] MEB (Republic of Turkish Ministry of Education). Innovations in the
education system: Basic education program. Retrieved February
28,2006, from http://www.meb.gov.tr/english/indexeng.htm.
[34] MEB (Republic of Turkish Ministry of Education). Services for teacher:
Teacher training. Retrieved February 28,2006 from
http://www.meb.gov.tr/english/indexeng.htm.
[35] Namlu, A.G., & Ceyhan, E. "Bilgisayar kaygısı: Öğretmen adayları
├╝zerinde ├ºok yönl├╝ bir inceleme," (Computer anxiety: Multidimensional
analysis of teacher candidates). Kuram ve Uygulamada E─ƒitim Bilimleri,
vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 401-432, 2003.
[36] Nickell, G.S., Pinto, J.N. "The Computer Attitude Scale," Computers in
Human Behavior, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 301-306, 1986
[37] North A.S., & Noyes J.M. "Gender influences on children-s computer
attitudes and cognitions," Computers in Human Behavior, vol.18, no. 2,
pp. 135-150, 2002.
[38] Okebukola, P.A., & Woda, A.B. "The gender factor in computer anxiety
and interest among some Australian high school students," Educational
Research, vol. 35, no.2, pp. 181-189, 1993.
[39] Ogletree, S.M. "Sex and sex typing effects on computer attitudes and
aptitude," Sex Roles, vol. 23, no. 11/12, pp. 703-713, 1990.
[40] Pope-Davis, D.B., & Twing, J.S. "The effects of age, gender, and
experience on measures of attitude regarding computers," Computers in
Human Behavior, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 333-339, 1991.
[41] Popovich, P.M., Hyde, K.R., Zokrajsek, T, & Blumer, C. "The
development of the attitudes toward Computer Usage Scale,"
Educational and Psychological Measurement, no. 47, pp. 261-269,
1987.
[42] Ray, M. C, Sormunen, C., & Harris, M. T. "Men's and women's attitudes
toward computer technology: A comparison," Information Technology,
Learning, and Performance Journal, vol.17, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 1999.
[43] Rogers, E.M. Diffusion of innovations. (4th ed.). The Free Press. New
York, NY., 1995.
[44] Rovai, P.A., & Childress, D.M. "Explaining and predicting resistance to
computer anxiety among teacher education students," Journal of
Research on Technology in Education, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 226-235, 2003.
[45] Schumacher, P., & Morahan-Martin, J. "Internet and computer
experiences related? Gender differences," Computers and Human
Behavior, vol. 17, pp. 92-110, 2001.
[46] Selwyn, N. "Students- attitudes toward computers: Validation of a
computer attitude scale for 16-19 education," Computers and Education,
no. 28, pp. 35-41, 1997.
[47] Shashaani, L. "Gender based differences in attitudes toward computers,"
Computers and Education, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 169-181, 1993.
[48] Shashaani, L. "Socioeconomic status, parents- sex-role stereotypes, and
the gender gap in computing," Journal of Research on Computing in
Education, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 433-451, 1994.
[49] Smith, B., Caputi, P., & Rawstorne, P. "Differentiating computer
experience and attitudes toward computers: an empirical investigation.,"
Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 59-81, 2000.
[50] Todman, J., & File, P. "A Scale for children-s attitudes to computers,"
School Psychology International, no. 2, pp. 71-75, 1990.
[51] Whitley, B.E. "The relationship of psychological type to computer
aptitude, attitudes, and behavior," Computers in Human Behavior, vol.
12, no. 3, pp. 389-406, 1996.
[52] Woodrow, Janice E. J. "Locus of control and student teacher computer
attitudes," Computers & Education, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 421-432, 1990.
[53] Woodrow, Janice E. J. "Locus of control and computer attitudes as
determinants of the computer literacy of student teachers," Computers &
Education, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 237-245, 1991.
[1] Bannon, S.H., Marshall, J.C., & Fluegal, S. "Cognitive and affective
computer attitude scale," Educational and Psychological Measurement,
no. 45, pp. 679-681, 1985.
[2] Berberoğlu, G., & Çalıkoğlu, G. "Factorial validity of the Turkish
computer attitude scale," Studies in Educational Evaluation, no. 19, pp.
257-263, 1993.
[3] Coley, A., & Comber, C. "Age and gender differences in computer use
and attitudes among secondary school students: What has changed?"
Educational Research, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 155-165, 2003.
[4] Deniz, L. "Bilgisayar destekli eğitim projesi: Aşamalar, eleştiriler,
öneriler," [Computer Assisted Education Project: Stages, critique,
recommendations]. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi
E─ƒitim Bilimleri Dergisi, no. 4, pp. 45-58, 1992.
[5] Deniz, L. "Bilgisayar tutum öl├ºe─ƒi (BT├û-M)-nin ge├ºerlik, g├╝venirlik,
norm ├ºal─▒┼ƒmas─▒ ve örnek bir uygulama," (The Validity, Reliability and
Norm Studies of Computer Attitude Scale- Marmara (CAS-M) and A
Case Study). Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Marmara University,
─░stanbul, Turkey, 1994.
[6] Deniz, L. "Öğretmen adaylarının bilgisayar tutumları," (Computer
attitudes of student teachers) Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim
Fak├╝ltesi E─ƒitim Bilimleri Dergisi, no. 7, pp. 51-60, 1995.
[7] Deniz, L. Computer attitudes of student teachers: A study of Post
Graduate Certificate of Education (PGCE) Students at King-s College
London. Unpublished Post Doctoral Study, London, 1996.
[8] Deniz, L. "Öğretmen adaylarının bilgisayar yaşantıları ve tutumları,"
(Computer experiences and attitudes of student teachers) Marmara
Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi no. 12,
pp. 135-166, 2000.
[9] Deniz, L. "─░lkö─ƒretim okullar─▒nda görev yapan s─▒n─▒f ve alan
ö─ƒretmenlerinin bilgisayar tutumlar─▒," (Computer attitudes of primary
school classroom and subject teachers). The Turkish Online Journal Of
Educat─▒onal Technology, vol. 4, no. 4, 2005.
[10] Deniz, L., Köse, H. "├û─ƒretmen adaylar─▒n─▒n bilgisayar ya┼ƒant─▒lar─▒ ve
bilgisayar tutumları arasındaki ilişkiler," (The relationship between
computer attitudes and computer experiences of student teachers).
Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi,
no. 18, pp. 39-64, 2003.
[11] Deniz, S., Görgen, ─░., ┼×eker, H. "Tezsiz y├╝ksek lisans ö─ƒretmen
adaylar─▒n─▒n teknolojiye yönelik tutumlar─▒," (Attitudes of prospective
teachers attending master program without thesis towards technology).
Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, no. 23, pp. 62-71, 2003.
[12] Dusick, D.M. "What social cognitive factors influence a faculty
member's choice to use computers for teaching?," Journal of Research
on Computing in Education, vol. 31, no.2, pp. 123-137, 1999.
[13] DPT (State Planning Organization) Sixth five-year development plan
(1990-1994), Ankara, 1989.
[14] Downes, T. "Student-teachers- experiences in using computers during
teaching practice," Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol. 9, pp.
17-33, 1993.
[15] Francis, L.J. "Measuring attitude toward computers among
undergraduate college students: Affective domain," Computers &
Education, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 251-255, 1993.
[16] Francis, L.J., & Evans, T.E. "The reliability and validity of the Bath
County Computer Attitude Scale," Journal of Educational Computing
Research, no. 12, pp. 135-146, 1995.
[17] Francis, L.J., Katz, Y.J., & Jones, S.H. "The reliability and validity of
the Hebrew version of the Computer Attitude Scale," Computers &
Education, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 149-159, 2000.
[18] Garland, K.J., Noyes, J.M. "Computer experience: a poor predictor of
computer attitudes," Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 20, no. 6, pp.
823-840, 2004.
[19] Handler, M.G. "Preparing new teachers to use computer technology:
Perceptions and suggestions for teacher educators," Computers &
Education, vol. 20, no.2, pp. 147-156, 1993.
[20] Hunt, N.P., & Bohlin, R.M. "Teacher education students- attitudes
toward using computers," Journal of Research on Computing in
Education, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 487-497, 1993.
[21] Jones, T., & Clarke, V. "A computer attitude scale for secondary
students," Computers and Education, no. 22, pp. 315-318, 1994.
[22] Katz,Y. J., & Francis, L.J. "Personality, religiosity and computer
oriented attitudes among trainee teachers in Israel," Computers in
Human Behavior, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 1995.
[23] Levin, T., & Gordon, C. "Effects of gender and computer experience on
attitudes towards computers," Journal of Educational Computing
Research, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 69-88, 1989.
[24] Liu, M., Reed, W.M., & Phillips, P.D. "Teacher education students and
computers: Gender, major, prior computer experience, occurrence and
anxiety," Journal of Research on Computing in Education, vol. 24, no.
4, pp. 457-467, 1992.
[25] Loyd, B.H, Gressard, C.P. "Age and computer experience on computer
attitudes," Association for Educational Data Systems Journal, vol. 18,
no.2, pp. 67-76, 1984.
[26] Loyd, B.H, Loyd, D.E. "The reliability and validity of an instrument for
the assessment of computer attitudes" Educational and Psychological
Measurement, no. 45, pp. 903-908, 1985.
[27] Marcinkiewicz, H.R. "Computer and teachers: factors influencing
computer use in the classroom," Journal of Research on Computing in
Education, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 220-237, 1994.
[28] Marcoulides, G.A. "Measuring computer anxiety: The Computer
Anxiety Scale," Educational and Psychological Measurement, no. 49,
pp. 733-739, 1989.
[29] Marcoulides, G.A., & Wang, X.B. "A cross-cultural comparison anxiety
in college students," Journal of Educational Computing Research, vol. 6,
no. 3, pp. 251-263, 1990.
[30] Marshall, J. & Bannon, S. "Computer attitudes and computer knowledge
of students and educators," AEDS Journal, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 270-286,
1986.
[31] Martin, R. (1991). "School children-s attitudes towards computers as a
function of gender, course subjects and availability of home
computers,". Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, no. 7, pp. 187-
194, 1991.
[32] Massoud, S.L. "Computer attitudes and computer knowledge of adult
students," Journal of Educational Computing Research, vol. 7, no. 3, pp.
269-291, 1991.
[33] MEB (Republic of Turkish Ministry of Education). Innovations in the
education system: Basic education program. Retrieved February
28,2006, from http://www.meb.gov.tr/english/indexeng.htm.
[34] MEB (Republic of Turkish Ministry of Education). Services for teacher:
Teacher training. Retrieved February 28,2006 from
http://www.meb.gov.tr/english/indexeng.htm.
[35] Namlu, A.G., & Ceyhan, E. "Bilgisayar kaygısı: Öğretmen adayları
├╝zerinde ├ºok yönl├╝ bir inceleme," (Computer anxiety: Multidimensional
analysis of teacher candidates). Kuram ve Uygulamada E─ƒitim Bilimleri,
vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 401-432, 2003.
[36] Nickell, G.S., Pinto, J.N. "The Computer Attitude Scale," Computers in
Human Behavior, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 301-306, 1986
[37] North A.S., & Noyes J.M. "Gender influences on children-s computer
attitudes and cognitions," Computers in Human Behavior, vol.18, no. 2,
pp. 135-150, 2002.
[38] Okebukola, P.A., & Woda, A.B. "The gender factor in computer anxiety
and interest among some Australian high school students," Educational
Research, vol. 35, no.2, pp. 181-189, 1993.
[39] Ogletree, S.M. "Sex and sex typing effects on computer attitudes and
aptitude," Sex Roles, vol. 23, no. 11/12, pp. 703-713, 1990.
[40] Pope-Davis, D.B., & Twing, J.S. "The effects of age, gender, and
experience on measures of attitude regarding computers," Computers in
Human Behavior, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 333-339, 1991.
[41] Popovich, P.M., Hyde, K.R., Zokrajsek, T, & Blumer, C. "The
development of the attitudes toward Computer Usage Scale,"
Educational and Psychological Measurement, no. 47, pp. 261-269,
1987.
[42] Ray, M. C, Sormunen, C., & Harris, M. T. "Men's and women's attitudes
toward computer technology: A comparison," Information Technology,
Learning, and Performance Journal, vol.17, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 1999.
[43] Rogers, E.M. Diffusion of innovations. (4th ed.). The Free Press. New
York, NY., 1995.
[44] Rovai, P.A., & Childress, D.M. "Explaining and predicting resistance to
computer anxiety among teacher education students," Journal of
Research on Technology in Education, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 226-235, 2003.
[45] Schumacher, P., & Morahan-Martin, J. "Internet and computer
experiences related? Gender differences," Computers and Human
Behavior, vol. 17, pp. 92-110, 2001.
[46] Selwyn, N. "Students- attitudes toward computers: Validation of a
computer attitude scale for 16-19 education," Computers and Education,
no. 28, pp. 35-41, 1997.
[47] Shashaani, L. "Gender based differences in attitudes toward computers,"
Computers and Education, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 169-181, 1993.
[48] Shashaani, L. "Socioeconomic status, parents- sex-role stereotypes, and
the gender gap in computing," Journal of Research on Computing in
Education, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 433-451, 1994.
[49] Smith, B., Caputi, P., & Rawstorne, P. "Differentiating computer
experience and attitudes toward computers: an empirical investigation.,"
Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 59-81, 2000.
[50] Todman, J., & File, P. "A Scale for children-s attitudes to computers,"
School Psychology International, no. 2, pp. 71-75, 1990.
[51] Whitley, B.E. "The relationship of psychological type to computer
aptitude, attitudes, and behavior," Computers in Human Behavior, vol.
12, no. 3, pp. 389-406, 1996.
[52] Woodrow, Janice E. J. "Locus of control and student teacher computer
attitudes," Computers & Education, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 421-432, 1990.
[53] Woodrow, Janice E. J. "Locus of control and computer attitudes as
determinants of the computer literacy of student teachers," Computers &
Education, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 237-245, 1991.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:57242", author = "L. Deniz", title = "Prospective Class Teachers- Computer Experiences and Computer Attitudes", abstract = "The main purpose of the research is to investigate the computer experiences and computer attitudes of prospective class teachers. The research also investigated the differences between computer attitudes and computer experiences, computer competencies and the influence of genders. Ninety prospective class teachers participated in the research. Computer Attitude Scale- Marmara (CAS-M), and a questionnaire, about their computer experiences, and opinions toward the use of computers in the classroom setting, were administrated. The major findings are as follows: (1) 62% of prospective class teachers have computer at home; (2) 50% of the computer owners have computers less than three years; (3) No significant differences were found between computer attitudes and gender; (4) Differences were found between general computer attitudes and computer liking attitudes of prospective class teachers based on their computer competencies in favor of more competent ones.
", keywords = "Computer attitude, computer experience, prospective
class teacher", volume = "1", number = "11", pages = "664-7", }
