Performance of Modified Wedge Anchorage System for Pre-Stressed FRP Bars
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) is a composite material with exceptional properties that are capable to replace conventional steel reinforcement in reinforced and pre-stressed concrete structures. However, the main obstacle for their wide use in pre-stressed concrete application is the anchorage system. Due to the weakness of FRP in the transverse direction, the pre-stressing capacity of FRP bars are limited. This paper investigates the modification of the conventional wedge anchorage system to be used for stressing of FRP bars in pre-stressed applications. Epoxy adhesive material with glass FRP (GFRP) bars and conventional steel wedge were used in this paper. The GFRP bars are encased with epoxy at the anchor zone and the wedge system was used in pull-out test. The results showed a loading capacity of 47.6 kN which is 69% of the bar ultimate capacity. Additionally, nylon wedge was made with the same dimensions of the steel wedge and tested for GFRP bars without epoxy layer. The nylon wedge showed a loading capacity of 19.7 kN which is only 28.5% of the ultimate bar capacity.
[1] El-Gamal S.E., Al-Nuaimi A., Al-Saidy A., Al-Lawati A. Flexural
Strengthening of RC Beams Using Near Surface Mounted Fibre
Reinforced Polymers. Proceedings of the Brunei International
Conference on Engineering and Technology, Institut Teknologi Brunei,
Brunei Darussalam, November 1-3, 2014.
[2] Benmokrane, B., El-Salakawy, E., El-Gamal, S.E., and Sylvain, G.
(2007) Construction and Testing of an Innovative Concrete Bridge Deck
Totally Reinforced with Glass FRP Bars: Val-Alain Bridge on Highway
20 East. ASCE, Journal of Bridge Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 5,
September, pp. 632-645.
[3] Benmokrane, B., El-Salakawy, E., El-Ragaby, A., El-Gamal, S.E. (2007)
Performance Evaluation of Innovative Concrete Bridge Deck Slabs
Reinforced with Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Bars. Canadian Journal of
Civil Engineering, Vol. 34, No 3, pp. 298-310. El-Gamal, S.E.,
Benmokrane, B., and El-Salakawy, E.F., (2009) Cracking and Deflection
Behavior of One-Way Parking Garage Slabs Reinforced with CFRP
Bars. ACI Special Publication, SP-264-3, pp. 33-52.
[4] El-Ragaby, A., El-Gamal, S.E., El-Salakawy, E.F., and Benmokrane, B.
(2006) Performance of Concrete Bridge Deck Slabs Reinforced with
Glass FRP Composite Reinforcing Bars. Proceedings of the 3th
International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety, and
Management, (IABMAS), Porto, Portugal, Jul. 9 p.
[5] El-Gamal, S.E., Benmokrane, B., El-Salakawy, E., Cousin, P., Wiseman,
A., (2009) Durability and Structural Performance of CFRP-RC Parking
Garage’s Slabs after Being in Service for Eight Years. Canadian Journal
of Civil Eng., 36, 4, 617-627.
[6] Benmokrane. B., Eisa. M., El-Gamel. S.E., Denis Thébeau, and El-
Salakawy. E. (2008) Pavement System Suiting Local Conditions. ACI
Concrete International Magazine, November, pp. 34-39.
[7] Eisa, M., El-Gamal S.E., El-Salakawy, E. and Benmokrane, B. (2008)
Design and Construction of First GFRP-CRCP Slabs Implemented on
Highway 40 East (Montreal). Proceedings of the 37th Annual
Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Québec City,
Québec, Canada, June 10-13.
[8] Schmidt, J. W., Bennitz, A., Täljsten, B., Goltermann, P., & Pedersen,
H. (2012). Mechanical anchorage of FRP tendons–A literature review.
Construction and Building Materials, 32, 110-121.
[9] Al-Mayah, A., Soudki, K., & Plumtree, A. (2001). Mechanical behavior
of CFRP rod anchors under tensile loading. Journal of Composites for
Construction, 5(2), 128-135.
[10] Elrefai, A., West, J. S., & Soudki, K. (2007). Performance of CFRP
tendon–anchor assembly under fatigue loading. Composite structures,
80(3), 352-360.
[11] J.W. Schmidt, B. Täljsten, A. Bennitz, and H. Pedersen, “FRP tendon
anchorage in post-tensioned concrete structures,” In Proc. International
Conference on concrete repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (2), pp.
419-420, 2009.
[12] ACI Committee 440, “Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP
Tendons (ACI 440.4R-04),” American Concrete Institute, pp. 11-13,
2004.
[13] ISIS Educational Module 9, “Prestressing Concrete Structures with Fiber
Reinforced Polymers,” ISIS Canada, pp. 7-8, 2007.
[14] A. Al-Mayah, K. A. Soudki, and A. Plumtree, “Experimental and
analytical investigation of a stainless steel anchorage for CFRP
prestressing tendons”. PCI journal, 46(2), pp. 88-92, 2001.
[15] X. Wang, P. Xu, Z. Wu, and J. Shi, “A novel anchor method for multitendon
FRP cable: Concept and FE study,” Composite Structures, 120,
pp. 552-564, 2015.
[16] A. Nanni, C.E. Bakis, E.F. O'Neil, and T.O. Dixon, “Short-term
sustained loading of FRP tendon anchor systems,” Construction and
Building Materials, 10(4), pp. 255-266, 1996.
[17] R. Fico, N. Galati, A. Prota, and A. Nanni, “Design and construction of a
bridge deck using mild and post-tensioned FRP bars,” ACI Special
Publication, 230, 2005.
[18] E.Y. Sayed-Ahmed, and N.G. Shrive, “A new steel anchorage system
for post-tensioning applications using carbon fibre reinforced plastic
tendons,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 25(1), pp. 113-127,
1998.
[19] J.W. Schmidt, A. Bennitz, P. Goltermann, and D. Lund Ravn, “External
post-tensioning of CFRP tendons using integrated sleeve-wedge
anchorage,” In Proc. 6th International Conference on FRP Composites in
Civil Engineering, 2012, pp. 1-8.
[20] T. I. Campbell, N. G. Shrive, K. A. Soudki, A. Al-Mayah, J.P. Keatley,
and M. M. Reda, “Design and evaluation of a wedge-type anchor for
fibre reinforced polymer tendons,” Canadian Journal of Civil
Engineering, 27(5), pp. 985-992, 2000.
[21] ACI Committee 440, “Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP
Tendons (ACI 440.4R-06),” American Concrete Institute, pp. 11-13,
2004.
[1] El-Gamal S.E., Al-Nuaimi A., Al-Saidy A., Al-Lawati A. Flexural
Strengthening of RC Beams Using Near Surface Mounted Fibre
Reinforced Polymers. Proceedings of the Brunei International
Conference on Engineering and Technology, Institut Teknologi Brunei,
Brunei Darussalam, November 1-3, 2014.
[2] Benmokrane, B., El-Salakawy, E., El-Gamal, S.E., and Sylvain, G.
(2007) Construction and Testing of an Innovative Concrete Bridge Deck
Totally Reinforced with Glass FRP Bars: Val-Alain Bridge on Highway
20 East. ASCE, Journal of Bridge Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 5,
September, pp. 632-645.
[3] Benmokrane, B., El-Salakawy, E., El-Ragaby, A., El-Gamal, S.E. (2007)
Performance Evaluation of Innovative Concrete Bridge Deck Slabs
Reinforced with Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Bars. Canadian Journal of
Civil Engineering, Vol. 34, No 3, pp. 298-310. El-Gamal, S.E.,
Benmokrane, B., and El-Salakawy, E.F., (2009) Cracking and Deflection
Behavior of One-Way Parking Garage Slabs Reinforced with CFRP
Bars. ACI Special Publication, SP-264-3, pp. 33-52.
[4] El-Ragaby, A., El-Gamal, S.E., El-Salakawy, E.F., and Benmokrane, B.
(2006) Performance of Concrete Bridge Deck Slabs Reinforced with
Glass FRP Composite Reinforcing Bars. Proceedings of the 3th
International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety, and
Management, (IABMAS), Porto, Portugal, Jul. 9 p.
[5] El-Gamal, S.E., Benmokrane, B., El-Salakawy, E., Cousin, P., Wiseman,
A., (2009) Durability and Structural Performance of CFRP-RC Parking
Garage’s Slabs after Being in Service for Eight Years. Canadian Journal
of Civil Eng., 36, 4, 617-627.
[6] Benmokrane. B., Eisa. M., El-Gamel. S.E., Denis Thébeau, and El-
Salakawy. E. (2008) Pavement System Suiting Local Conditions. ACI
Concrete International Magazine, November, pp. 34-39.
[7] Eisa, M., El-Gamal S.E., El-Salakawy, E. and Benmokrane, B. (2008)
Design and Construction of First GFRP-CRCP Slabs Implemented on
Highway 40 East (Montreal). Proceedings of the 37th Annual
Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Québec City,
Québec, Canada, June 10-13.
[8] Schmidt, J. W., Bennitz, A., Täljsten, B., Goltermann, P., & Pedersen,
H. (2012). Mechanical anchorage of FRP tendons–A literature review.
Construction and Building Materials, 32, 110-121.
[9] Al-Mayah, A., Soudki, K., & Plumtree, A. (2001). Mechanical behavior
of CFRP rod anchors under tensile loading. Journal of Composites for
Construction, 5(2), 128-135.
[10] Elrefai, A., West, J. S., & Soudki, K. (2007). Performance of CFRP
tendon–anchor assembly under fatigue loading. Composite structures,
80(3), 352-360.
[11] J.W. Schmidt, B. Täljsten, A. Bennitz, and H. Pedersen, “FRP tendon
anchorage in post-tensioned concrete structures,” In Proc. International
Conference on concrete repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting (2), pp.
419-420, 2009.
[12] ACI Committee 440, “Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP
Tendons (ACI 440.4R-04),” American Concrete Institute, pp. 11-13,
2004.
[13] ISIS Educational Module 9, “Prestressing Concrete Structures with Fiber
Reinforced Polymers,” ISIS Canada, pp. 7-8, 2007.
[14] A. Al-Mayah, K. A. Soudki, and A. Plumtree, “Experimental and
analytical investigation of a stainless steel anchorage for CFRP
prestressing tendons”. PCI journal, 46(2), pp. 88-92, 2001.
[15] X. Wang, P. Xu, Z. Wu, and J. Shi, “A novel anchor method for multitendon
FRP cable: Concept and FE study,” Composite Structures, 120,
pp. 552-564, 2015.
[16] A. Nanni, C.E. Bakis, E.F. O'Neil, and T.O. Dixon, “Short-term
sustained loading of FRP tendon anchor systems,” Construction and
Building Materials, 10(4), pp. 255-266, 1996.
[17] R. Fico, N. Galati, A. Prota, and A. Nanni, “Design and construction of a
bridge deck using mild and post-tensioned FRP bars,” ACI Special
Publication, 230, 2005.
[18] E.Y. Sayed-Ahmed, and N.G. Shrive, “A new steel anchorage system
for post-tensioning applications using carbon fibre reinforced plastic
tendons,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 25(1), pp. 113-127,
1998.
[19] J.W. Schmidt, A. Bennitz, P. Goltermann, and D. Lund Ravn, “External
post-tensioning of CFRP tendons using integrated sleeve-wedge
anchorage,” In Proc. 6th International Conference on FRP Composites in
Civil Engineering, 2012, pp. 1-8.
[20] T. I. Campbell, N. G. Shrive, K. A. Soudki, A. Al-Mayah, J.P. Keatley,
and M. M. Reda, “Design and evaluation of a wedge-type anchor for
fibre reinforced polymer tendons,” Canadian Journal of Civil
Engineering, 27(5), pp. 985-992, 2000.
[21] ACI Committee 440, “Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP
Tendons (ACI 440.4R-06),” American Concrete Institute, pp. 11-13,
2004.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:70856", author = "Othman S. Alsheraida and Sherif El-Gamal", title = "Performance of Modified Wedge Anchorage System for Pre-Stressed FRP Bars", abstract = "Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) is a composite material with exceptional properties that are capable to replace conventional steel reinforcement in reinforced and pre-stressed concrete structures. However, the main obstacle for their wide use in pre-stressed concrete application is the anchorage system. Due to the weakness of FRP in the transverse direction, the pre-stressing capacity of FRP bars are limited. This paper investigates the modification of the conventional wedge anchorage system to be used for stressing of FRP bars in pre-stressed applications. Epoxy adhesive material with glass FRP (GFRP) bars and conventional steel wedge were used in this paper. The GFRP bars are encased with epoxy at the anchor zone and the wedge system was used in pull-out test. The results showed a loading capacity of 47.6 kN which is 69% of the bar ultimate capacity. Additionally, nylon wedge was made with the same dimensions of the steel wedge and tested for GFRP bars without epoxy layer. The nylon wedge showed a loading capacity of 19.7 kN which is only 28.5% of the ultimate bar capacity.
", keywords = "Anchorage, concrete, epoxy, FRP, pre-stressed.", volume = "9", number = "10", pages = "1293-5", }
