Performance Analysis of Bluetooth Low Energy Mesh Routing Algorithm in Case of Disaster Prediction
Ubiquity of natural disasters during last few decades
have risen serious questions towards the prediction of such events
and human safety. Every disaster regardless its proportion has a
precursor which is manifested as a disruption of some environmental
parameter such as temperature, humidity, pressure, vibrations and
etc. In order to anticipate and monitor those changes, in this paper
we propose an overall system for disaster prediction and monitoring,
based on wireless sensor network (WSN). Furthermore, we introduce
a modified and simplified WSN routing protocol built on the top
of the trickle routing algorithm. Routing algorithm was deployed
using the bluetooth low energy protocol in order to achieve low
power consumption. Performance of the WSN network was analyzed
using a real life system implementation. Estimates of the WSN
parameters such as battery life time, network size and packet delay are
determined. Based on the performance of the WSN network, proposed
system can be utilized for disaster monitoring and prediction due to
its low power profile and mesh routing feature.
[1] D. Chen, Z. Liu, L. Wang, M. Dou, J. Chen and H. Li, “Natural disaster
monitoring with wireless sensor networks: A case study of data-intensive
applications upon low-cost scalable systems,” Mobile Networks and
Applications, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 651–663, Aug. 2013.
[2] M. Lindell and C. Prater, “Assessing community impacts of natural
disasters,” Natural Hazards Review, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 176–185, Nov.
2003.
[3] B. H. Calhoun, D. C. Daly, N. Verma and D. F. Finchelstein, D.
D. Wentzloff, A. Wang, S. H. Cho and A. P. Chandrakasan, “Design
considerations for ultra-low energy wireless microsensor nodes,” IEEE
Trans. Comput., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 727–749, Jun. 2005.
[4] G. J. Pottie and W. J. Kaiser, “Wireless integrated network sensors,”
Magazine Communications of the ACM, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 51–58, May
2000.
[5] D. Waltenegus and C. Poellabauer, Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor
Networks: Theory & practice. Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex,
PO19 8SQ, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2010.
[6] W. B. Heinzelman, A. P. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, “An
application specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor
networks,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 660–670,
Oct. 2002.
[7] M. Othman and K. Shazali, “Wireless sensor network applications:
A study in environment monitoring system,” Procedia Engineering,
vol. 41. [8] C. Gomez, J. Oller and J. Paradells, “Overview and evaluation of
bluetooth low energy: An emerging low-power wireless technology,”
Sensors, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 11 734–11 753, Aug. 2012.
[9] A. Kadri, E. Yaacoub, M. Mushtaha and A. Abu-Dayya, “Wireless
sensor network for real-time air pollution monitoring,” in 1st
International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing, and
their Applications (ICCSPA), Feb. 2013, pp. 1 – 5.
[10] N. Suljanovic, A. Gogic, A. Mujcic, I.H. Cavdra and M. Zajc, “The role
of mac routing in wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. Signal Processing
and Communications Applications Conference, Trabzon, Turkey, Apr.
2014, pp. 2323–2326.
[11] C. Alippi, R. Camplani, C. Galperti and M. Roveri, “A robust, adaptive,
solar-powered wsn framework for aquatic environmental monitoring,”
IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 45–55, Jan. 2011.
[12] G. Barrenetxea, F. Ingelrest, G. Schaefer and M. Vetterli, “Wireless
sensor networks for environmental monitoring: The sensorscope
experience,” in Proc. IEEE International Zurich Seminar on
Communications, Zurich, Switzerland, Mar. 2008, pp. 98–101.
[13] G. Werner-Allen, J. Johnson, M. Ruiz, J. Lees and M. Welsh,
“Monitoring volcanic eruptions with a wireless sensor network,” in Proc.
2nd European Workshop Wireless Sensor Networks, Istanbul, Turkey,
Jan. 2005, pp. 108–120.
[14] S. Verma, N. Chug and D. V. Gadre, “Wireless sensor network for crop
field monitoring,” in Recent Trends in Information, Telecommunication
and Computing (ITC), 2010 International Conference on, Kochi, Kerala,
Mar. 2010, pp. 207–211.
[15] J. Valverde, V. Rosello, G. Mujica, J. Portilla, A. Uriarte, and T. Riesgo,
“Wireless sensor network for environmental monitoring: Application in
a coffee factory,” International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks,
vol. 2012.
[16] J. Hughes, J. Yan and K. Soga, “Development of wireless sensor network
using bluetooth low energy (BLE) for construction noise monitoring,”
International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, vol. 8,
no. 2, pp. 1379–1405, Jun. 2015.
[17] C. M. Nguyen, J. Mays, D. Plesa, S. Rao, M. Nguyen and J.
C. Chiao, “Wireless sensor nodes for environmental monitoring in
Internet of Things,” in Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2015 IEEE MTT-S
International, Phoenix, AZ, May 2015, pp. 1–4.
[18] Z. Guo, I. G. Harris, L. Tsaur and Xianbo Chen, “An on-demand
scatternet formation and multi-hop routing protocol for ble-based
wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. Wireless Communications and
Networking Conference, New Orleans, LA, Mar. 2015, pp. 1590–1595.
[19] C. Schurgers and M. B. Srivastava, “Energy efficient routing in wireless
sensor networks,” in Military Communications Conference, Oct. 2001,
pp. 357–361.
[20] CSR, “Csrmesh,” Tech. Rep., Mar. 2015.
[21] H. S. Kim, J. Lee and J.W. Jang, “Blemesh: A wireless mesh network
protocol for bluetooth low energy devices,” in Proc. 3rd International
Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud), Rome,
Italy, Aug. 2015, pp. 558–563.
[22] Bluetooth Special Interest Group, “Bluetooth technology adding mesh
networking to spur new wave of innovation,” Press Release, Tech. Rep.,
Feb. 2015.
[23] J. Chen, S. Li, and Y. Sun, “Novel deployment schemes for mobile
sensor networks,” Sensors, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 2907–2919, Nov. 2007.
[24] M. Matin and M. Islam, “Overivew of wireless sensor network,” in
Wireless Sensor Networks - Technology and Protocols, D. M. Matin,
Ed. InTech, 2012.
[25] J. N. Al-Karaki and A. E. Kamal, “Routing techniques in wireless sensor
networks: A survey,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Mag., vol. 11, no. 6, pp.
6–28, Dec. 2004.
[26] Z. Abbas and W. Yoon, “A survey on energy conserving mechanisms
for the internet of things: Wireless networking aspects,” Sensors 2015,
vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 24 818–24 847, Sep. 2015.
[27] SS. Chalasani and J.M. Conrad, “A survey of energy harvesting sources
for embedded systems,” in Southeastcon, 2008. IEEE, Apr. 2008, pp.
442–447.
[28] Bluetooth Special Interest Group, “Bluetooth specification version 4.0,”
Tech. Rep., Jun. 2010.
[29] G. Lu, B. Krishnamachari, and C. S. Raghavendra, “An adaptive
energy-efficient and low-latency MAC for data gathering in wireless
sensor networks,” in Proc. International Parallel and Distributed
Processing Symposium, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, Apr. 2004, pp.
224–231.
[30] V. Annamalai, S. K. S. Gupta, and L. Schwiebert, “On tree-based
convergecasting in wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE
Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Mar. 2003, pp.
1942–1947.
[31] P. Levis, T. Clausen, J. Hui, O. Gnawali and J. Ko, “The Trickle
Algorithm,” Tech. Rep. RFC 6206, 2011.
[32] M. Stolikj, T.M.M. Meyfroyt, P.J.L. Cuijpers and J.J. Lukkien,
“Improving the performance of trickle-based data dissemination in
low-power networks,” CoRR, vol. abs/1509.08654, Oct. 2015. [Online].
Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1509.08654
[33] P. Levis, N. Patel , D. Culler and S. Shenker, “Trickle: A self-regulating
algorithm for code propagation and maintenance in wireless sensor
networks,” in Proc. of the First Symposium on Networked Systems
Design and Implementation, , Mar. 2004, pp. 15–28.
[34] O. Gnawali, R. Fonseca, K. Jamieson, D. Moss and P. Levis, “ Collection
Tree Protocol,” in Proc. of the 7th ACM conference on embedded
networked sensor systems, Nov. 2009, pp. 1–14.
[35] J. Hui and R. Kelsey, “Multicast Protocol for Low power and Lossy
Networks (MPL),” Tech. Rep., 2014.
[36] T. Winter, P. Thubert, A. Brandt, J. Hui, R. Kelsey, P. Levis, K. Pister,
R. Struik, J. Vasseur and R. Alexander, “RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol
for Low-Power and Lossy Networks,” Tech. Rep. RFC 6550, 2012.
[37] Nordic Semiconductor, “nRF51 Series Reference manual v3.1,” Tech.
Rep., 2014.
[38] NXP Semiconductors, “PCF8563 manual,” Tech. Rep., 2015.
[39] Analog Devices, “ADXL362 manual,” Tech. Rep., 2015.
[40] Sensirion, “SHT21 manual,” Tech. Rep., 2011.
[41] A. Zollo, O. Amoroso, M. Lancieri, Y.M. Wu and H. Kanamori, “A
threshold-based earthquake early warning using dense accelerometer
networks,” Geophysical Journal International, vol. 183, no. 2, pp.
963–974, Aug. 2010.
[42] Texas Instruments, “CC3100 SimpleLink Wi-Fi Network Processor,
Internet-of-Things Solution for MCU Applications,” Tech. Rep., 2015.
[1] D. Chen, Z. Liu, L. Wang, M. Dou, J. Chen and H. Li, “Natural disaster
monitoring with wireless sensor networks: A case study of data-intensive
applications upon low-cost scalable systems,” Mobile Networks and
Applications, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 651–663, Aug. 2013.
[2] M. Lindell and C. Prater, “Assessing community impacts of natural
disasters,” Natural Hazards Review, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 176–185, Nov.
2003.
[3] B. H. Calhoun, D. C. Daly, N. Verma and D. F. Finchelstein, D.
D. Wentzloff, A. Wang, S. H. Cho and A. P. Chandrakasan, “Design
considerations for ultra-low energy wireless microsensor nodes,” IEEE
Trans. Comput., vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 727–749, Jun. 2005.
[4] G. J. Pottie and W. J. Kaiser, “Wireless integrated network sensors,”
Magazine Communications of the ACM, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 51–58, May
2000.
[5] D. Waltenegus and C. Poellabauer, Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor
Networks: Theory & practice. Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex,
PO19 8SQ, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2010.
[6] W. B. Heinzelman, A. P. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, “An
application specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor
networks,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 660–670,
Oct. 2002.
[7] M. Othman and K. Shazali, “Wireless sensor network applications:
A study in environment monitoring system,” Procedia Engineering,
vol. 41. [8] C. Gomez, J. Oller and J. Paradells, “Overview and evaluation of
bluetooth low energy: An emerging low-power wireless technology,”
Sensors, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 11 734–11 753, Aug. 2012.
[9] A. Kadri, E. Yaacoub, M. Mushtaha and A. Abu-Dayya, “Wireless
sensor network for real-time air pollution monitoring,” in 1st
International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing, and
their Applications (ICCSPA), Feb. 2013, pp. 1 – 5.
[10] N. Suljanovic, A. Gogic, A. Mujcic, I.H. Cavdra and M. Zajc, “The role
of mac routing in wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. Signal Processing
and Communications Applications Conference, Trabzon, Turkey, Apr.
2014, pp. 2323–2326.
[11] C. Alippi, R. Camplani, C. Galperti and M. Roveri, “A robust, adaptive,
solar-powered wsn framework for aquatic environmental monitoring,”
IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 45–55, Jan. 2011.
[12] G. Barrenetxea, F. Ingelrest, G. Schaefer and M. Vetterli, “Wireless
sensor networks for environmental monitoring: The sensorscope
experience,” in Proc. IEEE International Zurich Seminar on
Communications, Zurich, Switzerland, Mar. 2008, pp. 98–101.
[13] G. Werner-Allen, J. Johnson, M. Ruiz, J. Lees and M. Welsh,
“Monitoring volcanic eruptions with a wireless sensor network,” in Proc.
2nd European Workshop Wireless Sensor Networks, Istanbul, Turkey,
Jan. 2005, pp. 108–120.
[14] S. Verma, N. Chug and D. V. Gadre, “Wireless sensor network for crop
field monitoring,” in Recent Trends in Information, Telecommunication
and Computing (ITC), 2010 International Conference on, Kochi, Kerala,
Mar. 2010, pp. 207–211.
[15] J. Valverde, V. Rosello, G. Mujica, J. Portilla, A. Uriarte, and T. Riesgo,
“Wireless sensor network for environmental monitoring: Application in
a coffee factory,” International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks,
vol. 2012.
[16] J. Hughes, J. Yan and K. Soga, “Development of wireless sensor network
using bluetooth low energy (BLE) for construction noise monitoring,”
International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, vol. 8,
no. 2, pp. 1379–1405, Jun. 2015.
[17] C. M. Nguyen, J. Mays, D. Plesa, S. Rao, M. Nguyen and J.
C. Chiao, “Wireless sensor nodes for environmental monitoring in
Internet of Things,” in Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2015 IEEE MTT-S
International, Phoenix, AZ, May 2015, pp. 1–4.
[18] Z. Guo, I. G. Harris, L. Tsaur and Xianbo Chen, “An on-demand
scatternet formation and multi-hop routing protocol for ble-based
wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. Wireless Communications and
Networking Conference, New Orleans, LA, Mar. 2015, pp. 1590–1595.
[19] C. Schurgers and M. B. Srivastava, “Energy efficient routing in wireless
sensor networks,” in Military Communications Conference, Oct. 2001,
pp. 357–361.
[20] CSR, “Csrmesh,” Tech. Rep., Mar. 2015.
[21] H. S. Kim, J. Lee and J.W. Jang, “Blemesh: A wireless mesh network
protocol for bluetooth low energy devices,” in Proc. 3rd International
Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud), Rome,
Italy, Aug. 2015, pp. 558–563.
[22] Bluetooth Special Interest Group, “Bluetooth technology adding mesh
networking to spur new wave of innovation,” Press Release, Tech. Rep.,
Feb. 2015.
[23] J. Chen, S. Li, and Y. Sun, “Novel deployment schemes for mobile
sensor networks,” Sensors, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 2907–2919, Nov. 2007.
[24] M. Matin and M. Islam, “Overivew of wireless sensor network,” in
Wireless Sensor Networks - Technology and Protocols, D. M. Matin,
Ed. InTech, 2012.
[25] J. N. Al-Karaki and A. E. Kamal, “Routing techniques in wireless sensor
networks: A survey,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Mag., vol. 11, no. 6, pp.
6–28, Dec. 2004.
[26] Z. Abbas and W. Yoon, “A survey on energy conserving mechanisms
for the internet of things: Wireless networking aspects,” Sensors 2015,
vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 24 818–24 847, Sep. 2015.
[27] SS. Chalasani and J.M. Conrad, “A survey of energy harvesting sources
for embedded systems,” in Southeastcon, 2008. IEEE, Apr. 2008, pp.
442–447.
[28] Bluetooth Special Interest Group, “Bluetooth specification version 4.0,”
Tech. Rep., Jun. 2010.
[29] G. Lu, B. Krishnamachari, and C. S. Raghavendra, “An adaptive
energy-efficient and low-latency MAC for data gathering in wireless
sensor networks,” in Proc. International Parallel and Distributed
Processing Symposium, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, Apr. 2004, pp.
224–231.
[30] V. Annamalai, S. K. S. Gupta, and L. Schwiebert, “On tree-based
convergecasting in wireless sensor networks,” in Proc. IEEE
Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Mar. 2003, pp.
1942–1947.
[31] P. Levis, T. Clausen, J. Hui, O. Gnawali and J. Ko, “The Trickle
Algorithm,” Tech. Rep. RFC 6206, 2011.
[32] M. Stolikj, T.M.M. Meyfroyt, P.J.L. Cuijpers and J.J. Lukkien,
“Improving the performance of trickle-based data dissemination in
low-power networks,” CoRR, vol. abs/1509.08654, Oct. 2015. [Online].
Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/1509.08654
[33] P. Levis, N. Patel , D. Culler and S. Shenker, “Trickle: A self-regulating
algorithm for code propagation and maintenance in wireless sensor
networks,” in Proc. of the First Symposium on Networked Systems
Design and Implementation, , Mar. 2004, pp. 15–28.
[34] O. Gnawali, R. Fonseca, K. Jamieson, D. Moss and P. Levis, “ Collection
Tree Protocol,” in Proc. of the 7th ACM conference on embedded
networked sensor systems, Nov. 2009, pp. 1–14.
[35] J. Hui and R. Kelsey, “Multicast Protocol for Low power and Lossy
Networks (MPL),” Tech. Rep., 2014.
[36] T. Winter, P. Thubert, A. Brandt, J. Hui, R. Kelsey, P. Levis, K. Pister,
R. Struik, J. Vasseur and R. Alexander, “RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol
for Low-Power and Lossy Networks,” Tech. Rep. RFC 6550, 2012.
[37] Nordic Semiconductor, “nRF51 Series Reference manual v3.1,” Tech.
Rep., 2014.
[38] NXP Semiconductors, “PCF8563 manual,” Tech. Rep., 2015.
[39] Analog Devices, “ADXL362 manual,” Tech. Rep., 2015.
[40] Sensirion, “SHT21 manual,” Tech. Rep., 2011.
[41] A. Zollo, O. Amoroso, M. Lancieri, Y.M. Wu and H. Kanamori, “A
threshold-based earthquake early warning using dense accelerometer
networks,” Geophysical Journal International, vol. 183, no. 2, pp.
963–974, Aug. 2010.
[42] Texas Instruments, “CC3100 SimpleLink Wi-Fi Network Processor,
Internet-of-Things Solution for MCU Applications,” Tech. Rep., 2015.
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:73102", author = "Asmir Gogic and Aljo Mujcic and Sandra Ibric and Nermin Suljanovic", title = "Performance Analysis of Bluetooth Low Energy Mesh Routing Algorithm in Case of Disaster Prediction", abstract = "Ubiquity of natural disasters during last few decades
have risen serious questions towards the prediction of such events
and human safety. Every disaster regardless its proportion has a
precursor which is manifested as a disruption of some environmental
parameter such as temperature, humidity, pressure, vibrations and
etc. In order to anticipate and monitor those changes, in this paper
we propose an overall system for disaster prediction and monitoring,
based on wireless sensor network (WSN). Furthermore, we introduce
a modified and simplified WSN routing protocol built on the top
of the trickle routing algorithm. Routing algorithm was deployed
using the bluetooth low energy protocol in order to achieve low
power consumption. Performance of the WSN network was analyzed
using a real life system implementation. Estimates of the WSN
parameters such as battery life time, network size and packet delay are
determined. Based on the performance of the WSN network, proposed
system can be utilized for disaster monitoring and prediction due to
its low power profile and mesh routing feature.", keywords = "Bluetooth low energy, disaster prediction, mesh
routing protocols, wireless sensor networks.", volume = "10", number = "6", pages = "1097-7", }
