This main purpose of the study reported here was to
investigate the extent to which the form of school
governance (particularly decision-making) had an impact upon the
effectiveness of the school with reference to parental involvement,
planning and budgeting, professional development of teachers,
school facilities and resources, and student outcomes. Particular
attention was given to decision-making within the governance
arrangements. The study was based on four case studies of high
schools in New South Wales, Australia including one government
school, one independent Christian community school, one
independent Catholic school, and one Catholic systemic school.
The focus of the research was principals, teachers, parents, and
students of four schools with varying governance structures. To
gain a greater insight into the issues, the researchers collected
information by questionnaire, semi-structured interview, and
review of school key documents. This study found that it was not
so much structure but the centrality of the school Principal and the
way that the Principal perceived his/her roles in relation to others
that impacted most on school governance.
[1] J. B. Caldwell, "School-based management and its potential to
enhance decentralization in education," Proceedings of the Third
International Forum on Education Reform. Thailand, 2003.
[2] J. B. Caldwell, "School-based management, "The International
Academy of Education". 2004. [Online]. Available:
http://mt.educarchile.cl/mt/jjbrunner/archives/Caldwell_web.pdf.
[Accessed April 6, 2006].
[3] F. G. Sharpe, "Towards a research paradigm on devolution," Journal
of Educational Administration, vol. 34, no.1, pp. 4-23, 1996.
[4] D. Hopkins and B. Levin, "Government policy and school
development," School Leadership & Management, vol. 20, no. 1, pp.
15-30, 2000.
[5] J. Blackmore, "Restructuring educational leadership in changing
contexts: A local/global account of restructuring in Australia,"
Journal of educational change, vol. 5, pp. 267-288, 2004.
[6] T. R. Williams, "Educational governance." A paper prepared for the
Panel on the Role of the Government, [Online]. Available: www.lawlib.
utoronto.ca. [Accessed November 14, 2005].
[7] N. Bottani, " Autonomy and decentralisation: Between hops and
illusions: A comparative study of reforms in five European countries,"
Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the AERA, New Orleans,
2000.
[8] G. Whitty, S. Power and D. Halpin, "Devolution and choice in
education: The school, the state and the market," Buckingham: Open
University Press, 1998.
[9] R. V. H. Morgan, " A country report: Australia experience in selfmanaging
schools: A case-study based on experience in a selfgoverning
school for nearly fifty years" The Council of Governors &
The Pittwater House Schools Australia. 2004.
[10] J. Chapman and D. Aspin, " Autonomy and mutuality: Quality
education and self-managing schools," In Restructuring and quality:
Issues for tomorrow's school. L. T. Townsend, Ed, London:
Routledge, 1997, pp. 61-77.
[11] P. Cooper, "Effective schools disaffected students," London:
Routledge, 1993.
[12] T. Townsend, "Community involvement: The hidden factor in
devolution," International Journal of Educational management, vol.
8, no. 4, pp. 24-29, 1994.
[13] C. Leonard, S. Bourke and N. Schofield, "Affecting the affective:
Affective outcomes in the context of school effectiveness, school
improvement and quality schools," Issues in Educational Research,
vol.14, pp. 1 - 28, 2004.
[14] P. Sammons, "Key characteristics of effective schools: A review of
school effectiveness research," A report by the Institute of Education
for the Office for Standards in Education, 1995.
[15] H. J. Freiberg, (Ed.) "School climate: Measuring, improving and
sustaining healthy learning environment," London: Falmer, 1999.
[16] R. Slee and G. Weiner, "Introduction: School effectiveness for
whom?" In School effectiveness for whom? Challenges of the school
effectiveness and school improvement movements. R. Slee, G. Weiner,
& S. Tomlinson, Eds , London: Farmer Press, 1998, pp. 1-10.
[17] D. Reynolds and P. Cuttance,"School effectiveness," London: Cassell,
1993.
[18] R. Renchler, "New patterns of school governance," (ERIC Digest, No.
141). Eugene, OR: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management.
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 446 346), 2000.
[Online]. Available:
http://www.eric.ed.gov/sitemap/html_0900000b801b57af.html.
[Accessed Jan 5, 2006].
[19] C. Teddlie and D. Reynolds, "The international handbook of school
effectiveness research," London: Falmer Press, 2000.
[20] A. Urbanski and R. Erskine, "School reform, TURN, and teacher
compensation," Phi Delta Kappan, vol.. 81, no. 5, pp. 367-70, 2000.
[21] L. M. McNeill and M. S. McNeill, "When good theory leads to bad
practice: Some considerations in applying shared decision-making to
school settings," Theory into Practice, vol. 33, no.4, pp. 254-260,
1994.
[22] Office for Standards in Education, "Improving city schools: How the
arts can help," London: Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted),
2000.
[23] L. Stoll, "Successful schools: Linking school effectiveness and school
improvement," Paper presented in LARTV Conference, Melbourne,
pp. 3-19, 1997.
[24] Y. C. Cheng, "The knowledge base for reengineering schools: Multiple
functions and internal effectiveness," International Journal of
Educational Management, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 203-24, 1998.
[25] K. A. Leithwood, "Conditions for fostering organizational learning in
schools," Educational Administration Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 2, pp.
243-76, 1998.
[26] R. Bolam, A. McMahon, K. Pockington and D. Weindling,
"Effective management in school: A report for the DFE via the school
management task force professional working party," London: HMSO,
1993.
[27] S. Dinham, "Principal leadership for outstanding educational
outcomes," Journal of Educational Administration, vol. 43, no. 4, pp.
338-356, 2005.
[28] K. Leithwood, D. Jantzi, H. Silins and B. Dart, "Using the appraisal of
school leaders as an instrument for school restructuring," Peabody
Journal of Education, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 85-109, 1993.
[29] K. Leithwood and D. Jantzi, "The effects of transformational
leadership on organizational conditions and student engagement,"
Journal of Educational Administration, vol. 38, no. 2, pp.112-29,
2000.
[30] B. Mulford, "Leadership for school and student learning: What do we
know?" Keynote Address, Australian Centre for Educational
Leadership, Fifth International Conference, University of
Wollongong, 16th February 2006.
[31] P. Hallinger and R. Heck, "The principal's role in school effectiveness:
An assessment of methodological progress, 1980-1995," In
International handbook of educational leadership and administration.
K. Leithwood et al. , Eds., The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 1996a, pp. 723-783.
[32] A. Harris, "School improvement," UK: Rutledge, 2002.
[33] J. Griffith, "Principal leadership of parent involvement," Journal of
Educational Administration, vol. 39, pp. 162-186, 2001.
[34] D. Davis, "Supporting parent, family and community involvement in
your school," Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 2000.
[Online]. Available: http://www.nwrel.org/csrdp/family.pdf.
[Accessed April 6, 2006].
[35] C. A. Florez, R. R. Carrion, V. S. Calero, A. I. Gershberg, and V.
Castro, "Lessons learned from the Nicaraguan autonomous school
reform," The New School University Milano Graduate School of
Management and Urban Policy/ Community Development Research
centre, 2001. [Online]. Available:
http://www.newschool.edu/milano/cdrc/schoolreport/index.html.
[Accessed December 18, 2005].
[36] E. Rice and G. Schneider, "A decade of teacher empowerment: An
empirical analysis of teacher involvement in decision-making, 1980-
1991," Journal of Educational Administration, vol. 32, pp. 43-58,
1992.
[37] H. S. Chui, F. G Sharpe, and J. McCormick, "Vision and leadership of
principals in Hong Kong," Journal of Educational Administration,
vol. 34, pp. 30-48, 1996.
[38] M. A. Smylie, "Teacher participation in school decision making:
Assessing willingness to participate," Educational Evaluation and
Policy Analysis, vol. 14, pp. 67, 1992.
[39] M. Tschannen-Moran, "Collaboration and the need to trust," Journal
of Educational Administration, vol. 39, pp. 308-330, 2000.
[40] G. Newcombe, McCormick, J., & Sharpe, F, "Financial decisionmaking:
Teacher involvement and the need for trust," International
Journal of Educational Management, vol. 11, pp. 94-101, 1997.
[41] K. E. Duke, "Principals' practices regarding teacher participation in
school decision-making," Unpublished doctoral dissertation. USA:
University of Minnesota, 2005.
[42] R. Dufour and R. Eaker, "The principal as leader :Promoting values,
empowering teachers," In School based management: Theory and
practice, E. Cooper, Ed. Reston, VA: National Association of
Secondary School Principals, 1991.
[43] P. Thomson PSM, "Enhancing parent participation," Department of
Education Tasmania, 2001.
[44] C. Desforges and A. Abouchaar, "The impact of parental
involvement, parental support and family education on pupil
achievement and adjustment: A literature review," in London:
Department for Education and Skills, 2003. [Online]. Available:
www.literacytrust.org.uk . [Accessed September 6, 2005],.
[45] R. McConchie, " Family-school partnerships: Issues paper. Australian
Council of State School," 2004. [Online]. Available:
http://www.austparents.edu.au/issuesfsp.pdf. [Accessed May 25,
2006].
[46] M. Marshall, "21st century community governance: Better results by
linking citizens, government, and performance measurement,"
presented at ASQ's 54th Annual Quality Congress Proceedings, 2000.
[47] K. Leithwood, P. Allison, S. Drake, D. Laveault, C. McElheron-
Hopkins, R. Wideman, and G. Zederayko, "Parent participation in
school improvement processes." Canadian Education Association,
2004. [Online]. Available: http://www.ceaace.
ca/media/en/EIC_%20Final_EN.pdf. [Accessed December 18,
2005].
[48] J. A. Brough and J. L. Irvin, "Parental involvement supports academic
improvement among middle schoolers," Middle School Journal, vol.
32, pp. 56-61, 2001.
[49] A. Carter, "The impact of parent/family involvement on student
outcomes: An annotated bibliography of research from the past
decade," CADRE, U.S. Office of Special Education Programs, 2002.
[Online]. Available: http://www.directionservice.org/cadre/.
[Accessed June 5, 2006].
[50] A. Cook-Sather, "Authorizing students' perspectives: Toward trust,
dialogue, and change in education," Educational Researcher, vol. 3,
pp. 3-14, 2002.
[51] A. Fletcher, "Research guide: Meaningful student involvement."
Presented by the Promoting Meaningful Student Involvement in
School Change, 2004. [Online]. Available: www.soundout.org,
[Accessed November 16, 2005].
[52] J. Hattie, "Teachers make a difference: What is the research evidence?
Distinguishing experts from novice and experienced teachers,"
Australian Council for educational research, 2003.
[53] T. E. Deal and K. D. Peterson, "Shaping school culture: The heart of
leadership," San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1998.
[54] T. Waters, R. J. Marzano, and B. McNulty, "Balanced leadership:
What 30 years of research tells us about the effect of leadership on
student achievement," Denver, CO: McREL, 2003.
[55] S. Dinham, T. Cairney, D. Craigie, and S. Wilson, "School climate and
leadership: Research into three secondary schools," Journal of
Educational Administration, vol. 33, pp. 36-58, 1995.
[56] R. Barr and R. Dreeben, "How schools work," Chicago: University of
Chicago, 1983.
[57] R. Heck, "School context, principal leadership, and achievement: The
case of secondary schools in Singapore," The Urban Review, vol. 25,
pp. 151-166, 1993.
[58] N. C. Cranston, "Strategic management in schools: A new role for
principals," Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources Management,
vol. 21, pp. 100-109, 2001.
[59] G. Calnin and B. Davies, "Independent voices: Reflections on the
current leadership approach of independent-school head-teachers in
England and Australia," National College for School Leadership,
2004.
[60] L. Bell, R. Bolam, and L. Cubillo, "A systematic review of the impact
of school head teachers and principals on student outcomes," EPPICentre.
London, University of London: Social Science Research
Institute, 2002.
[61] H. Silins and B. Mulford, "Leadership and school results," In Second
international handbook of educational leadership and administration,
K. Leithwood and P. Hallinger, Ed. Norwell, MA, USA: Kluwer
Academic Publisher, 2002. pp. 561-612.
[62] C. Smrekar, "The impact of school choice and community," Albany,
NY :State University of New York Press, 1996.
[63] M. Telem, "Computerization of high school pedagogical
administration - Its effect on principal-parents interrelations: A case
study," Leadership and Policy in Schools, vol. 2, pp. 189-212, 2003.
[64] O. C. Moles, "Reaching all families: The federal initiative in familyschool
partnerships," Washington, DC: Office of Educational
Research and Improvement, 1997.
[65] A. Fletcher, "Meaningful student involvement: Guide to students as
partners in school change. Created for Sound Out.org in partnership
with Human Links Foundation,"2005. [Online]. Available:
http//:www.Soundout.org/MSIGuide.pdf[Accessed. December 18,
2005].
[66] D. Gurr, L. Drysdale, E. Dinatale, P. Ford, R. Hardy, and R. Swann,
"Successful school leadership in Victoria: Three case studies,"
Leading & Managing, vol. 9, pp. 18-37, 2003.
[67] R. Heck, T. Larsen, and G. Marcoulides, " Principal instructional
leadership and school achievement: Validation of a causal model,"
Educational Administration Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 94-125,
1990.
[68] K. Leithwood and D. Jantzi, "Transformational school leadership
effects: A replication," School Effectiveness and School Improvement
Journal, vol. 10, pp. 451-76, 1999.
[69] J. Griffith, "Relation of principal transformational leadership to school
staff job satisfaction, staff turnover, and school performance," Journal
of Educational Administration, vol. 42, pp. 333-356, 2003.
[70] J. Ainley and P. Mckenzie, "School governance: Research on
educational and management issues," International Education
Journal, vol. 1, no. 3, pp.139-151, 2000.
[71] B. Mulford and H. Silins, "Leadership for organisational learning and
improved student outcomes: What do we know?" Cambridge Journal
of Education, vol. 33, pp. 175-194, 2003.
[72] B. Mulford and S. Johns, "A preliminary model of successful school
leadership," A refereed paper for the AARE Conference, Melbourne,
2004.
[1] J. B. Caldwell, "School-based management and its potential to
enhance decentralization in education," Proceedings of the Third
International Forum on Education Reform. Thailand, 2003.
[2] J. B. Caldwell, "School-based management, "The International
Academy of Education". 2004. [Online]. Available:
http://mt.educarchile.cl/mt/jjbrunner/archives/Caldwell_web.pdf.
[Accessed April 6, 2006].
[3] F. G. Sharpe, "Towards a research paradigm on devolution," Journal
of Educational Administration, vol. 34, no.1, pp. 4-23, 1996.
[4] D. Hopkins and B. Levin, "Government policy and school
development," School Leadership & Management, vol. 20, no. 1, pp.
15-30, 2000.
[5] J. Blackmore, "Restructuring educational leadership in changing
contexts: A local/global account of restructuring in Australia,"
Journal of educational change, vol. 5, pp. 267-288, 2004.
[6] T. R. Williams, "Educational governance." A paper prepared for the
Panel on the Role of the Government, [Online]. Available: www.lawlib.
utoronto.ca. [Accessed November 14, 2005].
[7] N. Bottani, " Autonomy and decentralisation: Between hops and
illusions: A comparative study of reforms in five European countries,"
Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the AERA, New Orleans,
2000.
[8] G. Whitty, S. Power and D. Halpin, "Devolution and choice in
education: The school, the state and the market," Buckingham: Open
University Press, 1998.
[9] R. V. H. Morgan, " A country report: Australia experience in selfmanaging
schools: A case-study based on experience in a selfgoverning
school for nearly fifty years" The Council of Governors &
The Pittwater House Schools Australia. 2004.
[10] J. Chapman and D. Aspin, " Autonomy and mutuality: Quality
education and self-managing schools," In Restructuring and quality:
Issues for tomorrow's school. L. T. Townsend, Ed, London:
Routledge, 1997, pp. 61-77.
[11] P. Cooper, "Effective schools disaffected students," London:
Routledge, 1993.
[12] T. Townsend, "Community involvement: The hidden factor in
devolution," International Journal of Educational management, vol.
8, no. 4, pp. 24-29, 1994.
[13] C. Leonard, S. Bourke and N. Schofield, "Affecting the affective:
Affective outcomes in the context of school effectiveness, school
improvement and quality schools," Issues in Educational Research,
vol.14, pp. 1 - 28, 2004.
[14] P. Sammons, "Key characteristics of effective schools: A review of
school effectiveness research," A report by the Institute of Education
for the Office for Standards in Education, 1995.
[15] H. J. Freiberg, (Ed.) "School climate: Measuring, improving and
sustaining healthy learning environment," London: Falmer, 1999.
[16] R. Slee and G. Weiner, "Introduction: School effectiveness for
whom?" In School effectiveness for whom? Challenges of the school
effectiveness and school improvement movements. R. Slee, G. Weiner,
& S. Tomlinson, Eds , London: Farmer Press, 1998, pp. 1-10.
[17] D. Reynolds and P. Cuttance,"School effectiveness," London: Cassell,
1993.
[18] R. Renchler, "New patterns of school governance," (ERIC Digest, No.
141). Eugene, OR: ERIC Clearinghouse on Educational Management.
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 446 346), 2000.
[Online]. Available:
http://www.eric.ed.gov/sitemap/html_0900000b801b57af.html.
[Accessed Jan 5, 2006].
[19] C. Teddlie and D. Reynolds, "The international handbook of school
effectiveness research," London: Falmer Press, 2000.
[20] A. Urbanski and R. Erskine, "School reform, TURN, and teacher
compensation," Phi Delta Kappan, vol.. 81, no. 5, pp. 367-70, 2000.
[21] L. M. McNeill and M. S. McNeill, "When good theory leads to bad
practice: Some considerations in applying shared decision-making to
school settings," Theory into Practice, vol. 33, no.4, pp. 254-260,
1994.
[22] Office for Standards in Education, "Improving city schools: How the
arts can help," London: Office for Standards in Education (Ofsted),
2000.
[23] L. Stoll, "Successful schools: Linking school effectiveness and school
improvement," Paper presented in LARTV Conference, Melbourne,
pp. 3-19, 1997.
[24] Y. C. Cheng, "The knowledge base for reengineering schools: Multiple
functions and internal effectiveness," International Journal of
Educational Management, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 203-24, 1998.
[25] K. A. Leithwood, "Conditions for fostering organizational learning in
schools," Educational Administration Quarterly, vol. 34, no. 2, pp.
243-76, 1998.
[26] R. Bolam, A. McMahon, K. Pockington and D. Weindling,
"Effective management in school: A report for the DFE via the school
management task force professional working party," London: HMSO,
1993.
[27] S. Dinham, "Principal leadership for outstanding educational
outcomes," Journal of Educational Administration, vol. 43, no. 4, pp.
338-356, 2005.
[28] K. Leithwood, D. Jantzi, H. Silins and B. Dart, "Using the appraisal of
school leaders as an instrument for school restructuring," Peabody
Journal of Education, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 85-109, 1993.
[29] K. Leithwood and D. Jantzi, "The effects of transformational
leadership on organizational conditions and student engagement,"
Journal of Educational Administration, vol. 38, no. 2, pp.112-29,
2000.
[30] B. Mulford, "Leadership for school and student learning: What do we
know?" Keynote Address, Australian Centre for Educational
Leadership, Fifth International Conference, University of
Wollongong, 16th February 2006.
[31] P. Hallinger and R. Heck, "The principal's role in school effectiveness:
An assessment of methodological progress, 1980-1995," In
International handbook of educational leadership and administration.
K. Leithwood et al. , Eds., The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 1996a, pp. 723-783.
[32] A. Harris, "School improvement," UK: Rutledge, 2002.
[33] J. Griffith, "Principal leadership of parent involvement," Journal of
Educational Administration, vol. 39, pp. 162-186, 2001.
[34] D. Davis, "Supporting parent, family and community involvement in
your school," Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 2000.
[Online]. Available: http://www.nwrel.org/csrdp/family.pdf.
[Accessed April 6, 2006].
[35] C. A. Florez, R. R. Carrion, V. S. Calero, A. I. Gershberg, and V.
Castro, "Lessons learned from the Nicaraguan autonomous school
reform," The New School University Milano Graduate School of
Management and Urban Policy/ Community Development Research
centre, 2001. [Online]. Available:
http://www.newschool.edu/milano/cdrc/schoolreport/index.html.
[Accessed December 18, 2005].
[36] E. Rice and G. Schneider, "A decade of teacher empowerment: An
empirical analysis of teacher involvement in decision-making, 1980-
1991," Journal of Educational Administration, vol. 32, pp. 43-58,
1992.
[37] H. S. Chui, F. G Sharpe, and J. McCormick, "Vision and leadership of
principals in Hong Kong," Journal of Educational Administration,
vol. 34, pp. 30-48, 1996.
[38] M. A. Smylie, "Teacher participation in school decision making:
Assessing willingness to participate," Educational Evaluation and
Policy Analysis, vol. 14, pp. 67, 1992.
[39] M. Tschannen-Moran, "Collaboration and the need to trust," Journal
of Educational Administration, vol. 39, pp. 308-330, 2000.
[40] G. Newcombe, McCormick, J., & Sharpe, F, "Financial decisionmaking:
Teacher involvement and the need for trust," International
Journal of Educational Management, vol. 11, pp. 94-101, 1997.
[41] K. E. Duke, "Principals' practices regarding teacher participation in
school decision-making," Unpublished doctoral dissertation. USA:
University of Minnesota, 2005.
[42] R. Dufour and R. Eaker, "The principal as leader :Promoting values,
empowering teachers," In School based management: Theory and
practice, E. Cooper, Ed. Reston, VA: National Association of
Secondary School Principals, 1991.
[43] P. Thomson PSM, "Enhancing parent participation," Department of
Education Tasmania, 2001.
[44] C. Desforges and A. Abouchaar, "The impact of parental
involvement, parental support and family education on pupil
achievement and adjustment: A literature review," in London:
Department for Education and Skills, 2003. [Online]. Available:
www.literacytrust.org.uk . [Accessed September 6, 2005],.
[45] R. McConchie, " Family-school partnerships: Issues paper. Australian
Council of State School," 2004. [Online]. Available:
http://www.austparents.edu.au/issuesfsp.pdf. [Accessed May 25,
2006].
[46] M. Marshall, "21st century community governance: Better results by
linking citizens, government, and performance measurement,"
presented at ASQ's 54th Annual Quality Congress Proceedings, 2000.
[47] K. Leithwood, P. Allison, S. Drake, D. Laveault, C. McElheron-
Hopkins, R. Wideman, and G. Zederayko, "Parent participation in
school improvement processes." Canadian Education Association,
2004. [Online]. Available: http://www.ceaace.
ca/media/en/EIC_%20Final_EN.pdf. [Accessed December 18,
2005].
[48] J. A. Brough and J. L. Irvin, "Parental involvement supports academic
improvement among middle schoolers," Middle School Journal, vol.
32, pp. 56-61, 2001.
[49] A. Carter, "The impact of parent/family involvement on student
outcomes: An annotated bibliography of research from the past
decade," CADRE, U.S. Office of Special Education Programs, 2002.
[Online]. Available: http://www.directionservice.org/cadre/.
[Accessed June 5, 2006].
[50] A. Cook-Sather, "Authorizing students' perspectives: Toward trust,
dialogue, and change in education," Educational Researcher, vol. 3,
pp. 3-14, 2002.
[51] A. Fletcher, "Research guide: Meaningful student involvement."
Presented by the Promoting Meaningful Student Involvement in
School Change, 2004. [Online]. Available: www.soundout.org,
[Accessed November 16, 2005].
[52] J. Hattie, "Teachers make a difference: What is the research evidence?
Distinguishing experts from novice and experienced teachers,"
Australian Council for educational research, 2003.
[53] T. E. Deal and K. D. Peterson, "Shaping school culture: The heart of
leadership," San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1998.
[54] T. Waters, R. J. Marzano, and B. McNulty, "Balanced leadership:
What 30 years of research tells us about the effect of leadership on
student achievement," Denver, CO: McREL, 2003.
[55] S. Dinham, T. Cairney, D. Craigie, and S. Wilson, "School climate and
leadership: Research into three secondary schools," Journal of
Educational Administration, vol. 33, pp. 36-58, 1995.
[56] R. Barr and R. Dreeben, "How schools work," Chicago: University of
Chicago, 1983.
[57] R. Heck, "School context, principal leadership, and achievement: The
case of secondary schools in Singapore," The Urban Review, vol. 25,
pp. 151-166, 1993.
[58] N. C. Cranston, "Strategic management in schools: A new role for
principals," Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources Management,
vol. 21, pp. 100-109, 2001.
[59] G. Calnin and B. Davies, "Independent voices: Reflections on the
current leadership approach of independent-school head-teachers in
England and Australia," National College for School Leadership,
2004.
[60] L. Bell, R. Bolam, and L. Cubillo, "A systematic review of the impact
of school head teachers and principals on student outcomes," EPPICentre.
London, University of London: Social Science Research
Institute, 2002.
[61] H. Silins and B. Mulford, "Leadership and school results," In Second
international handbook of educational leadership and administration,
K. Leithwood and P. Hallinger, Ed. Norwell, MA, USA: Kluwer
Academic Publisher, 2002. pp. 561-612.
[62] C. Smrekar, "The impact of school choice and community," Albany,
NY :State University of New York Press, 1996.
[63] M. Telem, "Computerization of high school pedagogical
administration - Its effect on principal-parents interrelations: A case
study," Leadership and Policy in Schools, vol. 2, pp. 189-212, 2003.
[64] O. C. Moles, "Reaching all families: The federal initiative in familyschool
partnerships," Washington, DC: Office of Educational
Research and Improvement, 1997.
[65] A. Fletcher, "Meaningful student involvement: Guide to students as
partners in school change. Created for Sound Out.org in partnership
with Human Links Foundation,"2005. [Online]. Available:
http//:www.Soundout.org/MSIGuide.pdf[Accessed. December 18,
2005].
[66] D. Gurr, L. Drysdale, E. Dinatale, P. Ford, R. Hardy, and R. Swann,
"Successful school leadership in Victoria: Three case studies,"
Leading & Managing, vol. 9, pp. 18-37, 2003.
[67] R. Heck, T. Larsen, and G. Marcoulides, " Principal instructional
leadership and school achievement: Validation of a causal model,"
Educational Administration Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 94-125,
1990.
[68] K. Leithwood and D. Jantzi, "Transformational school leadership
effects: A replication," School Effectiveness and School Improvement
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@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:63637", author = "Behnaz Mohajeran and Alireza Ghaleei", title = "Principal Role and School Structure", abstract = "This main purpose of the study reported here was to
investigate the extent to which the form of school
governance (particularly decision-making) had an impact upon the
effectiveness of the school with reference to parental involvement,
planning and budgeting, professional development of teachers,
school facilities and resources, and student outcomes. Particular
attention was given to decision-making within the governance
arrangements. The study was based on four case studies of high
schools in New South Wales, Australia including one government
school, one independent Christian community school, one
independent Catholic school, and one Catholic systemic school.
The focus of the research was principals, teachers, parents, and
students of four schools with varying governance structures. To
gain a greater insight into the issues, the researchers collected
information by questionnaire, semi-structured interview, and
review of school key documents. This study found that it was not
so much structure but the centrality of the school Principal and the
way that the Principal perceived his/her roles in relation to others
that impacted most on school governance.", keywords = "governance structure, principal role, schooleffectiveness, stakeholder involvement", volume = "2", number = "4", pages = "394-10", }
