Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Fiber via Simultaneous Ultrasonic and Alkali Treatment
In this study, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was
extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) cellulose which was
earlier isolated from oil palm EFB fibre. In order to isolate the
cellulose, the chlorination method was carried out. Then, the MCC
was prepared by simultaneous ultrasonic and alkali treatment from
the isolated α-cellulose. Based on mass balance calculation, the yields
for MCC obtained from EFB was 44%. For fiber characterization, it
is observed that the chemical composition of the hemicellulose and
lignin for all samples decreased while composition for cellulose
increased. The structural property of the MCC was studied by X-ray
diffraction (XRD) method and the result shows that the MCC
produced is a cellulose-I polymorph, with 73% crystallinity.
[1] A. Alemdar and M. Sain, Isolation and characterization of nanofibers from agricultural residues – wheat straw and soy hulls, Bioresour. Technol. 99(2008) 1664–1671.
[2] A. Chakraborty, M. Sain, M. Kortschot, Cellulose microfibrils: a novel method of preparation using high shear refining and cryocrushing, Holzforschung 59 (2005) 102–107.
[3] B. Wirjosentono, P. Guritno, H. Ismail, 2004. Oil palm empty fruit bunch filled polypropylene composites. Int. J. Polym. Mater. 53, 295-306.
[4] D. M. Bruce, R. N. Hobson, J. W. Farrent, D. G. Hepworth, High performance composites from low-cost plant primary cell walls, Compos. Pt. A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 36 (2005) 1486–1493.
[5] I. Rushdan (2002). Chemical composition of alkaline pulps from oil palm empty fruit bunches. Oil palm bulletin 44: 19-24.
[6] L. C. Segal, A. E. Martin, C. M. Conrad (1959) An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using X-ray diffractometer. Textile Res J 29:786–794
[7] M. El-Sakhawy and M. L. Hassan (2007). Physical and mechanical properties of microcrystalline cellulose prepared from agricultural residues. Carbohydrate Polymer, 67, 1–10
[8] M. S. Rosnah, K. H. Ku Halim, and W. H. Wan Hasamudi (2002). The potential of oil palm lignocellulosic fibres for the cellulose derivatives production. Proc. Of the Research and Consultancy Seminar. P. 140-145
[9] P. B. Filson, B.E. Dawson-Andoh, Sono-chemical preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from lignocellulose derived materials, Bioresour. Technol. 100(2009) 2259–2264.
[10] P. C. S. Faria Tischer, M. R. Sierakowski, Harry Westfahl JR., Cesar Augusto Tischer, Nanostructural reorganization of bacterial cellulose by ultrasonic treatment, Biomacromolecules 11 (2010) 1217–1224
[11] Q. Z. Cheng, S. Q. Wang, T. G. Rials (2009). Poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites reinforced with cellulose fibrils isolated by high intensity ultrasonication, Compos. Pt. A 40 (2009) 218–224.
[12] S. Chuayjuljit, S. Su-Uthai and S. Charuchinda (2010). Poly(vinyl chloride) film filled with microcrystalline cellulose prepared from cotton fabric waste: Properties and biodegradability study. Waste Management & Research, 28, 109–117.
[13] W. Hasamudin and R. M. Soom, 2002. Road making using oil palm fiber. Malaysian Palm Oil Board Information Series, 171. Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[14] W. S. Chen, H. P. Yu, Y. X. Liu, P. Chen, M. X. Zhang, Y. F. Hai, Individualization of cellulose nanofibers from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments, Carbohydr. Polym. 83 (2011) 1804–1811.
[1] A. Alemdar and M. Sain, Isolation and characterization of nanofibers from agricultural residues – wheat straw and soy hulls, Bioresour. Technol. 99(2008) 1664–1671.
[2] A. Chakraborty, M. Sain, M. Kortschot, Cellulose microfibrils: a novel method of preparation using high shear refining and cryocrushing, Holzforschung 59 (2005) 102–107.
[3] B. Wirjosentono, P. Guritno, H. Ismail, 2004. Oil palm empty fruit bunch filled polypropylene composites. Int. J. Polym. Mater. 53, 295-306.
[4] D. M. Bruce, R. N. Hobson, J. W. Farrent, D. G. Hepworth, High performance composites from low-cost plant primary cell walls, Compos. Pt. A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 36 (2005) 1486–1493.
[5] I. Rushdan (2002). Chemical composition of alkaline pulps from oil palm empty fruit bunches. Oil palm bulletin 44: 19-24.
[6] L. C. Segal, A. E. Martin, C. M. Conrad (1959) An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using X-ray diffractometer. Textile Res J 29:786–794
[7] M. El-Sakhawy and M. L. Hassan (2007). Physical and mechanical properties of microcrystalline cellulose prepared from agricultural residues. Carbohydrate Polymer, 67, 1–10
[8] M. S. Rosnah, K. H. Ku Halim, and W. H. Wan Hasamudi (2002). The potential of oil palm lignocellulosic fibres for the cellulose derivatives production. Proc. Of the Research and Consultancy Seminar. P. 140-145
[9] P. B. Filson, B.E. Dawson-Andoh, Sono-chemical preparation of cellulose nanocrystals from lignocellulose derived materials, Bioresour. Technol. 100(2009) 2259–2264.
[10] P. C. S. Faria Tischer, M. R. Sierakowski, Harry Westfahl JR., Cesar Augusto Tischer, Nanostructural reorganization of bacterial cellulose by ultrasonic treatment, Biomacromolecules 11 (2010) 1217–1224
[11] Q. Z. Cheng, S. Q. Wang, T. G. Rials (2009). Poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites reinforced with cellulose fibrils isolated by high intensity ultrasonication, Compos. Pt. A 40 (2009) 218–224.
[12] S. Chuayjuljit, S. Su-Uthai and S. Charuchinda (2010). Poly(vinyl chloride) film filled with microcrystalline cellulose prepared from cotton fabric waste: Properties and biodegradability study. Waste Management & Research, 28, 109–117.
[13] W. Hasamudin and R. M. Soom, 2002. Road making using oil palm fiber. Malaysian Palm Oil Board Information Series, 171. Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[14] W. S. Chen, H. P. Yu, Y. X. Liu, P. Chen, M. X. Zhang, Y. F. Hai, Individualization of cellulose nanofibers from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments, Carbohydr. Polym. 83 (2011) 1804–1811.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:68690", author = "Ridzuan Ramli and Norhafzan Junadi and Mohammad D.H. Beg and Rosli M. Yunus", title = "Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Fiber via Simultaneous Ultrasonic and Alkali Treatment", abstract = "In this study, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was
extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) cellulose which was
earlier isolated from oil palm EFB fibre. In order to isolate the
cellulose, the chlorination method was carried out. Then, the MCC
was prepared by simultaneous ultrasonic and alkali treatment from
the isolated α-cellulose. Based on mass balance calculation, the yields
for MCC obtained from EFB was 44%. For fiber characterization, it
is observed that the chemical composition of the hemicellulose and
lignin for all samples decreased while composition for cellulose
increased. The structural property of the MCC was studied by X-ray
diffraction (XRD) method and the result shows that the MCC
produced is a cellulose-I polymorph, with 73% crystallinity.
", keywords = "Oil palm empty fruit bunch, microcrystalline
cellulose, ultrasonic, alkali treatment, X-ray diffraction.", volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "8-4", }
