Measuring of Urban Sustainability in Town Planners Practice
Physical urban form is recognized to be the media for
human transactions. It directly influences the travel demand of people
in a specific urban area and the amount of energy used for
transportation. Distorted, sprawling form often creates sustainability
problems in urban areas. It is declared in EU strategic planning
documents that compact urban form and mixed land use pattern must
be given the main focus to achieve better sustainability in urban
areas, but the methods to measure and compare these characteristics
are still not clear.
This paper presents the simple methods to measure the spatial
characteristics of urban form by analyzing the location and
distribution of objects in an urban environment. The extended CA
(cellular automata) model is used to simulate urban development
scenarios.
<p>[1] A. Haapio, “Towards sustainable urban communities,” inEnvironmental
Impact Assessment Review,vol. 32 (1), 2012, pp. 165-169.
[2] F. Flourentzou, “Measures of Urban Sustainability,” inComputer
Modelling for Sustainable Urban Design: Physical Principles, Methods
and Applications, 2012, pp. 177-202.
[3] W.W. Kropp, J.K. Lein, “Assessing the Geographic Expression of Urban
Sustainability: A Scenario Based Approach Incorporating Spatial
Multicriteria Decision Analysis,” in Sustainability,vol. 4, 2012, pp.
2348-2365.
[4] R.K. Singh, H. Murty, S. Gupta, A. Dikshit, “An overview of
sustainability assessment methodologies,” inEcological Indicators,vol.
15 (1), 2012, pp. 281-299.
[5] T. Söderman, L. Kopperoinen, P. Shemeikka, V. Yli-Pelkonen,
“Ecosystem services criteria for sustainable development in urban
regions,” inJournal of Environmental Assessment Policy and
Management, vol.14, 2012.
[6] M. Chester, S. Pincetl, Z. Elizabeth, W. Eisenstein, J. Matute,
“Infrastructure and automobile shifts: positioning transit to reduce lifecycle
environmental impacts for urban sustainability goals,” in
Environmental Research Letters,vol. 8, 2013.
[7] I. Theodoridou, A.M. Papadopoulos, M. Hegger, “A feasibility
evaluation tool for sustainable cities–A case study for Greece,” inEnergy
Policy,vol. 44, 2012, pp. 207-216.
[8] K.M. Davidson, J. Kellett, L. Wilson, S. Pullen, “Assessing urban
sustainability from a social democratic perspective: a thematic
approach,” inLocal Environment,vol. 17, 2012, pp. 57-73.
[9] M. Roberts, T. LIoyd-jones, “Mixed Uses and Urban Design,”in
Reclaiming the City: Mixed Use Development, 2013, pp. 149.
[10] M. Deakin, G. Mitchell, P. Nijkamp, R. Vreeker, “Sustainable urban
development volume 2: the environmental assessment methods,”
Routledge, 2013.
[11] J.P. Duarte, J.N. Beirão, N. Montenegro, J. Gil, “City Induction: a model
for formulating, generating, and evaluating urban designs,” in Digital
Urban Modeling and Simulation, Springer, 2012, pp. 73-98.
[12] N. Chrysoulakis, M. Lopes, R. San José, C.S.B. Grimmond, M.B. Jones,
V. Magliulo, J.E.M. Klostermann, A. Synnefa, Z. Mitraka, E.A. Castro,
A. González, R. Vogt, T. Vesala, D. Spano, G. Pigeon, P. Freer-Smith,
T. Staszewski, N. Hodges, G. Mills, C. Cartalis, “Sustainable urban
metabolism as a link between bio-physical sciences and urban planning:
The BRIDGE project,” inLandscape and Urban Planning,vol. 112,
2013, pp. 100-117.
[13] A. Sharifi, A. Murayama, “A critical review of seven selected
neighborhood sustainability assessment tools,” inEnvironmental Impact
Assessment Review, 2012.
[14] J. Gil, J.P. Duarte, “Tools for evaluating the sustainability of urban
design: a review,” inProceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers,2012.
[15] M.J. Power, P. Neville, E. Devereux, A. Haynes, C. Barnes, “Why
bother seeing the world for real?: Google Street View and the
representation of a stigmatised neighbourhood,” inNew Media &
Society, 2012.
[16] D.K. Miller, “Using Google Street View to Audit the Built Environment:
Inter-rater Reliability Results,” inAnnals of Behavioral Medicine, vol.
45, 2013, pp. 108-112.
[17] M.G. Riera Perez, E. Rey, “A multi-criteria approach to compare urban
renewal scenarios for an existing neighborhood. Case study in Lausanne
(Switzerland),” inBuilding and Environment, 2013.
[18] P.H. Verburg, P.P. Schot, M.J. Dijst, A. Veldkamp, “Land use change
modelling: current practice and research priorities,” inGeoJournal,vol.
61, 2004, pp. 309-324.
[19] K. Al-Ahmadi, L. See, A. Heppenstall, “Validating Spatial Patterns of
Urban Growth from a Cellular Automata Model,”in Emerging
Applications of Cellular Automata, ed. A. Salcido, 2013.
[20] M.J. Namini, H. Shamskooshki, M. Momeni, “Application of Modeling
Urban Growth with Cellular Automata in Spatial Planning.”
[21] M. Batty, “Cellular automata and urban form: a primer,” inJournal of
the American Planning Association,vol. 63, 1997, pp. 266-274.
[22] I. Santé, A.M. García, D. Miranda, R. Crecente, “Cellular automata
models for the simulation of real-world urban processes: A review and
analysis,” inLandscape and Urban Planning,vol. 96, 2010, pp. 108-122.
[23] A. Páez, D.M. Scott, “Spatial statistics for urban analysis: a review of
techniques with examples,” inGeoJournal,vol. 61, 2005, pp. 53-67.</p>
<p>[1] A. Haapio, “Towards sustainable urban communities,” inEnvironmental
Impact Assessment Review,vol. 32 (1), 2012, pp. 165-169.
[2] F. Flourentzou, “Measures of Urban Sustainability,” inComputer
Modelling for Sustainable Urban Design: Physical Principles, Methods
and Applications, 2012, pp. 177-202.
[3] W.W. Kropp, J.K. Lein, “Assessing the Geographic Expression of Urban
Sustainability: A Scenario Based Approach Incorporating Spatial
Multicriteria Decision Analysis,” in Sustainability,vol. 4, 2012, pp.
2348-2365.
[4] R.K. Singh, H. Murty, S. Gupta, A. Dikshit, “An overview of
sustainability assessment methodologies,” inEcological Indicators,vol.
15 (1), 2012, pp. 281-299.
[5] T. Söderman, L. Kopperoinen, P. Shemeikka, V. Yli-Pelkonen,
“Ecosystem services criteria for sustainable development in urban
regions,” inJournal of Environmental Assessment Policy and
Management, vol.14, 2012.
[6] M. Chester, S. Pincetl, Z. Elizabeth, W. Eisenstein, J. Matute,
“Infrastructure and automobile shifts: positioning transit to reduce lifecycle
environmental impacts for urban sustainability goals,” in
Environmental Research Letters,vol. 8, 2013.
[7] I. Theodoridou, A.M. Papadopoulos, M. Hegger, “A feasibility
evaluation tool for sustainable cities–A case study for Greece,” inEnergy
Policy,vol. 44, 2012, pp. 207-216.
[8] K.M. Davidson, J. Kellett, L. Wilson, S. Pullen, “Assessing urban
sustainability from a social democratic perspective: a thematic
approach,” inLocal Environment,vol. 17, 2012, pp. 57-73.
[9] M. Roberts, T. LIoyd-jones, “Mixed Uses and Urban Design,”in
Reclaiming the City: Mixed Use Development, 2013, pp. 149.
[10] M. Deakin, G. Mitchell, P. Nijkamp, R. Vreeker, “Sustainable urban
development volume 2: the environmental assessment methods,”
Routledge, 2013.
[11] J.P. Duarte, J.N. Beirão, N. Montenegro, J. Gil, “City Induction: a model
for formulating, generating, and evaluating urban designs,” in Digital
Urban Modeling and Simulation, Springer, 2012, pp. 73-98.
[12] N. Chrysoulakis, M. Lopes, R. San José, C.S.B. Grimmond, M.B. Jones,
V. Magliulo, J.E.M. Klostermann, A. Synnefa, Z. Mitraka, E.A. Castro,
A. González, R. Vogt, T. Vesala, D. Spano, G. Pigeon, P. Freer-Smith,
T. Staszewski, N. Hodges, G. Mills, C. Cartalis, “Sustainable urban
metabolism as a link between bio-physical sciences and urban planning:
The BRIDGE project,” inLandscape and Urban Planning,vol. 112,
2013, pp. 100-117.
[13] A. Sharifi, A. Murayama, “A critical review of seven selected
neighborhood sustainability assessment tools,” inEnvironmental Impact
Assessment Review, 2012.
[14] J. Gil, J.P. Duarte, “Tools for evaluating the sustainability of urban
design: a review,” inProceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers,2012.
[15] M.J. Power, P. Neville, E. Devereux, A. Haynes, C. Barnes, “Why
bother seeing the world for real?: Google Street View and the
representation of a stigmatised neighbourhood,” inNew Media &
Society, 2012.
[16] D.K. Miller, “Using Google Street View to Audit the Built Environment:
Inter-rater Reliability Results,” inAnnals of Behavioral Medicine, vol.
45, 2013, pp. 108-112.
[17] M.G. Riera Perez, E. Rey, “A multi-criteria approach to compare urban
renewal scenarios for an existing neighborhood. Case study in Lausanne
(Switzerland),” inBuilding and Environment, 2013.
[18] P.H. Verburg, P.P. Schot, M.J. Dijst, A. Veldkamp, “Land use change
modelling: current practice and research priorities,” inGeoJournal,vol.
61, 2004, pp. 309-324.
[19] K. Al-Ahmadi, L. See, A. Heppenstall, “Validating Spatial Patterns of
Urban Growth from a Cellular Automata Model,”in Emerging
Applications of Cellular Automata, ed. A. Salcido, 2013.
[20] M.J. Namini, H. Shamskooshki, M. Momeni, “Application of Modeling
Urban Growth with Cellular Automata in Spatial Planning.”
[21] M. Batty, “Cellular automata and urban form: a primer,” inJournal of
the American Planning Association,vol. 63, 1997, pp. 266-274.
[22] I. Santé, A.M. García, D. Miranda, R. Crecente, “Cellular automata
models for the simulation of real-world urban processes: A review and
analysis,” inLandscape and Urban Planning,vol. 96, 2010, pp. 108-122.
[23] A. Páez, D.M. Scott, “Spatial statistics for urban analysis: a review of
techniques with examples,” inGeoJournal,vol. 61, 2005, pp. 53-67.</p>
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:52628", author = "J. Zagorskas and I. Veteikyte", title = "Measuring of Urban Sustainability in Town Planners Practice", abstract = "Physical urban form is recognized to be the media for
human transactions. It directly influences the travel demand of people
in a specific urban area and the amount of energy used for
transportation. Distorted, sprawling form often creates sustainability
problems in urban areas. It is declared in EU strategic planning
documents that compact urban form and mixed land use pattern must
be given the main focus to achieve better sustainability in urban
areas, but the methods to measure and compare these characteristics
are still not clear.
This paper presents the simple methods to measure the spatial
characteristics of urban form by analyzing the location and
distribution of objects in an urban environment. The extended CA
(cellular automata) model is used to simulate urban development
scenarios.
", keywords = "Cellular automata (CA), Mixed used planning,
Spatial analysis, Urban compactness, Geographic information
systems (GIS).", volume = "7", number = "9", pages = "2502-9", }
