Photodegradation of Phenol Red in the Presence of ZnO Nanoparticles
In our recent study, we have used ZnO nanoparticles assisted with UV light irradiation to investigate the photocatalytic degradation of Phenol Red (PR). The ZnO photocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), specific surface area analysis (BET) and UVvisible spectroscopy. X-ray diffractometry result for the ZnO nanoparticles exhibit normal crystalline phase features. All observed peaks can be indexed to the pure hexagonal wurtzite crystal structures, with the space group of P63mc. There are no other impurities in the diffraction peak. In addition, TEM measurement shows that most of the nanoparticles are rod-like and spherical in shape and fairly monodispersed. A significant degradation of the PR was observed when the catalyst was added into the solution even without the UV light exposure. In addition, the photodegradation increases with the photocatalyst loading. The surface area of the ZnO nanomaterials from the BET measurement was 11.9 m2/g. Besides the photocatalyst loading, the effect of some parameters on the photodegradation efficiency such as initial PR concentration and pH were also studied.
[1] S. Chakrabarti and B.K. Dutta, "Photocatalytic degradation of model
textile dyes in wastewater using ZnO as semiconductor catalyst," J.
Hazard. Mater. B, vol. 112, pp. 269-278, Aug. 2004.
[2] J. N. Daneshvar, D. Salari and A.R. Khataee, "Photocatalytic
degradation of azo dye acid red 14 in water on ZnO as an alternative
catalyst to TiO2," J. Photochem. Photobio. A Chem., vol. 162, pp. 317-
322, March 2004.
[3] S.K. Kansal, A.H. Ali, and S. Kapoor, "Photocatalytic decolorization of
beibrich scarlet dye in aqueous phase using different
nanophotocatalysts," Desalination, vol. 259, pp. 147-155, 2010.
[4] S.K. Pardeshi, and A.B. Patil, "A simple route for photocatalytic
degradation of phenol in aqueous zinc oxide suspension using solar
energy," Sol. Energy, vol. 82, pp. 700-705, Aug. 2008.
[5] M. El-Kemary, H. El-Shamy, and I. El-Mehasseb, "Photocatalytic
degradation of ciprofloxacin drug in water using ZnO nanoparticles," J.
Lumin., vol. 130, pp. 2327-2331, 2010.
[6] R.K. Wahi, W.W. Yu, Y. Liu, M.L. Mejia, J.C. Falkner, W. Nolte, V.L.
Colvin, "Photodegradation of Congo Red catalyzed by nanosized TiO2,"
J. Mol. Cata. A Chem., vol. 242, pp. 48-56, Dec. 2005.
[7] W.Z. Tang, and H. An, "UV/TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation of
commercial dyes in aqueous solutions," Chemosphere, vol. 31, no. 9, pp.
4157-4170, Nov. 1995.
[8] C. Ahmed, M.G. Rasul, R. Brown, and M.A. Hashib, "Influence of
parameters on the heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of
pesticides and phenolic contaminants in wastewater: A short review," J.
Environ. Managem., vol. 92, pp. 311-330, 2011.
[9] S.T. Wong, C.C. Hwang, C.Y. Mou, "Tungstated zirconia catalyzed
bromination of phenol red under nearly neutral solution," Appl. Catal. B.
Environ., vol. 63, pp. 1-8, March 2006.
[10] F.R. Zaggout, "Entrapment of phenol red pH indicator into a sol-gel
matrix," Mater. Lett., vol. 60, pp. 1026-1030, Apr. 2006.
[11] Y. Berthois, J.A. Katzenellenbogen, B.S. Katzenellenbogen, "Phenol red
in tissue culture media is a weak estrogen: implications concerning the
study of estrogen-responsive cells in culture," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA Cell Bio., vol. 83, no. 8, pp. 2496-2500, Apr. 1986.
[12] J. Mitsuhashi, H. Mitomi, W. Koizumi, S. Kikuchi, I. Okayasu, K.
Saigenji, "Spraying of phenol red dye as a screening test for
Helicobacter pylori infection in surgically resected stomach specimens,"
J. Gastroenterology, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 1049-1052, 2003.
[13] Q. Zhang, W. Fan, L. Gao, "Anatase TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on
ZnO tetrapods as a highly efficient and easily recyclable photocatalyst,"
J. Appl. Catal. B Environ., vol. 76, pp. 168-173, Oct. 2007.
[14] W.S. Chiu, P.S. Khiew, M. Cloke, D. Isa, T.K. Tan, S. Radiman, R.
Abd-Shukor, M.A. Abd-Hamid, N.M. Huang, H.N. Lim, C.H. Chia,
"Photocatalytic study of two-dimensional ZnO nanopellets in the
decomposition of methylene blue," Chem. Engineer. J., vol. 158, pp.
345-352, 2010.
[15] Joint Committee for Powder Diffraction Society (JCPDS), Powder
Diffraction Database, pattern: 36-1451.
[16] J. Hay, W. Khan, J.K. Sugden, "Photochemical decomposition of Phenol
Red (Phenolsulphonphtalein)," Dye and Pigments, vol. 24, pp. 305-312,
1994.
[17] R. Velmurugan, and M. Swaminathan, "An efficient nanostructured ZnO
for dye sensitized degradation of Reactive Red 120 dye under solar
light," Sol. Ener. Mater. & Sol. Cells, vol. 95, pp. 942-950, 2011.
[18] S.K. Kansal, M. Singh, and D. Sud, "Studies on TiO2/ZnO
photocatalysed degradation of lignin," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 153, pp.
412-417.
[19] F. Zhang, J. Zhao, L. Zang, T. Shen, H. Hidaka, E. Pelizzetti, N.
Serpone, "Photoassisted degradation of dye pollutants in aqueous TiO2
dispersions under irradiation by visible light," J. Mol. Catal. A Chem.,
vol. 120, pp. 173-178, June 1997.
[20] G. Marci, V. Augugliaro, M.J. Lopez-Munoz, C. Martin, L. Palmisano,
V. Rives, M. Schiavello, R.J.D. Tilley, A.M. Venezia, "Preparation,
characterization and photocatalytic activity of polycrystalline ZnO/TiO2
systems--Part II: surface, bulk characterization and 4-nitrophenol
photodegradationin liquid solid regime," J. Phys.Chem. B, vol. 105, pp.
1033-1046, 2001.
[1] S. Chakrabarti and B.K. Dutta, "Photocatalytic degradation of model
textile dyes in wastewater using ZnO as semiconductor catalyst," J.
Hazard. Mater. B, vol. 112, pp. 269-278, Aug. 2004.
[2] J. N. Daneshvar, D. Salari and A.R. Khataee, "Photocatalytic
degradation of azo dye acid red 14 in water on ZnO as an alternative
catalyst to TiO2," J. Photochem. Photobio. A Chem., vol. 162, pp. 317-
322, March 2004.
[3] S.K. Kansal, A.H. Ali, and S. Kapoor, "Photocatalytic decolorization of
beibrich scarlet dye in aqueous phase using different
nanophotocatalysts," Desalination, vol. 259, pp. 147-155, 2010.
[4] S.K. Pardeshi, and A.B. Patil, "A simple route for photocatalytic
degradation of phenol in aqueous zinc oxide suspension using solar
energy," Sol. Energy, vol. 82, pp. 700-705, Aug. 2008.
[5] M. El-Kemary, H. El-Shamy, and I. El-Mehasseb, "Photocatalytic
degradation of ciprofloxacin drug in water using ZnO nanoparticles," J.
Lumin., vol. 130, pp. 2327-2331, 2010.
[6] R.K. Wahi, W.W. Yu, Y. Liu, M.L. Mejia, J.C. Falkner, W. Nolte, V.L.
Colvin, "Photodegradation of Congo Red catalyzed by nanosized TiO2,"
J. Mol. Cata. A Chem., vol. 242, pp. 48-56, Dec. 2005.
[7] W.Z. Tang, and H. An, "UV/TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation of
commercial dyes in aqueous solutions," Chemosphere, vol. 31, no. 9, pp.
4157-4170, Nov. 1995.
[8] C. Ahmed, M.G. Rasul, R. Brown, and M.A. Hashib, "Influence of
parameters on the heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of
pesticides and phenolic contaminants in wastewater: A short review," J.
Environ. Managem., vol. 92, pp. 311-330, 2011.
[9] S.T. Wong, C.C. Hwang, C.Y. Mou, "Tungstated zirconia catalyzed
bromination of phenol red under nearly neutral solution," Appl. Catal. B.
Environ., vol. 63, pp. 1-8, March 2006.
[10] F.R. Zaggout, "Entrapment of phenol red pH indicator into a sol-gel
matrix," Mater. Lett., vol. 60, pp. 1026-1030, Apr. 2006.
[11] Y. Berthois, J.A. Katzenellenbogen, B.S. Katzenellenbogen, "Phenol red
in tissue culture media is a weak estrogen: implications concerning the
study of estrogen-responsive cells in culture," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA Cell Bio., vol. 83, no. 8, pp. 2496-2500, Apr. 1986.
[12] J. Mitsuhashi, H. Mitomi, W. Koizumi, S. Kikuchi, I. Okayasu, K.
Saigenji, "Spraying of phenol red dye as a screening test for
Helicobacter pylori infection in surgically resected stomach specimens,"
J. Gastroenterology, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 1049-1052, 2003.
[13] Q. Zhang, W. Fan, L. Gao, "Anatase TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on
ZnO tetrapods as a highly efficient and easily recyclable photocatalyst,"
J. Appl. Catal. B Environ., vol. 76, pp. 168-173, Oct. 2007.
[14] W.S. Chiu, P.S. Khiew, M. Cloke, D. Isa, T.K. Tan, S. Radiman, R.
Abd-Shukor, M.A. Abd-Hamid, N.M. Huang, H.N. Lim, C.H. Chia,
"Photocatalytic study of two-dimensional ZnO nanopellets in the
decomposition of methylene blue," Chem. Engineer. J., vol. 158, pp.
345-352, 2010.
[15] Joint Committee for Powder Diffraction Society (JCPDS), Powder
Diffraction Database, pattern: 36-1451.
[16] J. Hay, W. Khan, J.K. Sugden, "Photochemical decomposition of Phenol
Red (Phenolsulphonphtalein)," Dye and Pigments, vol. 24, pp. 305-312,
1994.
[17] R. Velmurugan, and M. Swaminathan, "An efficient nanostructured ZnO
for dye sensitized degradation of Reactive Red 120 dye under solar
light," Sol. Ener. Mater. & Sol. Cells, vol. 95, pp. 942-950, 2011.
[18] S.K. Kansal, M. Singh, and D. Sud, "Studies on TiO2/ZnO
photocatalysed degradation of lignin," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 153, pp.
412-417.
[19] F. Zhang, J. Zhao, L. Zang, T. Shen, H. Hidaka, E. Pelizzetti, N.
Serpone, "Photoassisted degradation of dye pollutants in aqueous TiO2
dispersions under irradiation by visible light," J. Mol. Catal. A Chem.,
vol. 120, pp. 173-178, June 1997.
[20] G. Marci, V. Augugliaro, M.J. Lopez-Munoz, C. Martin, L. Palmisano,
V. Rives, M. Schiavello, R.J.D. Tilley, A.M. Venezia, "Preparation,
characterization and photocatalytic activity of polycrystalline ZnO/TiO2
systems--Part II: surface, bulk characterization and 4-nitrophenol
photodegradationin liquid solid regime," J. Phys.Chem. B, vol. 105, pp.
1033-1046, 2001.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:59330", author = "T.K. Tan and P.S. Khiew and W.S. Chiu and S.Radiman and R.Abd-Shukor and N.M. Huang and H.N. Lim", title = "Photodegradation of Phenol Red in the Presence of ZnO Nanoparticles", abstract = "In our recent study, we have used ZnO nanoparticles assisted with UV light irradiation to investigate the photocatalytic degradation of Phenol Red (PR). The ZnO photocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), specific surface area analysis (BET) and UVvisible spectroscopy. X-ray diffractometry result for the ZnO nanoparticles exhibit normal crystalline phase features. All observed peaks can be indexed to the pure hexagonal wurtzite crystal structures, with the space group of P63mc. There are no other impurities in the diffraction peak. In addition, TEM measurement shows that most of the nanoparticles are rod-like and spherical in shape and fairly monodispersed. A significant degradation of the PR was observed when the catalyst was added into the solution even without the UV light exposure. In addition, the photodegradation increases with the photocatalyst loading. The surface area of the ZnO nanomaterials from the BET measurement was 11.9 m2/g. Besides the photocatalyst loading, the effect of some parameters on the photodegradation efficiency such as initial PR concentration and pH were also studied.
", keywords = "Nanostructures, phenol red, zinc oxide,heterogeneous photocatalyst.", volume = "5", number = "7", pages = "617-6", }
