Organizational Strategy for Technology Convergence
The purpose of this article is to identify the practical strategies of R&D (research and development) entities for developing converging technology in organizational context. Based on the multi-assignation technological domains of patents derived from entire government-supported R&D projects for 13 years, we find that technology convergence is likely to occur when a university solely develops technology or when university develops technology as one of the collaborators. These results reflect the important role of universities in developing converging technology
[1] J. T. Klein, Crossing boundaries. Knowledge, Disciplinarities and
Interdisciplinarities. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia,
1996.
[2] S. M. Reich and J. A. Reich, "Cultural competence in interdisciplinary
collaboration: A method for respecting diversity in research
partnerships," American Journal of Community Psychology, vol. 38, pp.
52-58, 2006
[3] T. Stone, K., Bollard, and J. M. "Harbor. Launching interdisciplinary
programs as college signature areas: an Example," Innovative Higher
Education, vol. 34, pp. 321-328, 2009.
[4] J. Lind, "Convergence: history of term usage and lessons for firm
strategists," 15th Biennial ITS Conference, Berlin, Germany, 2004.
[5] L. Sanz-Menéndez, Bordons, M., and A. M. Zulueta, "Interdisciplinarity
as a multidimensional concept: its measure in three different research
areas," Research Evaluation, vol. 10, pp. 47-58. 2001.
[6] F. Morillo, M. Bordons, and I. G├│mez, "Interdisciplinarity in science: A
tentative typology of disciplines and research areas," Journal of the
American Society for Information Science and Technology, vol. 54, pp.
1237-1249, 2003.
[7] W. S. Bainbridge, "Transformative concepts in scientific convergence,"
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1093, pp. 24-45. 2006
[8] P. Llerena and F. Meyer-Krahmer, "Interdisciplinary research and the
organization of the university: general challenges and a case study," in: A.
Geuna, J. A. Salter, and W. Steinmueller, (Eds), Science and Innovation:
Rethinking the Rationales for Funding and Governance. Cheltenham,
UK: Edward Elgar, pp. 69-88, 2003.
[9] L. Grigg, "Cross-disciplinary research. A discussion paper," Australian
Research Council Commissioned Report No. 61, Australian Research
Council, Canberra, 1999.
[10] D. Stokols, S. Misra, R. P. Moser, K. L. Hall, and B. K. Taylor, "The
ecology of team science: Understanding contextual influences on
transdisciplinary collaboration," American Journal of Preventive
Medicine, vol. 35, pp. 96-115, 2008.
[11] N. Carayol, and T. Thi, "Why do academic scientists engage in
interdisciplinary research?" Research Evaluation, vol. 14, pp. 70-79,
2005.
[12] T. van Leeuwen and R. Tijssen, "Interdisciplinary dynamics of modern
science: analysis of cross-disciplinary citation flows," Research
Evaluation, vol. 9, pp. 183-187, 2000.
[13] N. Metzger and R. N. Zare, Science policy - interdisciplinary research:
from belief to reality. Science, vol. 283, pp. 642-643, 1999.
[14] D. Rhoten, "Interdisciplinary research: trend or transition," Items - Social
Science Research Council, vol. 5, pp. 6-11, 1999.
[15] F. Kodama, "Technology fusion and the new R&D," Harvard Business
Review, vol. 70, pp. 70-78.
[16] J. Qin, F. W. Lancaster, and B. Allen, "Types and levels of collaboration
in interdisciplinary research in the sciences," Journal of the American
Society for Information Science, vol. 48, pp. 893-916, 1997.
[17] C. S. Curran and J. Leker, "Patent indicators for monitoring convergence
- examples from NFF and ICT," Technological Forecasting and Social
Change, vol. 78, pp. 256-273, 2011.
[18] A. L. Porter and L. Rafols, "Is science becoming more interdisciplinary?
Measuring and mapping six research fields over time," Scientometrics
vol. 81, 719-745, 2009.
[19] H. Ernst, "Patent information for strategic technology management,"
World Patent Information, vol. 25, pp. 233-242, 2003.
[20] S. Lee, and M. S. Kim, "Inter-technology networks to support innovation
strategy: An analysis of Korea-s new growth engines," Innovation:
Management, Policy & Practice, vol. 12, pp. 88-104, 2012.
[21] A. L. Porter, A. S. Cohen, D. Roessner, and M. Perreault, "Measuring
researcher interdisciplinarity," Scientometrics vol. 72, pp. 117-147,
2007.
[22] M. Gibbons, C. Limoges, H. Nowotny, S. Schwartzman, P. Scott, and M.
Trow, The new production of knowledge. London: Sage, 1994.
[23] B. Wernerfelt, "The resource-based view of the firm: Ten years after,"
Strategic Management Journal, vol. 16, pp. 171-174, 1995.
[24] H. Etzkowitz and L. Leydesdorff, "The dynamics of innovation: from
National Systems and ÔÇÿÔÇÿMode 2-- to a Triple Helix of
university-industry-government relations," Research Policy, vol. 29, pp.
109-123, 2000.
[25] B. Eom and K. Lee, "Determinants of industry-academy linkages and,
their impact on firm performance: The case of Korea as a latecomer in
knowledge industrialization," Research Policy, vol. 39, pp. 625-639,
2010.
[26] D. H. Lee, Z. Bae, and J. Lee, "Performance and adaptive roles of the
government-supported research institute in South Korea," World
Development, vol. 19, pp. 1421-1440, 1991.
[27] G. A. Stevens and J. Burley, "3,000 raw ideas = 1 commercial success!"
Research-Technology Management, vol. 40, pp. 16-27, 1997
[28] L. Håkanson, "Managing cooperative research and development: partner
selection and contract design," R&D Management, vol. 23, pp. 273-285,
1993.
[29] B. S. Tether, "Who co-operates for innovation, and why: An empirical
analysis," Research Policy, vol. 31, pp. 947-967, 2002.
[30] L. Miotti and F. Sachwald, "Co-operative R&D: why and with whom? An
integrated framework of analysis," Research Policy, vol. 32, pp.
1481-1499, 2003.
[31] Y. Seo, and D. Yang, "The empirical study on relationship between CT
R&D subsidy program and R&D performance in S. Korea," Journal of
Korea Technology Innovation Society, vol. 19, pp. 53-76, 2011.
[32] A. Nordmann, Converging Technologies-Chaping the Future of
European Societies. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the
European Communities (EUR 21357), 2004.
[33] G. Tegart, "Converging technologies and their implications for
technology transfer: The cases of European networks (N EuroNet) and
NBIC(nano-bio-info-cogno) technologies as drivers of change,"
Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice, vol. 7, pp. 468-476, 2005.
[34] W. Becker and J. Diet, "R&D cooperation and innovation activities of
firmsÔÇöevidence for the German manufacturing industry," Research
Policy, vol. 33, pp. 209-223, 2004.
[35] R. Belderbos, M. Carreeb, and B. Lokshin, "Cooperative R&D and firm
performance," Research Policy, vol. 33, pp. 1477-1492, 2004
[36] C. K. Prahalad and G. Hamel, "The core competence of the corporation,"
Harvard Business Review, 1990.
[37] D. F. Teece, G. Pisano, and A. Shuen, "Dynamic capabilities and strategic
management," Strategic Management Journal, vol. 18, pp. 509-533,
1997
[38] J. P. Liebeskind, A. L. Oliver, L. Zucker, and M. Brewer, "Social
networks, learning, and flexibility: Sourcing scientific knowledge in new
biotechnology firms," Organization Science, vol. 7, pp. 428-443, 1996.
[39] T. K. Das and B. Teng, "A resource-based theory of strategic alliances,"
Journal of Management, vol. 26, pp. 31-61, 2000.
[40] J. Hagedoorn, A. Link, and N. Vonortas, "Research Partnerships,"
Research Policy, vol. 29, pp. 567-586, 2002.
[41] B. Kogut, "Joint ventures: Theoretical and empirical perspectives,"
Strategic Management Journal, vol. 9, pp. 319-332, 1988.
[42] R. Belderbos, M. Carree, B. Diederen, B. Lokshin, and R. Veugelers,
"Heterogeneity in R&D cooperation strategies," International Journal of
Industrial Organization, vol. 22, pp. 1237-1263.
[43] M. Sakakibara, "Cooperative research and development: who participates
and in which industries do projects take place?" Research Policy, vol. 30,
pp. 993-1018, 2001.
[44] A. M. Sanchez and A. P. Tejedor, "University-industry relationships in
peripheral regions: The case of aragon in Spain," Technovation, vol. 15,
pp. 613-625, 1995.
[45] M. L. Katz, "Remarks on the economic implications of convergence,"
Industrial and Corporate Change, vol. 5, pp. 1079-1095, 1996.
[46] D. Oh, Y. Kim, and H. Ahn, "An analysis of international cooperation in
the public research and development programs of Korea," Asian Journal
of Technology Innovation, vol. 18, pp. 43-67, 2010.
[47] W. Greene, Econometric Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,
2003.
[48] J. Noh, M. Chung, and J. Rah, "Analysis on the patterns of technological
innovation in Korean manufacturing sector in accordance with
technology intensity," Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
vol. 18, pp. 33-58, 2010.
[49] C. Min, "Analysis of the compensation level and portfolio for advanced
S&T manpower," Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society, vol.
18, pp. 219-245, 2010.
[50] J. B. Burnham, "Evaluating industry/university research linkages.
Research-Technology Management," vol. 40, pp. 52-55, 1997.
[51] K. Brockhoff, and A. K. Chakrabarti, "R&D Marketing linkage and
innovation strategy: Some West German experience," IEEE Transactions
on Engineering Management, vol. 35, pp. 167-174. 1988.
[52] T. W. Steele and J. C. Stier, "The impact of interdisciplinary research in
the environmental sciences: A forestry case study," Journal of the
American Society for Information Science, vol. 51, pp. 476-484, 2000.
[53] M. C. Roco and W. S. Bainbridge, Converging Technologies for
Improving Human Performance. Arlington, Virginia: National Science
Foundation, 2002.
[1] J. T. Klein, Crossing boundaries. Knowledge, Disciplinarities and
Interdisciplinarities. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia,
1996.
[2] S. M. Reich and J. A. Reich, "Cultural competence in interdisciplinary
collaboration: A method for respecting diversity in research
partnerships," American Journal of Community Psychology, vol. 38, pp.
52-58, 2006
[3] T. Stone, K., Bollard, and J. M. "Harbor. Launching interdisciplinary
programs as college signature areas: an Example," Innovative Higher
Education, vol. 34, pp. 321-328, 2009.
[4] J. Lind, "Convergence: history of term usage and lessons for firm
strategists," 15th Biennial ITS Conference, Berlin, Germany, 2004.
[5] L. Sanz-Menéndez, Bordons, M., and A. M. Zulueta, "Interdisciplinarity
as a multidimensional concept: its measure in three different research
areas," Research Evaluation, vol. 10, pp. 47-58. 2001.
[6] F. Morillo, M. Bordons, and I. G├│mez, "Interdisciplinarity in science: A
tentative typology of disciplines and research areas," Journal of the
American Society for Information Science and Technology, vol. 54, pp.
1237-1249, 2003.
[7] W. S. Bainbridge, "Transformative concepts in scientific convergence,"
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1093, pp. 24-45. 2006
[8] P. Llerena and F. Meyer-Krahmer, "Interdisciplinary research and the
organization of the university: general challenges and a case study," in: A.
Geuna, J. A. Salter, and W. Steinmueller, (Eds), Science and Innovation:
Rethinking the Rationales for Funding and Governance. Cheltenham,
UK: Edward Elgar, pp. 69-88, 2003.
[9] L. Grigg, "Cross-disciplinary research. A discussion paper," Australian
Research Council Commissioned Report No. 61, Australian Research
Council, Canberra, 1999.
[10] D. Stokols, S. Misra, R. P. Moser, K. L. Hall, and B. K. Taylor, "The
ecology of team science: Understanding contextual influences on
transdisciplinary collaboration," American Journal of Preventive
Medicine, vol. 35, pp. 96-115, 2008.
[11] N. Carayol, and T. Thi, "Why do academic scientists engage in
interdisciplinary research?" Research Evaluation, vol. 14, pp. 70-79,
2005.
[12] T. van Leeuwen and R. Tijssen, "Interdisciplinary dynamics of modern
science: analysis of cross-disciplinary citation flows," Research
Evaluation, vol. 9, pp. 183-187, 2000.
[13] N. Metzger and R. N. Zare, Science policy - interdisciplinary research:
from belief to reality. Science, vol. 283, pp. 642-643, 1999.
[14] D. Rhoten, "Interdisciplinary research: trend or transition," Items - Social
Science Research Council, vol. 5, pp. 6-11, 1999.
[15] F. Kodama, "Technology fusion and the new R&D," Harvard Business
Review, vol. 70, pp. 70-78.
[16] J. Qin, F. W. Lancaster, and B. Allen, "Types and levels of collaboration
in interdisciplinary research in the sciences," Journal of the American
Society for Information Science, vol. 48, pp. 893-916, 1997.
[17] C. S. Curran and J. Leker, "Patent indicators for monitoring convergence
- examples from NFF and ICT," Technological Forecasting and Social
Change, vol. 78, pp. 256-273, 2011.
[18] A. L. Porter and L. Rafols, "Is science becoming more interdisciplinary?
Measuring and mapping six research fields over time," Scientometrics
vol. 81, 719-745, 2009.
[19] H. Ernst, "Patent information for strategic technology management,"
World Patent Information, vol. 25, pp. 233-242, 2003.
[20] S. Lee, and M. S. Kim, "Inter-technology networks to support innovation
strategy: An analysis of Korea-s new growth engines," Innovation:
Management, Policy & Practice, vol. 12, pp. 88-104, 2012.
[21] A. L. Porter, A. S. Cohen, D. Roessner, and M. Perreault, "Measuring
researcher interdisciplinarity," Scientometrics vol. 72, pp. 117-147,
2007.
[22] M. Gibbons, C. Limoges, H. Nowotny, S. Schwartzman, P. Scott, and M.
Trow, The new production of knowledge. London: Sage, 1994.
[23] B. Wernerfelt, "The resource-based view of the firm: Ten years after,"
Strategic Management Journal, vol. 16, pp. 171-174, 1995.
[24] H. Etzkowitz and L. Leydesdorff, "The dynamics of innovation: from
National Systems and ÔÇÿÔÇÿMode 2-- to a Triple Helix of
university-industry-government relations," Research Policy, vol. 29, pp.
109-123, 2000.
[25] B. Eom and K. Lee, "Determinants of industry-academy linkages and,
their impact on firm performance: The case of Korea as a latecomer in
knowledge industrialization," Research Policy, vol. 39, pp. 625-639,
2010.
[26] D. H. Lee, Z. Bae, and J. Lee, "Performance and adaptive roles of the
government-supported research institute in South Korea," World
Development, vol. 19, pp. 1421-1440, 1991.
[27] G. A. Stevens and J. Burley, "3,000 raw ideas = 1 commercial success!"
Research-Technology Management, vol. 40, pp. 16-27, 1997
[28] L. Håkanson, "Managing cooperative research and development: partner
selection and contract design," R&D Management, vol. 23, pp. 273-285,
1993.
[29] B. S. Tether, "Who co-operates for innovation, and why: An empirical
analysis," Research Policy, vol. 31, pp. 947-967, 2002.
[30] L. Miotti and F. Sachwald, "Co-operative R&D: why and with whom? An
integrated framework of analysis," Research Policy, vol. 32, pp.
1481-1499, 2003.
[31] Y. Seo, and D. Yang, "The empirical study on relationship between CT
R&D subsidy program and R&D performance in S. Korea," Journal of
Korea Technology Innovation Society, vol. 19, pp. 53-76, 2011.
[32] A. Nordmann, Converging Technologies-Chaping the Future of
European Societies. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the
European Communities (EUR 21357), 2004.
[33] G. Tegart, "Converging technologies and their implications for
technology transfer: The cases of European networks (N EuroNet) and
NBIC(nano-bio-info-cogno) technologies as drivers of change,"
Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice, vol. 7, pp. 468-476, 2005.
[34] W. Becker and J. Diet, "R&D cooperation and innovation activities of
firmsÔÇöevidence for the German manufacturing industry," Research
Policy, vol. 33, pp. 209-223, 2004.
[35] R. Belderbos, M. Carreeb, and B. Lokshin, "Cooperative R&D and firm
performance," Research Policy, vol. 33, pp. 1477-1492, 2004
[36] C. K. Prahalad and G. Hamel, "The core competence of the corporation,"
Harvard Business Review, 1990.
[37] D. F. Teece, G. Pisano, and A. Shuen, "Dynamic capabilities and strategic
management," Strategic Management Journal, vol. 18, pp. 509-533,
1997
[38] J. P. Liebeskind, A. L. Oliver, L. Zucker, and M. Brewer, "Social
networks, learning, and flexibility: Sourcing scientific knowledge in new
biotechnology firms," Organization Science, vol. 7, pp. 428-443, 1996.
[39] T. K. Das and B. Teng, "A resource-based theory of strategic alliances,"
Journal of Management, vol. 26, pp. 31-61, 2000.
[40] J. Hagedoorn, A. Link, and N. Vonortas, "Research Partnerships,"
Research Policy, vol. 29, pp. 567-586, 2002.
[41] B. Kogut, "Joint ventures: Theoretical and empirical perspectives,"
Strategic Management Journal, vol. 9, pp. 319-332, 1988.
[42] R. Belderbos, M. Carree, B. Diederen, B. Lokshin, and R. Veugelers,
"Heterogeneity in R&D cooperation strategies," International Journal of
Industrial Organization, vol. 22, pp. 1237-1263.
[43] M. Sakakibara, "Cooperative research and development: who participates
and in which industries do projects take place?" Research Policy, vol. 30,
pp. 993-1018, 2001.
[44] A. M. Sanchez and A. P. Tejedor, "University-industry relationships in
peripheral regions: The case of aragon in Spain," Technovation, vol. 15,
pp. 613-625, 1995.
[45] M. L. Katz, "Remarks on the economic implications of convergence,"
Industrial and Corporate Change, vol. 5, pp. 1079-1095, 1996.
[46] D. Oh, Y. Kim, and H. Ahn, "An analysis of international cooperation in
the public research and development programs of Korea," Asian Journal
of Technology Innovation, vol. 18, pp. 43-67, 2010.
[47] W. Greene, Econometric Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,
2003.
[48] J. Noh, M. Chung, and J. Rah, "Analysis on the patterns of technological
innovation in Korean manufacturing sector in accordance with
technology intensity," Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
vol. 18, pp. 33-58, 2010.
[49] C. Min, "Analysis of the compensation level and portfolio for advanced
S&T manpower," Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society, vol.
18, pp. 219-245, 2010.
[50] J. B. Burnham, "Evaluating industry/university research linkages.
Research-Technology Management," vol. 40, pp. 52-55, 1997.
[51] K. Brockhoff, and A. K. Chakrabarti, "R&D Marketing linkage and
innovation strategy: Some West German experience," IEEE Transactions
on Engineering Management, vol. 35, pp. 167-174. 1988.
[52] T. W. Steele and J. C. Stier, "The impact of interdisciplinary research in
the environmental sciences: A forestry case study," Journal of the
American Society for Information Science, vol. 51, pp. 476-484, 2000.
[53] M. C. Roco and W. S. Bainbridge, Converging Technologies for
Improving Human Performance. Arlington, Virginia: National Science
Foundation, 2002.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:53894", author = "Seongykyoon Jeong and Sungki Lee and Jaeyun Kim and Seunghun Oh and Kiho Kwak", title = "Organizational Strategy for Technology Convergence", abstract = "The purpose of this article is to identify the practical strategies of R&D (research and development) entities for developing converging technology in organizational context. Based on the multi-assignation technological domains of patents derived from entire government-supported R&D projects for 13 years, we find that technology convergence is likely to occur when a university solely develops technology or when university develops technology as one of the collaborators. These results reflect the important role of universities in developing converging technology
", keywords = "Interdisciplinary, Research and development
strategy, Technology convergence", volume = "6", number = "8", pages = "2094-7", }
