Performance of an Electrocoagulation Process in Treating Direct Dye: Batch and Continuous Upflow Processes
This study presents an investigation of
electrochemical variables and an application of the optimal
parameters in operating a continuous upflow electrocoagulation
reactor in removing dye. Direct red 23, which is azo-based, was used
as a representative of direct dyes. First, a batch mode was employed
to optimize the design parameters: electrode type, electrode distance,
current density and electrocoagulation time. The optimal parameters
were found to be iron anode, distance between electrodes of 8 mm
and current density of 30 A·m-2 with contact time of 5 min. The
performance of the continuous upflow reactor with these parameters
was satisfactory, with >95% color removal and energy consumption
in the order of 0.6-0.7 kWh·m-3.
[1] Abuzaid N.S., Bukhari A.A., Al-Hamouz Z.M. Removal of bentonite
causing turbidity by electrocoagulation. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A
1998; 33(7): 1341-1358.
[2] Bukhari A. Investigation of the electro-coagulation treatment process for
the removal of total suspended solids and turbidity from municipal
wastewater. Bioresour. Technol. 2008; 99(5): 914-921.
[3] Mattenson M.J., Dobson R.L., Glenn R.W., Kukunoor W.H., Clayfield
E.J. Electrocoagulation and separation of aqueous suspension of
ultrafine particles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects
1995; 104: 101-109.
[4] Aleboyeh A., Daneshvar N., Kasiri M.B. Optimization of C.I. acid red
14 azo dye removal by electrocoagulation batch process with response
surface methodology. Chem. Eng. Process. 2008; 47(5): 827-832.
[5] Can O.T., Kobya M., Demirbas E., Bayramoglu M. Treatment of the
textile wastewater by combined electrocoagulation. Chemosphere 2006;
62(2): 181-187.
[6] Vlyssides A.G., Papaioannou D., Loizidoy M., Karlis P.K., Zorpas A.A.
Testing an electrochemical method for treatment of textile dye
wastewater. Waste Manag. 2000; 20(7): 569-574.
[7] Xiong Y.A., Strunk P.J., Xia H., Zhu X., Karlsson H.T. Treatment of
dye wastewater containing acid orange II using a cell with three-phase
three-dimensional electrode. Wat. Res. 2001; 35(17): 4226-4230.
[8] Yang C.-L., McGarrahan J. Electrochemical coagulation for textile
effluent decolorization. J. Hazard. Mater. 2005; 127: 40-47.
[9] Yildiz Y.┼×. Optimization of bomaplex Red CR-L dye removal from
aqueous solution by electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes. J.
Hazard. Mater. 2008; 153: 194-200.
[10] Zidane F., DroguinP., Lekhlif B., Bensaid J., Blais J.-F., Belcadi S., El
kacemi K. Decolourization of dye-containing effluent using mineral
coagulants produced by electrocoagulation. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008;
155(1-2): 153-163.
[11] Heidmann I., Calmano W. Removal of Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Ag(I) and
Cr(VI) present in aqueous solutions by aluminium electrocoagulation. J.
Hazard. Mater. 2008; 152(3): 934-941.
[12] Meunier N., Drogui P., Montané C., Hausler R., Mercier G., Blais J.-F.
Comparison between electrocoagulation and chemical precipitation for
metals removal from acidic soil leachate. J. Hazard. Mater. 2006;
137(1): 581-590.
[13] Bensadok K., Benammar S., Lapicque F., Nezzal G. Electrocoagulation
of cutting oil emulsions using aluminium plate electrodes. J. Hazard.
Mater. 2008; 152(1): 423-430.
[14] Ca├▒izares P., Carmona M., Lobato J., Martinez F., Rodrigo M.A.
Electrodissolution of aluminum electrodes in electrocoagulation
processes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005; 44: 4178-4185.
[15] Uğurlu M., Gürses A., Doğar Ç., Yalçın M. The removal of lignin and
phenol from paper mill effluents by electrocoagulation. J. Environ.
Manage. 2008; 87(3): 420-428.
[16] Yild─▒z Y.┼×., Koparal A.S., Keskinler B. Effect of initial pH and
supporting electrolyte on the treatment of water containing high
concentration of humic substances by electrocoagulation. Chem. Eng. J.
2008; 138(1-3): 63-72.
[17] Zhu B., Clifford D. A., Chellam S. Comparison of electrocoagulation
and chemical coagulation pretreatment for enhanced virus removal using
microfiltration membranes. Water Res. 2005; 39(13): 3098-3108.
[18] Gregory P. Azo dyes: Structure-carcinogenicity relationships. Dyes
Pigments 1986; 7(1): 45-56.
[19] Merzouk B., Gourich B., Sekki A., Madani K., Vial Ch., Barkaoui M.
Studies on the decolorization of textile dye wastewater by continuous
electrocoagulation process. Chem. Eng. J. 2009; 49: 207-214
[20] Daneshvar N., Salari D., Khataee A.R. Photocatalytic degradation of azo
dye acid red 14 in water: investigation of the effect of operational
parameters. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 2003; A 157: 111-116.
[21] Kim T.-H., Park C., Shin E.-B., Kim S. Decolorization of direct and
reactive dyes by continuous electrocoagulation process. Desalination
2002; 150: 165-175.
[22] Johnson P.N., Amirtharajah A. Ferric chloride and alum as single and
dual coagulants. Jour. AWWA. 1983; 75(5): 232-239.
[23] Daily Foreign Exchange Rates, Bank of Thailand. http://www.bot.or.th.
Last accessed on April 30, 2009.
[24] Report on Drought Situation on March 12, 2005.
http://www.moac.go.th/disaster/. Last accessed on April 30, 2009.
[1] Abuzaid N.S., Bukhari A.A., Al-Hamouz Z.M. Removal of bentonite
causing turbidity by electrocoagulation. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A
1998; 33(7): 1341-1358.
[2] Bukhari A. Investigation of the electro-coagulation treatment process for
the removal of total suspended solids and turbidity from municipal
wastewater. Bioresour. Technol. 2008; 99(5): 914-921.
[3] Mattenson M.J., Dobson R.L., Glenn R.W., Kukunoor W.H., Clayfield
E.J. Electrocoagulation and separation of aqueous suspension of
ultrafine particles. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects
1995; 104: 101-109.
[4] Aleboyeh A., Daneshvar N., Kasiri M.B. Optimization of C.I. acid red
14 azo dye removal by electrocoagulation batch process with response
surface methodology. Chem. Eng. Process. 2008; 47(5): 827-832.
[5] Can O.T., Kobya M., Demirbas E., Bayramoglu M. Treatment of the
textile wastewater by combined electrocoagulation. Chemosphere 2006;
62(2): 181-187.
[6] Vlyssides A.G., Papaioannou D., Loizidoy M., Karlis P.K., Zorpas A.A.
Testing an electrochemical method for treatment of textile dye
wastewater. Waste Manag. 2000; 20(7): 569-574.
[7] Xiong Y.A., Strunk P.J., Xia H., Zhu X., Karlsson H.T. Treatment of
dye wastewater containing acid orange II using a cell with three-phase
three-dimensional electrode. Wat. Res. 2001; 35(17): 4226-4230.
[8] Yang C.-L., McGarrahan J. Electrochemical coagulation for textile
effluent decolorization. J. Hazard. Mater. 2005; 127: 40-47.
[9] Yildiz Y.┼×. Optimization of bomaplex Red CR-L dye removal from
aqueous solution by electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes. J.
Hazard. Mater. 2008; 153: 194-200.
[10] Zidane F., DroguinP., Lekhlif B., Bensaid J., Blais J.-F., Belcadi S., El
kacemi K. Decolourization of dye-containing effluent using mineral
coagulants produced by electrocoagulation. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008;
155(1-2): 153-163.
[11] Heidmann I., Calmano W. Removal of Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Ag(I) and
Cr(VI) present in aqueous solutions by aluminium electrocoagulation. J.
Hazard. Mater. 2008; 152(3): 934-941.
[12] Meunier N., Drogui P., Montané C., Hausler R., Mercier G., Blais J.-F.
Comparison between electrocoagulation and chemical precipitation for
metals removal from acidic soil leachate. J. Hazard. Mater. 2006;
137(1): 581-590.
[13] Bensadok K., Benammar S., Lapicque F., Nezzal G. Electrocoagulation
of cutting oil emulsions using aluminium plate electrodes. J. Hazard.
Mater. 2008; 152(1): 423-430.
[14] Ca├▒izares P., Carmona M., Lobato J., Martinez F., Rodrigo M.A.
Electrodissolution of aluminum electrodes in electrocoagulation
processes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005; 44: 4178-4185.
[15] Uğurlu M., Gürses A., Doğar Ç., Yalçın M. The removal of lignin and
phenol from paper mill effluents by electrocoagulation. J. Environ.
Manage. 2008; 87(3): 420-428.
[16] Yild─▒z Y.┼×., Koparal A.S., Keskinler B. Effect of initial pH and
supporting electrolyte on the treatment of water containing high
concentration of humic substances by electrocoagulation. Chem. Eng. J.
2008; 138(1-3): 63-72.
[17] Zhu B., Clifford D. A., Chellam S. Comparison of electrocoagulation
and chemical coagulation pretreatment for enhanced virus removal using
microfiltration membranes. Water Res. 2005; 39(13): 3098-3108.
[18] Gregory P. Azo dyes: Structure-carcinogenicity relationships. Dyes
Pigments 1986; 7(1): 45-56.
[19] Merzouk B., Gourich B., Sekki A., Madani K., Vial Ch., Barkaoui M.
Studies on the decolorization of textile dye wastewater by continuous
electrocoagulation process. Chem. Eng. J. 2009; 49: 207-214
[20] Daneshvar N., Salari D., Khataee A.R. Photocatalytic degradation of azo
dye acid red 14 in water: investigation of the effect of operational
parameters. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 2003; A 157: 111-116.
[21] Kim T.-H., Park C., Shin E.-B., Kim S. Decolorization of direct and
reactive dyes by continuous electrocoagulation process. Desalination
2002; 150: 165-175.
[22] Johnson P.N., Amirtharajah A. Ferric chloride and alum as single and
dual coagulants. Jour. AWWA. 1983; 75(5): 232-239.
[23] Daily Foreign Exchange Rates, Bank of Thailand. http://www.bot.or.th.
Last accessed on April 30, 2009.
[24] Report on Drought Situation on March 12, 2005.
http://www.moac.go.th/disaster/. Last accessed on April 30, 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:61958", author = "C. Phalakornkule and S. Polgumhang and W. Tongdaung", title = "Performance of an Electrocoagulation Process in Treating Direct Dye: Batch and Continuous Upflow Processes", abstract = "This study presents an investigation of
electrochemical variables and an application of the optimal
parameters in operating a continuous upflow electrocoagulation
reactor in removing dye. Direct red 23, which is azo-based, was used
as a representative of direct dyes. First, a batch mode was employed
to optimize the design parameters: electrode type, electrode distance,
current density and electrocoagulation time. The optimal parameters
were found to be iron anode, distance between electrodes of 8 mm
and current density of 30 A·m-2 with contact time of 5 min. The
performance of the continuous upflow reactor with these parameters
was satisfactory, with >95% color removal and energy consumption
in the order of 0.6-0.7 kWh·m-3.", keywords = "Decolorization, Direct Dye, Electrocoagulation,Textile Wastewater, Upflow Reactor.", volume = "3", number = "9", pages = "520-6", }
