Patterns of Sports Supplement Use among Iranian Female Athletes
Supplement use is common in athletes. Besides their cost, they may have side effects on health and performance. 250 questionnaires were distributed among female athletes (mean age 27.08 years). The questionnaire aimed to explore the frequency, type, believes, attitudes and knowledge regarding dietary supplements. Knowledge was good in 30.3%, fair in 60.2%, and poor in 9.1% of respondents. 65.3% of athletes did not use supplements regularly. The most widely used supplements were vitamins (48.4%), minerals (42.9%), energy supplements (21.3%), and herbals (20.9%). 68.9% of athletes believed in their efficacy. 34.4% experienced performance enhancement and 6.8% of reported side effects. 68.2% reported little knowledge and 60.9% were eager to learn more. In conclusion, many of the female athletes believe in the efficacy of supplements and think they are an unavoidable part of competitive sports. However, their information is not sufficient. We have to stress on education, consulting sessions, and rational prescription.
[1] A. Petroczi, D. P. Naughton, G. Pearce, R. Bailey, A. Bloodworth, M.
McNamee, "Nutritional supplement use by elite young UK athletes:
fallacies of advice regarding efficacy," Journal of the International Society of Sport Nutrition, vol. 5, p. 22, 2008.
[2] M. A. Kobryner, "Dietary supplement use by athletes at a British university," Leeds Metropolitan university, Carnegie faculty of sport
and education, 2009, unpublished.
[3] A. Petroczi, D. P. Naughton, J. Mazanov, A. Holloway, J. Bingham,
"Limited agreement exists between rational and practice in athletes-
supplement use for maintenance of health: a retrospective study," Nutr
J, vol. 6, p. 34, 2007.
[4] A. Petroczi, D. P. Naughton, J. Mazanov, A. Holloway, J. Bingham,
"Performance enhancement with supplements: incongruence between
rational and practice," J Int Soc Sports Nutr, vol. 4, p. 19, 2007.
[5] A. Nieper, "Nutritional supplement in practice in UK junior national
track and field athletes," Br J Sport Med, vol. 39, pp 645-649, 2005.
[6] R. J. Maughan, D. S. King, T. Lea, "Dietary supplements," Journal of
Sports Science, vol. 22, pp. 95-113, 2004.
[7] B. M. Malinauskas, R. F. Overton, V. G. Carraway, B. C. Cash, "Supplement of interest for sport-related injury and sources of
supplement information among college athletes," Advanced Medical
Science, vol. 52, pp.50-54, 2007.
[8] K. Froiland, W. Koszewski, J. Hingst, L. Kopecky, “Nutritional
supplement use among college athletes and their sources of
information,” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise
Metabolism, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 104-120, 2004.
[9] J. McDowall, “Supplement use by young athletes,” Journal of Sport
Science and Medicine, vol. 6, pp. 337-342, 2007.
[10] M. T. Ashtiani, M. Monajjemzadeh, A. H. Sina, F. Berenji, M.
Abdollahi, M. G. Said, M. Alam, “ Prevalence of haemoglobinopathies
in 34,030 healthy adults in Tehran, Iran,” Clin Pathol., vol. 62, no. 10,
pp. 924-5, Oct. 2009.
[11] S. Shams, H. Asheri, V. Ziaee, L. Koochakzadeh, M. Monajemzadeh,
M. Nouri, et. al, “The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in female
medical students in Tehran,” Singapore Med J., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 116-
9, Feb. 2010.
[12] F. Torkan, A. Kabir, L. Hakemi, “Prevalence of anemia in Iranian
athletes participating in the camps for selecting female national teams,”
in Proc. 7th IOC World Congress, Athens, 2003.
[13] R. B. Kreider, D. Hill, G. Horton, M. Downes, S. Smith, B. Anders,
“Effects of carbohydrate supplementation during intense training on
dietary patterns, physiological status, and performance,” International
Journal of Sport Nutrition, vol. 5, pp. 125-135, 1995.
[14] C. Chryssanthopoulos, C. Williams, A. Nowitz , C. Kotsiopoulou, V.
Vleck, “The effect of a high carbohydrate meal on endurance running
capacity,” International Journal of Sports Nutrition, vol. 12, pp. 157-
171, 2002.
[15] T. E. Graham, “Caffeine and exercise, metabolism, endurance and
performance,” Sports Medicine, vol. 31, no.11, pp. 785-807, 2001.
[16] P. Hespel, R. J. Maughan, P. L. Greenhaff, “Dietary supplements for
football,” Journal of Sport Science, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 749-761, 2006.
[17] L. Hakemi, A. Mamduhinia, A. Maghulzadeh ,” Evaluation of
knowledge, attitude and consumption of sports supplements by high
level athletes,” 2007, unpublished.
[1] A. Petroczi, D. P. Naughton, G. Pearce, R. Bailey, A. Bloodworth, M.
McNamee, "Nutritional supplement use by elite young UK athletes:
fallacies of advice regarding efficacy," Journal of the International Society of Sport Nutrition, vol. 5, p. 22, 2008.
[2] M. A. Kobryner, "Dietary supplement use by athletes at a British university," Leeds Metropolitan university, Carnegie faculty of sport
and education, 2009, unpublished.
[3] A. Petroczi, D. P. Naughton, J. Mazanov, A. Holloway, J. Bingham,
"Limited agreement exists between rational and practice in athletes-
supplement use for maintenance of health: a retrospective study," Nutr
J, vol. 6, p. 34, 2007.
[4] A. Petroczi, D. P. Naughton, J. Mazanov, A. Holloway, J. Bingham,
"Performance enhancement with supplements: incongruence between
rational and practice," J Int Soc Sports Nutr, vol. 4, p. 19, 2007.
[5] A. Nieper, "Nutritional supplement in practice in UK junior national
track and field athletes," Br J Sport Med, vol. 39, pp 645-649, 2005.
[6] R. J. Maughan, D. S. King, T. Lea, "Dietary supplements," Journal of
Sports Science, vol. 22, pp. 95-113, 2004.
[7] B. M. Malinauskas, R. F. Overton, V. G. Carraway, B. C. Cash, "Supplement of interest for sport-related injury and sources of
supplement information among college athletes," Advanced Medical
Science, vol. 52, pp.50-54, 2007.
[8] K. Froiland, W. Koszewski, J. Hingst, L. Kopecky, “Nutritional
supplement use among college athletes and their sources of
information,” International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise
Metabolism, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 104-120, 2004.
[9] J. McDowall, “Supplement use by young athletes,” Journal of Sport
Science and Medicine, vol. 6, pp. 337-342, 2007.
[10] M. T. Ashtiani, M. Monajjemzadeh, A. H. Sina, F. Berenji, M.
Abdollahi, M. G. Said, M. Alam, “ Prevalence of haemoglobinopathies
in 34,030 healthy adults in Tehran, Iran,” Clin Pathol., vol. 62, no. 10,
pp. 924-5, Oct. 2009.
[11] S. Shams, H. Asheri, V. Ziaee, L. Koochakzadeh, M. Monajemzadeh,
M. Nouri, et. al, “The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in female
medical students in Tehran,” Singapore Med J., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 116-
9, Feb. 2010.
[12] F. Torkan, A. Kabir, L. Hakemi, “Prevalence of anemia in Iranian
athletes participating in the camps for selecting female national teams,”
in Proc. 7th IOC World Congress, Athens, 2003.
[13] R. B. Kreider, D. Hill, G. Horton, M. Downes, S. Smith, B. Anders,
“Effects of carbohydrate supplementation during intense training on
dietary patterns, physiological status, and performance,” International
Journal of Sport Nutrition, vol. 5, pp. 125-135, 1995.
[14] C. Chryssanthopoulos, C. Williams, A. Nowitz , C. Kotsiopoulou, V.
Vleck, “The effect of a high carbohydrate meal on endurance running
capacity,” International Journal of Sports Nutrition, vol. 12, pp. 157-
171, 2002.
[15] T. E. Graham, “Caffeine and exercise, metabolism, endurance and
performance,” Sports Medicine, vol. 31, no.11, pp. 785-807, 2001.
[16] P. Hespel, R. J. Maughan, P. L. Greenhaff, “Dietary supplements for
football,” Journal of Sport Science, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 749-761, 2006.
[17] L. Hakemi, A. Mamduhinia, A. Maghulzadeh ,” Evaluation of
knowledge, attitude and consumption of sports supplements by high
level athletes,” 2007, unpublished.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:64232", author = "A. Golshanraz and L. Hakemi and L. Pourkazemi and E. Dadgostar and F. Moradzandi and R. Tabatabaee and F. Moradi and K. Hosseinihajiagha and N. Jazayeri and H. Abedifar and R. Fouladi and M. Khooban and H. Saboori and M. Kiani and M. Sajedi and E. Karooninejad and S.Moeen and M.Ghavam and F.Beiranvand and S.Mansoori and F.Gheisari and H.Barzegari", title = "Patterns of Sports Supplement Use among Iranian Female Athletes", abstract = "Supplement use is common in athletes. Besides their cost, they may have side effects on health and performance. 250 questionnaires were distributed among female athletes (mean age 27.08 years). The questionnaire aimed to explore the frequency, type, believes, attitudes and knowledge regarding dietary supplements. Knowledge was good in 30.3%, fair in 60.2%, and poor in 9.1% of respondents. 65.3% of athletes did not use supplements regularly. The most widely used supplements were vitamins (48.4%), minerals (42.9%), energy supplements (21.3%), and herbals (20.9%). 68.9% of athletes believed in their efficacy. 34.4% experienced performance enhancement and 6.8% of reported side effects. 68.2% reported little knowledge and 60.9% were eager to learn more. In conclusion, many of the female athletes believe in the efficacy of supplements and think they are an unavoidable part of competitive sports. However, their information is not sufficient. We have to stress on education, consulting sessions, and rational prescription.
", keywords = "athlete, female, sports, supplement", volume = "6", number = "9", pages = "2480-4", }
