Mechanical Behaviour Analysis of Polyester Polymer Mortars Modified with Recycled GFRP Waste Materials
In this study the effect of incorporation of recycled
glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) waste materials, obtained by
means of milling processes, on mechanical behaviour of polyester
polymer mortars was assessed. For this purpose, different contents of
recycled GFRP waste powder and fibres, with distinct size gradings,
were incorporated into polyester based mortars as sand aggregates
and filler replacements. Flexural and compressive loading capacities
were evaluated and found better than unmodified polymer mortars.
GFRP modified polyester based mortars also show a less brittle
behaviour, with retention of some loading capacity after peak load.
Obtained results highlight the high potential of recycled GFRP waste
materials as efficient and sustainable reinforcement and admixture for
polymer concrete and mortars composites, constituting an emergent
waste management solution.
[1] S. Pimenta and S.T. Pinho, "Recycling carbon fibre reinforced polymers
for structural applications: Technology review and market outlook",
Waste Management, vol. 31, 2011, pp. 378-392.
[2] A. Conroy, S. Halliwell and T. Reynolds, "Composite recycling in the
construction industry", Composites: Part A - Applied Science and
Technology, vol. 37, 2006, pp. 1216-1222.
[3] K. Bartholomew, "Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Recycling", Minnesota
Technical Assistance Program Report, December, 2004
(www.mntap.umn.edu/fiber/report12-04.pdf - visualized on Jan. 29,
2011).
[4] S.J. Pickering, "Recycling technologies for thermoset composite
materials - current status", Composites: Part A - Applied Science and
Technology, vol.37, 2006, pp 1206-1215.
[5] J. Palmer, O.R. Ghita, L. Savage and K.E. Evans, "Successful closedloop
recycling of thermoset composites", Composites: Part A - Applied
Science and Technology, vol. 40, 2009, pp. 490-498.
[6] S.J. Pickering, R.M. Kelly, J.R. Kennerley, C.D. Rudd and N.J.
Fenwick, "A fluidised-bed process for the recovery of glass fibres from
scrap thermoset composites", Composites Science and Technology, vol.
60, 2000, pp. 509-520.
[7] A.M. Cunliffe and P.T. Williams, "Characterisation of products from
the recycling of glass fibre reinforced polyester waste by pyrolysis",
Fuel, vol. 82, 2003, pp. 2223-2230.
[8] M. Correa, J.M. Laza, J.L. Vilas, E. Bilbao, M. Rodríguez and L.M.
Le├│n, " Reutilization of thermostable polyester wastes by means of
agglomeration with phenolic resins", Waste Management, vol. 30, 2010,
pp.2305-2311.
[9] T.N. Reynolds, S. Halliwell and A. Conroy, "Markets for FRP
Recyclate", Institute of Wastes Management, Scientific and Technical
Review, vol. 5, 2004, pp. 29-34.
[10] K. Demura, Y. Ohama and T. Stoh, "Properties of Artificial wood using
FRP powder", in Proc. of the International RILEM Workshop: Disposal
and Recycling of Organic and Polymeric Construction Materials, Mars
26-28, 1995, Tokyo, Japan.
[11] S. George and S. Dillman, "Recycled fiberglass composite as a
reinforcing filler in post-consumer recycled HDPE plastic lumber", in
SPE/ANTEC 2000 Proceedings (Society of Plastics Engineers / Annual
Technical Conference), pp. 2919-2922, May 7-11, 2000, Orlando, USA.
[12] T. Itoh and M. Kaneko, "Pavement Blocks from Recycled GRP
Material", in Proc. COMPOSITES 2002 Convention and Trade Show
Composites Fabricators Association, Sept. 25-27, 2002, Atlanta, USA.
[13] A.R. Woodside, W.D.H. Woodward and J.H. Jellie, "Highway
Engineering Material Tests at Ulster University", Project Report (Project
funded with landfill tax credits by the RMC environmental found), June
2003.
[14] G. Adolphs and A. Branca, "New Approaches in Recycling Thermoset
Composites", in Proc. COMPOSITES 2001 Convention and Trade Show
Composites Fabricators Association, Oct. 3-6, 2001, Tampa, USA.
[15] P. Asokan, M. Osmani and A.D.F. Price, "Assessing the recycling
potential of glass fibre reinforced plastic waste in concrete and cement
composites", Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 17, 2009, pp. 821-829.
[16] P. Asokan, M. Osmani and A.D.F. Price, "Improvement of the
mechanical properties of glass fibre reinforced plastic waste powder
filled concrete", Construction and Building Materials, vol. 24, 2010, pp.
448-460.
[17] F. Tittarelli and G. Moriconi, "Use of GRP industrial by-products in
cement based composites", Cement & Concrete Composites, vol. 32,
2010, pp. 219-225.
[18] F. Tittarelli, S. Kawashima, N. Tregger, G. Moriconi and S.P. Shah,
"Effect of GRP By-Product Addition on Plastic and Hardened Properties
of Cement Mortars", in Proc. 2nd Int. Conference on Sustainable
Construction Materials and Technologies, June 28-30, 2010, Ancona,
Italy.
[19] J.D.A.D.R. Figueira, "Viabilidade da reutilização de resíduos finos
provenientes do corte de GFRP na produ├º├úo de bet├Áes", Ms. Thesis on
Civil Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de
Lisboa, Set. 2008 (in portuguese).
[20] K. Ogi, T. Shinoda and M. Mizui, " Strength in concrete reinforced with
recycled CFRP pieces", Composites: Part A - Applied Science and
Technology, vol. 36, 2005, pp. 893-902.
[21] M.C. Bignozzi, A. Saccani, and F. Sandrolini, "New polymer mortars
containing polymeric wastes. Part 1: Microstructure and mechanical
properties", Composites: Part A, vol. 31, 2000, pp. 97-106.
[22] M.C. Bignozzi, A. Saccani, and F. Sandrolini, "New polymer mortars
containing polymeric wastes. Part 2: Dynamic mechanical and dieletric
behaviour ", Composites: Part A, vol. 33, 2002, pp. 205-211.
[23] D.W. Fowler, "Polymers in concrete: A vision for the 21st century",
Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 21, 1999, pp.449-452.
[24] L. Czarnecki, "Polymer in concrete on the edge of the millennium", in
Proc of 10th International Conference on Polymers in Concrete, May,
2001, Honuluu, Havaii; U.S.A. (Paper 93).
[25] R. Letsh, "Polymer concrete properties and structural applications", in
Proc. Of International conference on Polymer Concretes and Asphalts,
October, 2002, Oporto, Portugal (pp.31-43).
[26] ACI 548.1R-09,"Guide for the use of polymers in concrete", Report of
ACI Committee 548.1R-09, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, USA,
2009.
[27] M.C.S. Ribeiro, "New Polymer Mortar Formulations: Optimization,
Characterization and Application Forms", Ph.D. Thesis on Mechanical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, 2006.
[28] M.C.S. Ribeiro, C.M.L. Tavares and A..J.M. Ferreira, "Chemical
resistance of epoxy and polyester polymer concrete to acids and salts",
Journal of Polymer Engineering, vol. 22, 2002, pp.27-44.
[29] C.M.L. Tavares, M.C.S. Ribeiro, A.J.M. Ferreira and R.M. Guedes,
"Creep behaviour of FRP-reinforced polymer concrete", Composite
Structures, vol. 57, 2002, pp. 47-51.
[30] M.C.S. Ribeiro, P.R. N├│voa, A.J.M. Ferreira and A.T. Marques,
Flexural performance of polyester and epoxy polymer mortars under
severe thermal conditions", Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 26,
2004, pp.803-809.
[31] P.R.O. N├│voa, M.C.S. Ribeiro, A.J.M. Ferreira and A.T. Marques,
Mechanical characterization of lightweight polymer mortar modified
with cork granulates", Composite Science and Technology, vol. 64,
2004, pp. 2197-2205.
[32] K.S. Rebeiz, S.P. Serhal and A.P. Craft, Properties of polymer concrete
using fly ash", Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 16, 2004,
pp. 15-19.
[33] M.C.S. Ribeiro, P.R.O. N├│voa, A.T. Marques and A.J.M. Ferreira,
"Mechanical Characterization of Lightweight Wood-Modified Polymer
Concrete", Ciência & Tecnologia dos Materiais, Revista da SPM
(Sociedade Portuguesa dos Materiais), vol. 16, 2004, pp. 81-87.
[34] .C.S. Ribeiro, C.M.L. Tavares, M. Figueiredo, A.A. Fernandes, A.J.M.
Ferreira, ÔÇÿBending characteristics of resin concretes-, Materials
Research, Vol.6, No 2, 2003, 247-254.
[35] EN 933-1:1997, "Tests for Geometrical Properties of Aggregates. Part1:
Determination of Particle Size Distribution - Sieving Method",
European Standard, CEN - European Committee for Standardization,
1997.
[36] RILEM CPT PC-2, "Method of Making Polymer Concrete and Mortar
Specimens", TC 113, RILEM, UK, 1995.
[37] RILEM CPT PCM-8, "Method of Test for Flexural Strength and
Deflection of Plymer-Modified Mortar, TC 113, RILEM, UK, 1995.
[38] ASTM C348-08, "Standard test method for flexural strength of
hydraulic cement mortars", American Society for Testing and Materials,
ASTM, US, 2008.
[39] UNE 83821:1992, "Morteros. Métodos de ensayo. Morteros
endurecidos. Determinaci├│n de las resistencias a flexi├│n y a
compressi├│n", UNE, Spain, 1992.
[1] S. Pimenta and S.T. Pinho, "Recycling carbon fibre reinforced polymers
for structural applications: Technology review and market outlook",
Waste Management, vol. 31, 2011, pp. 378-392.
[2] A. Conroy, S. Halliwell and T. Reynolds, "Composite recycling in the
construction industry", Composites: Part A - Applied Science and
Technology, vol. 37, 2006, pp. 1216-1222.
[3] K. Bartholomew, "Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics Recycling", Minnesota
Technical Assistance Program Report, December, 2004
(www.mntap.umn.edu/fiber/report12-04.pdf - visualized on Jan. 29,
2011).
[4] S.J. Pickering, "Recycling technologies for thermoset composite
materials - current status", Composites: Part A - Applied Science and
Technology, vol.37, 2006, pp 1206-1215.
[5] J. Palmer, O.R. Ghita, L. Savage and K.E. Evans, "Successful closedloop
recycling of thermoset composites", Composites: Part A - Applied
Science and Technology, vol. 40, 2009, pp. 490-498.
[6] S.J. Pickering, R.M. Kelly, J.R. Kennerley, C.D. Rudd and N.J.
Fenwick, "A fluidised-bed process for the recovery of glass fibres from
scrap thermoset composites", Composites Science and Technology, vol.
60, 2000, pp. 509-520.
[7] A.M. Cunliffe and P.T. Williams, "Characterisation of products from
the recycling of glass fibre reinforced polyester waste by pyrolysis",
Fuel, vol. 82, 2003, pp. 2223-2230.
[8] M. Correa, J.M. Laza, J.L. Vilas, E. Bilbao, M. Rodríguez and L.M.
Le├│n, " Reutilization of thermostable polyester wastes by means of
agglomeration with phenolic resins", Waste Management, vol. 30, 2010,
pp.2305-2311.
[9] T.N. Reynolds, S. Halliwell and A. Conroy, "Markets for FRP
Recyclate", Institute of Wastes Management, Scientific and Technical
Review, vol. 5, 2004, pp. 29-34.
[10] K. Demura, Y. Ohama and T. Stoh, "Properties of Artificial wood using
FRP powder", in Proc. of the International RILEM Workshop: Disposal
and Recycling of Organic and Polymeric Construction Materials, Mars
26-28, 1995, Tokyo, Japan.
[11] S. George and S. Dillman, "Recycled fiberglass composite as a
reinforcing filler in post-consumer recycled HDPE plastic lumber", in
SPE/ANTEC 2000 Proceedings (Society of Plastics Engineers / Annual
Technical Conference), pp. 2919-2922, May 7-11, 2000, Orlando, USA.
[12] T. Itoh and M. Kaneko, "Pavement Blocks from Recycled GRP
Material", in Proc. COMPOSITES 2002 Convention and Trade Show
Composites Fabricators Association, Sept. 25-27, 2002, Atlanta, USA.
[13] A.R. Woodside, W.D.H. Woodward and J.H. Jellie, "Highway
Engineering Material Tests at Ulster University", Project Report (Project
funded with landfill tax credits by the RMC environmental found), June
2003.
[14] G. Adolphs and A. Branca, "New Approaches in Recycling Thermoset
Composites", in Proc. COMPOSITES 2001 Convention and Trade Show
Composites Fabricators Association, Oct. 3-6, 2001, Tampa, USA.
[15] P. Asokan, M. Osmani and A.D.F. Price, "Assessing the recycling
potential of glass fibre reinforced plastic waste in concrete and cement
composites", Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 17, 2009, pp. 821-829.
[16] P. Asokan, M. Osmani and A.D.F. Price, "Improvement of the
mechanical properties of glass fibre reinforced plastic waste powder
filled concrete", Construction and Building Materials, vol. 24, 2010, pp.
448-460.
[17] F. Tittarelli and G. Moriconi, "Use of GRP industrial by-products in
cement based composites", Cement & Concrete Composites, vol. 32,
2010, pp. 219-225.
[18] F. Tittarelli, S. Kawashima, N. Tregger, G. Moriconi and S.P. Shah,
"Effect of GRP By-Product Addition on Plastic and Hardened Properties
of Cement Mortars", in Proc. 2nd Int. Conference on Sustainable
Construction Materials and Technologies, June 28-30, 2010, Ancona,
Italy.
[19] J.D.A.D.R. Figueira, "Viabilidade da reutilização de resíduos finos
provenientes do corte de GFRP na produ├º├úo de bet├Áes", Ms. Thesis on
Civil Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de
Lisboa, Set. 2008 (in portuguese).
[20] K. Ogi, T. Shinoda and M. Mizui, " Strength in concrete reinforced with
recycled CFRP pieces", Composites: Part A - Applied Science and
Technology, vol. 36, 2005, pp. 893-902.
[21] M.C. Bignozzi, A. Saccani, and F. Sandrolini, "New polymer mortars
containing polymeric wastes. Part 1: Microstructure and mechanical
properties", Composites: Part A, vol. 31, 2000, pp. 97-106.
[22] M.C. Bignozzi, A. Saccani, and F. Sandrolini, "New polymer mortars
containing polymeric wastes. Part 2: Dynamic mechanical and dieletric
behaviour ", Composites: Part A, vol. 33, 2002, pp. 205-211.
[23] D.W. Fowler, "Polymers in concrete: A vision for the 21st century",
Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 21, 1999, pp.449-452.
[24] L. Czarnecki, "Polymer in concrete on the edge of the millennium", in
Proc of 10th International Conference on Polymers in Concrete, May,
2001, Honuluu, Havaii; U.S.A. (Paper 93).
[25] R. Letsh, "Polymer concrete properties and structural applications", in
Proc. Of International conference on Polymer Concretes and Asphalts,
October, 2002, Oporto, Portugal (pp.31-43).
[26] ACI 548.1R-09,"Guide for the use of polymers in concrete", Report of
ACI Committee 548.1R-09, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, USA,
2009.
[27] M.C.S. Ribeiro, "New Polymer Mortar Formulations: Optimization,
Characterization and Application Forms", Ph.D. Thesis on Mechanical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, 2006.
[28] M.C.S. Ribeiro, C.M.L. Tavares and A..J.M. Ferreira, "Chemical
resistance of epoxy and polyester polymer concrete to acids and salts",
Journal of Polymer Engineering, vol. 22, 2002, pp.27-44.
[29] C.M.L. Tavares, M.C.S. Ribeiro, A.J.M. Ferreira and R.M. Guedes,
"Creep behaviour of FRP-reinforced polymer concrete", Composite
Structures, vol. 57, 2002, pp. 47-51.
[30] M.C.S. Ribeiro, P.R. N├│voa, A.J.M. Ferreira and A.T. Marques,
Flexural performance of polyester and epoxy polymer mortars under
severe thermal conditions", Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 26,
2004, pp.803-809.
[31] P.R.O. N├│voa, M.C.S. Ribeiro, A.J.M. Ferreira and A.T. Marques,
Mechanical characterization of lightweight polymer mortar modified
with cork granulates", Composite Science and Technology, vol. 64,
2004, pp. 2197-2205.
[32] K.S. Rebeiz, S.P. Serhal and A.P. Craft, Properties of polymer concrete
using fly ash", Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 16, 2004,
pp. 15-19.
[33] M.C.S. Ribeiro, P.R.O. N├│voa, A.T. Marques and A.J.M. Ferreira,
"Mechanical Characterization of Lightweight Wood-Modified Polymer
Concrete", Ciência & Tecnologia dos Materiais, Revista da SPM
(Sociedade Portuguesa dos Materiais), vol. 16, 2004, pp. 81-87.
[34] .C.S. Ribeiro, C.M.L. Tavares, M. Figueiredo, A.A. Fernandes, A.J.M.
Ferreira, ÔÇÿBending characteristics of resin concretes-, Materials
Research, Vol.6, No 2, 2003, 247-254.
[35] EN 933-1:1997, "Tests for Geometrical Properties of Aggregates. Part1:
Determination of Particle Size Distribution - Sieving Method",
European Standard, CEN - European Committee for Standardization,
1997.
[36] RILEM CPT PC-2, "Method of Making Polymer Concrete and Mortar
Specimens", TC 113, RILEM, UK, 1995.
[37] RILEM CPT PCM-8, "Method of Test for Flexural Strength and
Deflection of Plymer-Modified Mortar, TC 113, RILEM, UK, 1995.
[38] ASTM C348-08, "Standard test method for flexural strength of
hydraulic cement mortars", American Society for Testing and Materials,
ASTM, US, 2008.
[39] UNE 83821:1992, "Morteros. Métodos de ensayo. Morteros
endurecidos. Determinaci├│n de las resistencias a flexi├│n y a
compressi├│n", UNE, Spain, 1992.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:51993", author = "M.C.S. Ribeiro and J.P. Meixedo and A. Fiúza and M.L. Dinis and Ana C. Meira Castro and F.J.G. Silva and C. Costa and F.
Ferreira and M.R. Alvim", title = "Mechanical Behaviour Analysis of Polyester Polymer Mortars Modified with Recycled GFRP Waste Materials", abstract = "In this study the effect of incorporation of recycled
glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) waste materials, obtained by
means of milling processes, on mechanical behaviour of polyester
polymer mortars was assessed. For this purpose, different contents of
recycled GFRP waste powder and fibres, with distinct size gradings,
were incorporated into polyester based mortars as sand aggregates
and filler replacements. Flexural and compressive loading capacities
were evaluated and found better than unmodified polymer mortars.
GFRP modified polyester based mortars also show a less brittle
behaviour, with retention of some loading capacity after peak load.
Obtained results highlight the high potential of recycled GFRP waste
materials as efficient and sustainable reinforcement and admixture for
polymer concrete and mortars composites, constituting an emergent
waste management solution.", keywords = "GFRP waste, Mechanical behaviour, Polymer mortars, Recyclability.", volume = "5", number = "3", pages = "568-7", }
