Open Jet Testing for Buoyant and Hybrid Buoyant Aerial Vehicles
Open jet testing is a valuable testing technique which
provides the desired results with reasonable accuracy. It has been
used in past for the airships and now has recently been applied for the
hybrid ones, having more non-buoyant force coming from the wings,
empennage and the fuselage. In the present review work, an effort
has been done to review the challenges involved in open jet testing.
In order to shed light on the application of this technique, the
experimental results of two different configurations are presented.
Although, the aerodynamic results of such vehicles are unique to its
own design; however, it will provide a starting point for planning any
future testing. Few important testing areas which need more attention
are also highlighted. Most of the hybrid buoyant aerial vehicles are
unconventional in shape and there experimental data is generated,
which is unique to its own design.
[1] R. Pannel, J. R. and Jones, “Experiments on a Model of the German
Rigid Airship L33,”NACA Report, 1917.
[2] A. H. Jones, R., Williams, D. H., and Bell, “Experiments on a Model
of the Airship R.29,” NACA Report, 1920. [3] Jones, R., Williams, D. H., and Bell, A. H., “The distribution of
pressure over the hull and fins of a model of the rigid airship R.101,
and a determination of the hinge moments on the control surfaces.,”
NACA Report, 1920.
[4] V. Gomes and D. J. Speirits, “Airship response to turbulence: Results
from a flight dynamics Simulation combined with a wind tunnel,”
AIAA Lighter-Than-Air Systems Technology Conference, 9 th, San
Diego, CA, Technical Papers. Vol. 9. No. 11. 1991.
[5] Y. M. Huang and S. W. Changt, “Practical Design of an Airship,”
Journal of aircraft 32.6 (1995): 1294-1296.
[6] N. S. Tureaud, T.F., and Smith, “Wind Tunnel Characterization of a
Scaled Class IV Aerostat,” in 12th AIAA Ligher Than Air System
Technology Conference, 1997.
[7] P. Gill, S. Malik, and R. S. Pant, “Estimation of aerodynamic
characteristics of un-symmetrically finned bodies of revolutions
Estimation of Aerodynamic Coefficients Estimation of Unknowns
Involved in Aerodynamic Coefficients,” in 28th National Conference
on Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power, 2001.
[8] A. Malik, S., Gupta S., Sharma, V., Purkait, P.K, and Singh, “Drag
measurement through wind tunnel testing for different hull shapes used
in aerostat application,” Aerodynamic and Mechanical Decelerations
and Inflatable Systems. Para, India, 1999.
[9] S. Sundaram, “Wind Tunnel Tests on 1:7 and 1:28 Scale Aerostat
Models,” PD EA 9905, Bangalore, India, 1999.
[10] S. P. Badesha, S., and Jones, “Aerodynamics of the TCOM 71 mm
Aerostat,” 1993.
[11] X. Wang, “Experimental Investigations on Aerodynamic
Characteristics of the ZHIYUAN-1 Airship,” Journal of aircraft
(2010): 1463-1468.
[12] G. E. Dorrington, “Drag of Spheroid-Cone Shaped Airship,” Journal of
aircraft, (2006), 43(2), 363-371.
[13] T. Lutz, P. Funk, A. Jakobi, and S. Wagner, “Summary of
Aerodynamic Studies on the Lotte Airship” In 4th International
Airship Convention and Exhibition, pp. 1-12. July, 2002
[14] P. Funk, T. Lutz, and S. Wagner, “Experimental investigations on hullfin
interferences of the LOTTE airship,” Aerospace Science and
Technology 7.8 (2003): 603-610.
[15] C. Jordi, S. Michel, and E. Fink, “Fish-like propulsion of an airship
with planar membrane dielectric elastomer actuators.,” Bioinspiration
& biomimetics 5, no. 2 (2010): 026007
[16] A. Ribeiro, V. R. Mantha, A. I. Rouboa, D. a. Marinho, and A. J. Silva,
“Study of external air flow for an AURORA,” Aircraft Engineering
and Aerospace Technology 83, no. 5 (2011): 255-265.
[17] S. C. Chan and J. D. Hunt, “Wind Tunnel Study of a Large Aerostat,”
AIAA Paper 7068 (2011): 20-22.
[18] P. Liu, G. Fu, L. Zhu, and X. Wang, “Aerodynamic characteristics of
airship Zhiyuan-1,” Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Science)
18 (2013): 679-687.
[19] B. T. Buerge and I. Introduction, “Influence of Surface Roughness on
the Drag of Very Large,” AIAA lighter-than-air systems technology
(LTA) conference 2013, no. March, pp. 1–6.
[20] S. Chan, K. Shervington, and J. Hunt, “Wind Tunnel Study of a Large
Aerostat, CFD Validation,” AIAA Lighter-Than-Air Systems
Technology (LTA) Conference., pp. 1–8, March 2013.
[21] P. Liu, J. Sun, and Z. Tang, “Wind Tunnel Tests of the Counter-
Rotating Propeller of Stratospheric Airship,” In APCOM & ISCM
Conference, 2013.
[22] P. Liu, Y. Fu, L. Wang, and Q. Song, “Study on Pressure Coefficient
Distribution of the Airship Zhiyuan-,” Journal of Harbin Institute of
Technology 3 (2013): 015..
[23] K. E. Urbahs, A., D. Titovs, A.Barovs, A. Aleksandrovs, S.
Lučkinskis, “Experimental Research of aerodynamic characteristics of
the ESTOLAS hybrid aircraft,” in AVIA INVEST International
Conference, 2014, no. October.
[24] A. D. Andan, W. Asrar, and A. a. Omar, “Investigation of
Aerodynamic Parameters of a Hybrid Airship,” Journal of Aircraft 49,
no. 2 (2012): 658-662.
[25] Y. Liu, P. Zeng, and L. P. Lei, “Experimental Study on the Stability
Properties of Different Design of Tandem Wing Airship Models,”
Appl. Mech. Mater., vol. 457–458, pp. 1611–1614, Oct. 2013.
[26] A. Suñol, D. Vucinic, and S. Vanlanduit, “Experimental and Numerical
Study of the Effect of Lateral Wind on the Feeder Airship,”
proceedings of International Conference on Fluid Dynamics and
Mechanics (ICFDM-2013). 2013.
[27] R. Rist and B. Martin, “Introduction of the Dynalifter TM Aircraft.”
2012. (Online). Available: tmacog.org/OCF_09/Presentations
/Dynalifter.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2015
[28] Y. Chen, P. Liu, Z. Tang, and H. Guo, “Wind tunnel tests of
stratospheric airship counter rotating propellers,” Theor. Appl. Mech.
Lett., Feb. 2015.
[29] A. U. Haque, N. Mohamad, A. Hafiz, S. M. Kashif, A. A. Omar, E.
Sulaeman, and J. S. M. Ali, “Design and Fabrication of a Winged
Hybrid Airship Model for IIUM-LSWT,” In Advanced Materials
Research, vol. 1115, pp. 513-516. 2015.
[30] F. Dynamics and P. Worklng, Quality Assessment for Wind Tunnel
Testing, July. 1994.
[31] J. Green and J. Quest, “A short history of the European Transonic
Wind Tunnel ETW,” Progress in Aerospace Sciences 47, no. 5 (2011):
319-368.
[32] Grant E Carichner and Leland M Nicolai, Fundamentals of Aircraft
and Airship Design: Volume II, Airship Design. American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics,AIAA, 2013.
[33] H Multhopp “Aerodynamics of the Fuselage.” NACA TM 1046, 1942.
[34] R. W. Abbott, I. H., & Noyes, “Airship model tests in the variable
density wind tunnel,” NACA Report, 1931.
[35] C. Stephenson,. Zeppelins: German Airships, 1900-40 (Vol. 101).
Osprey Publishing, 2004.
[36] A. Gamaleyev, “ESTOLAS Project Description,” 2012. (Online).
Available: http://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/58762_en.html. Accessed
December 1, 2015.
[37] R. Rist,“World’s First Practical Airship,” 2012. (Online). Available:
tmacog.org/OCF_09/Presentations/Dynalifter.pdf. Accessed November
30, 2015.
[38] Hybrid Air Vehicles, Press Release, “Hybrid Air Vehicles receives a
multi-million pound government grant, to ensure Airlander returns to
flight, 2015, URL: http://www.blimpinfo.com/airships/ hybrid-airvehicles-
receives-a-multi-million-pound-government-grant-to-ensureairlander-
returns-to-flight/. Accessed December 11, 2015.
[39] A. U. Haque, W. Asrar, A. A. Omar, E. Sulaeman, and J. S. M. Ali,
“Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Swimming
Animals-An Inspiration for Hybrid Buoyant Aircraft.” 4th ICASE, 3rd -
4th October, 2015, Langkawi, Malaysia
[40] B. Gumse, “Low-Speed Wind-Tunnel Tests of a Full-Scale M2-F2
Lifting Body Model,” NACA Report, 1967.
[41] G. Ash, Lawrence, (Flight Test and Wind Tunnel Performance
Characteristics of the X-24A Lifting Body, FTC-TD-71-8, June 1972
[42] E. and C. I. C. Jackson, “‘Preliminary Subsonic Aerodynamic Model
for Simulation Studies of the HL-20 Lifting body,” National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management,
Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1992 , 1992.
[43] B. T. Buerge, “Scalability of Heaviness Fraction for Large Airships,”
AIAA Lighter-Than-Air Systems Technology (LTA) Conference,
Proceedings-20th Conference, 2013-1317, 2013..
[44] G. E. Carichner and L. M. Nicolai, “Hybrids ... the Airship Messiah ?,”
AIAA Lighter-Than-Air Systems Technology (LTA) Conference,
Proceedings-20th Conference, 2013-1317, 2013.
[45] B.,Jones, D., Grant, H.Rosenstein, J. Schneider. Feasibility Study of
Modern Airships, Final Report, Phase I, Vol. I. NASA CR-137691,
1975
[46] K.E. Urbahs, A., D. Titovs, A.Barovs, A. Aleksandrovs, S. Lučkinskis,
Experimental Research of aerodynamic characteristics of the
ESTOLAS hybrid aircraft, in: AVIA INVEST Int. Conf., Riga, Latvia,
2014.
[47] S. B. V., Gomes, "An investigation into the flight dynamics of airships
with application to the YEZ-2A." (1990).
[48] M. Rennie, “Effect of jet length on pressure fluctuations in 3/4 open-jet
wind tunnels. In Motor Industry Research Association, Vehicle
Aerodynamics Symposium, October 2000
[49] S.,Oerlemans, L., Broersma and P.Sijtsma (2007). Quantification of
airframe noise using microphone arrays in open and closed wind
tunnels. International Journal of Aeroacoustics, 6(4), 309-333..
[50] C., Kramer, H. J. Gerhardt and L. J. Janssen, "Flow studies of an open
jet wind tunnel and comparison with closed and slotted walls", Journal
of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 22(2), 115-127,
1986.
[51] M., Knight, T. A. Harris (1930). Experimental determination of jet
boundary corrections for airfoil tests in four open wind tunnel jets of
different shapes. US Government Printing Office.
[52] R.Hills R. A Review of measurements on AGARD calibration models.
NACA Report, 1961.
[1] R. Pannel, J. R. and Jones, “Experiments on a Model of the German
Rigid Airship L33,”NACA Report, 1917.
[2] A. H. Jones, R., Williams, D. H., and Bell, “Experiments on a Model
of the Airship R.29,” NACA Report, 1920. [3] Jones, R., Williams, D. H., and Bell, A. H., “The distribution of
pressure over the hull and fins of a model of the rigid airship R.101,
and a determination of the hinge moments on the control surfaces.,”
NACA Report, 1920.
[4] V. Gomes and D. J. Speirits, “Airship response to turbulence: Results
from a flight dynamics Simulation combined with a wind tunnel,”
AIAA Lighter-Than-Air Systems Technology Conference, 9 th, San
Diego, CA, Technical Papers. Vol. 9. No. 11. 1991.
[5] Y. M. Huang and S. W. Changt, “Practical Design of an Airship,”
Journal of aircraft 32.6 (1995): 1294-1296.
[6] N. S. Tureaud, T.F., and Smith, “Wind Tunnel Characterization of a
Scaled Class IV Aerostat,” in 12th AIAA Ligher Than Air System
Technology Conference, 1997.
[7] P. Gill, S. Malik, and R. S. Pant, “Estimation of aerodynamic
characteristics of un-symmetrically finned bodies of revolutions
Estimation of Aerodynamic Coefficients Estimation of Unknowns
Involved in Aerodynamic Coefficients,” in 28th National Conference
on Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power, 2001.
[8] A. Malik, S., Gupta S., Sharma, V., Purkait, P.K, and Singh, “Drag
measurement through wind tunnel testing for different hull shapes used
in aerostat application,” Aerodynamic and Mechanical Decelerations
and Inflatable Systems. Para, India, 1999.
[9] S. Sundaram, “Wind Tunnel Tests on 1:7 and 1:28 Scale Aerostat
Models,” PD EA 9905, Bangalore, India, 1999.
[10] S. P. Badesha, S., and Jones, “Aerodynamics of the TCOM 71 mm
Aerostat,” 1993.
[11] X. Wang, “Experimental Investigations on Aerodynamic
Characteristics of the ZHIYUAN-1 Airship,” Journal of aircraft
(2010): 1463-1468.
[12] G. E. Dorrington, “Drag of Spheroid-Cone Shaped Airship,” Journal of
aircraft, (2006), 43(2), 363-371.
[13] T. Lutz, P. Funk, A. Jakobi, and S. Wagner, “Summary of
Aerodynamic Studies on the Lotte Airship” In 4th International
Airship Convention and Exhibition, pp. 1-12. July, 2002
[14] P. Funk, T. Lutz, and S. Wagner, “Experimental investigations on hullfin
interferences of the LOTTE airship,” Aerospace Science and
Technology 7.8 (2003): 603-610.
[15] C. Jordi, S. Michel, and E. Fink, “Fish-like propulsion of an airship
with planar membrane dielectric elastomer actuators.,” Bioinspiration
& biomimetics 5, no. 2 (2010): 026007
[16] A. Ribeiro, V. R. Mantha, A. I. Rouboa, D. a. Marinho, and A. J. Silva,
“Study of external air flow for an AURORA,” Aircraft Engineering
and Aerospace Technology 83, no. 5 (2011): 255-265.
[17] S. C. Chan and J. D. Hunt, “Wind Tunnel Study of a Large Aerostat,”
AIAA Paper 7068 (2011): 20-22.
[18] P. Liu, G. Fu, L. Zhu, and X. Wang, “Aerodynamic characteristics of
airship Zhiyuan-1,” Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Science)
18 (2013): 679-687.
[19] B. T. Buerge and I. Introduction, “Influence of Surface Roughness on
the Drag of Very Large,” AIAA lighter-than-air systems technology
(LTA) conference 2013, no. March, pp. 1–6.
[20] S. Chan, K. Shervington, and J. Hunt, “Wind Tunnel Study of a Large
Aerostat, CFD Validation,” AIAA Lighter-Than-Air Systems
Technology (LTA) Conference., pp. 1–8, March 2013.
[21] P. Liu, J. Sun, and Z. Tang, “Wind Tunnel Tests of the Counter-
Rotating Propeller of Stratospheric Airship,” In APCOM & ISCM
Conference, 2013.
[22] P. Liu, Y. Fu, L. Wang, and Q. Song, “Study on Pressure Coefficient
Distribution of the Airship Zhiyuan-,” Journal of Harbin Institute of
Technology 3 (2013): 015..
[23] K. E. Urbahs, A., D. Titovs, A.Barovs, A. Aleksandrovs, S.
Lučkinskis, “Experimental Research of aerodynamic characteristics of
the ESTOLAS hybrid aircraft,” in AVIA INVEST International
Conference, 2014, no. October.
[24] A. D. Andan, W. Asrar, and A. a. Omar, “Investigation of
Aerodynamic Parameters of a Hybrid Airship,” Journal of Aircraft 49,
no. 2 (2012): 658-662.
[25] Y. Liu, P. Zeng, and L. P. Lei, “Experimental Study on the Stability
Properties of Different Design of Tandem Wing Airship Models,”
Appl. Mech. Mater., vol. 457–458, pp. 1611–1614, Oct. 2013.
[26] A. Suñol, D. Vucinic, and S. Vanlanduit, “Experimental and Numerical
Study of the Effect of Lateral Wind on the Feeder Airship,”
proceedings of International Conference on Fluid Dynamics and
Mechanics (ICFDM-2013). 2013.
[27] R. Rist and B. Martin, “Introduction of the Dynalifter TM Aircraft.”
2012. (Online). Available: tmacog.org/OCF_09/Presentations
/Dynalifter.pdf. Accessed November 30, 2015
[28] Y. Chen, P. Liu, Z. Tang, and H. Guo, “Wind tunnel tests of
stratospheric airship counter rotating propellers,” Theor. Appl. Mech.
Lett., Feb. 2015.
[29] A. U. Haque, N. Mohamad, A. Hafiz, S. M. Kashif, A. A. Omar, E.
Sulaeman, and J. S. M. Ali, “Design and Fabrication of a Winged
Hybrid Airship Model for IIUM-LSWT,” In Advanced Materials
Research, vol. 1115, pp. 513-516. 2015.
[30] F. Dynamics and P. Worklng, Quality Assessment for Wind Tunnel
Testing, July. 1994.
[31] J. Green and J. Quest, “A short history of the European Transonic
Wind Tunnel ETW,” Progress in Aerospace Sciences 47, no. 5 (2011):
319-368.
[32] Grant E Carichner and Leland M Nicolai, Fundamentals of Aircraft
and Airship Design: Volume II, Airship Design. American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics,AIAA, 2013.
[33] H Multhopp “Aerodynamics of the Fuselage.” NACA TM 1046, 1942.
[34] R. W. Abbott, I. H., & Noyes, “Airship model tests in the variable
density wind tunnel,” NACA Report, 1931.
[35] C. Stephenson,. Zeppelins: German Airships, 1900-40 (Vol. 101).
Osprey Publishing, 2004.
[36] A. Gamaleyev, “ESTOLAS Project Description,” 2012. (Online).
Available: http://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/58762_en.html. Accessed
December 1, 2015.
[37] R. Rist,“World’s First Practical Airship,” 2012. (Online). Available:
tmacog.org/OCF_09/Presentations/Dynalifter.pdf. Accessed November
30, 2015.
[38] Hybrid Air Vehicles, Press Release, “Hybrid Air Vehicles receives a
multi-million pound government grant, to ensure Airlander returns to
flight, 2015, URL: http://www.blimpinfo.com/airships/ hybrid-airvehicles-
receives-a-multi-million-pound-government-grant-to-ensureairlander-
returns-to-flight/. Accessed December 11, 2015.
[39] A. U. Haque, W. Asrar, A. A. Omar, E. Sulaeman, and J. S. M. Ali,
“Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Swimming
Animals-An Inspiration for Hybrid Buoyant Aircraft.” 4th ICASE, 3rd -
4th October, 2015, Langkawi, Malaysia
[40] B. Gumse, “Low-Speed Wind-Tunnel Tests of a Full-Scale M2-F2
Lifting Body Model,” NACA Report, 1967.
[41] G. Ash, Lawrence, (Flight Test and Wind Tunnel Performance
Characteristics of the X-24A Lifting Body, FTC-TD-71-8, June 1972
[42] E. and C. I. C. Jackson, “‘Preliminary Subsonic Aerodynamic Model
for Simulation Studies of the HL-20 Lifting body,” National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management,
Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1992 , 1992.
[43] B. T. Buerge, “Scalability of Heaviness Fraction for Large Airships,”
AIAA Lighter-Than-Air Systems Technology (LTA) Conference,
Proceedings-20th Conference, 2013-1317, 2013..
[44] G. E. Carichner and L. M. Nicolai, “Hybrids ... the Airship Messiah ?,”
AIAA Lighter-Than-Air Systems Technology (LTA) Conference,
Proceedings-20th Conference, 2013-1317, 2013.
[45] B.,Jones, D., Grant, H.Rosenstein, J. Schneider. Feasibility Study of
Modern Airships, Final Report, Phase I, Vol. I. NASA CR-137691,
1975
[46] K.E. Urbahs, A., D. Titovs, A.Barovs, A. Aleksandrovs, S. Lučkinskis,
Experimental Research of aerodynamic characteristics of the
ESTOLAS hybrid aircraft, in: AVIA INVEST Int. Conf., Riga, Latvia,
2014.
[47] S. B. V., Gomes, "An investigation into the flight dynamics of airships
with application to the YEZ-2A." (1990).
[48] M. Rennie, “Effect of jet length on pressure fluctuations in 3/4 open-jet
wind tunnels. In Motor Industry Research Association, Vehicle
Aerodynamics Symposium, October 2000
[49] S.,Oerlemans, L., Broersma and P.Sijtsma (2007). Quantification of
airframe noise using microphone arrays in open and closed wind
tunnels. International Journal of Aeroacoustics, 6(4), 309-333..
[50] C., Kramer, H. J. Gerhardt and L. J. Janssen, "Flow studies of an open
jet wind tunnel and comparison with closed and slotted walls", Journal
of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 22(2), 115-127,
1986.
[51] M., Knight, T. A. Harris (1930). Experimental determination of jet
boundary corrections for airfoil tests in four open wind tunnel jets of
different shapes. US Government Printing Office.
[52] R.Hills R. A Review of measurements on AGARD calibration models.
NACA Report, 1961.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:71894", author = "A. U. Haque and W. Asrar and A. A. Omar and E. Sulaeman and J. S Mohamed Ali", title = "Open Jet Testing for Buoyant and Hybrid Buoyant Aerial Vehicles", abstract = "Open jet testing is a valuable testing technique which
provides the desired results with reasonable accuracy. It has been
used in past for the airships and now has recently been applied for the
hybrid ones, having more non-buoyant force coming from the wings,
empennage and the fuselage. In the present review work, an effort
has been done to review the challenges involved in open jet testing.
In order to shed light on the application of this technique, the
experimental results of two different configurations are presented.
Although, the aerodynamic results of such vehicles are unique to its
own design; however, it will provide a starting point for planning any
future testing. Few important testing areas which need more attention
are also highlighted. Most of the hybrid buoyant aerial vehicles are
unconventional in shape and there experimental data is generated,
which is unique to its own design.", keywords = "Open jet testing, aerodynamics, hybrid buoyant
aerial vehicles, airships.", volume = "10", number = "1", pages = "89-7", }
