Future astronomical projects on large space x-ray
imaging telescopes require novel substrates and technologies for the
construction of their reflecting mirrors. The mirrors must be
lightweight and precisely shaped to achieve large collecting area with
high angular resolution. The new materials and technologies must be
cost-effective. Currently, the most promising materials are glass or
silicon foils. We focused on precise shaping these foils by thermal
forming process. We studied free and forced slumping in the
temperature region of hot plastic deformation and compared the
shapes obtained by the different slumping processes. We measured
the shapes and the surface quality of the foils. In the experiments, we
varied both heat-treatment temperature and time following our
experiment design. The obtained data and relations we can use for
modeling and optimizing the thermal forming procedure.
[1] Q. D. Wang, E. V. Gotthelf and C. C. Lang, "A faint discrete source
origin for the highly ionized iron emission from the Galactic Centre
region," Natur, vol. 415, pp. 148-150, 2002.
[2] R. Giacconi, A. Zirm, J. Wang, P. Rosati, M. Nonino, P. Tozzi, R. Gilli
V. Mainieri, G. Hasinger, L. Kewley, J. Bergeron, S. Borgani, R.
Gilmozzi, N. Grogin, A. Koekemoer, E. Schreier, W. Zheng, and C.
Norman, "Chandra Deep Field South: The 1 Ms Catalog," ApJS, vol.
139, pp. 369-410, 2002.
[3] M. D. Stage, G. E. Allen, J. C. Houck, and J. E. Davis, "Cosmic-ray
diffusion near the Bohm limit in the Cassiopeia-A supernova remnant,"
NatPh, vol. 2, pp. 614-619, 2006.
[4] R. C. Hickox, C. Jones, W. R. Forman, S. S. Murray, M. Brodwin, M. J.
I. Brown, P. R. Eisenhardt, R. J. Cool, B. T. Jannuzi, A. Dey, K. Brand,
V. Gorjian, and N. Caldwell, "A Large Population of Mid-Infraredselected,
Obscured Active Galaxies in the Boötes Field," ApJ, vol. 671,
pp. 1365-1387, 2007.
[5] B. Luo, F. E. Bauer, W. N. Brandt, D. M. Alexander, B. D. Lehmer, D.
P. Schneider, M. Brusa, A. Comastri, A. C. Fabian, A. Finoguenov, R.
Gilli, G. Hasinger, A. E. Hornschemeier, A. Koekemoer, V. Mainieri,
M. Paolillo, P. Rosati, O. Shemmer, J. D. Silverman, I. Smail, A. T.
Steffen, and C. Vignali, "The Chandra Deep Field-South survey: 2 Ms
source catalogs," ApJS, vol. 179, pp. 19-36, 2008.
[6] http://ixo.gsfc.nasa.gov
[7] W. W. Zhang, M. Atanassova, P. Augustin, P. N. Blake, G. Byron, T.
Carnahan, K. W. Chan, C. Fleetwood, C. He, M. D. Hill, M. Hong, L.
Kolos, J. P. Lehan, J. R. Mazzarella, R. McClelland, L. Olsen, R. Petre,
D. Robinson, R. Russell, T. T. Saha, M. Sharpe, M. V. Gubarev, W. D.
Jones, S. L. O'Dell, W. Davis, D. R. Caldwell, M. Freeman, W. A.
Podgorski, and P. B. Reid, "Mirror technology development for the
International X-ray Observatory mission," Proc. SPIE, vol. 7437, 0Q:1-
12, 2009.
[8] M. Ghigo, S. Basso, M. Bavdaz, P. Conconi, O. Citterio, M. Civitani, P.
Friedrich, D. Gallieni, B. Guldimann, F. Martelli, R. Negri, G. Pagano,
G. Pareschi, G. Parodi, L. Proserpio, B. Salmaso, F. Scaglione, D. Spiga,
G. Tagliaferri, L. Terzi, M. Tintori, M. Vongehr, E. Wille, A. Winter and
A. Zambra, "Hot slumping glass technology for the grazing incidence
optics of future missions with particular reference to IXO," Proc. SPIE,
vol. 7732, pp.0C:1-12, 2010.
[9] R. Hudec, J. Sik, M. Lorenc, L. Pina, V. Marsikova, M. Mika, A.
Inneman and M. Skulinova, "Extremely lightweight X-ray optics based
on thin substrates," Proc. SPIE, vol. 8076, 807604, 2011.
[10] R. Hudec, L. Pina, V. Marsikova, A. Inneman, M. Skulinova, and M.
Mika, "New Technologies for Future Space X-ray Telescopes," AIP
Conf. Proc., vol. 1248, pp. 587-588, 2010.
[11] Y. Ezoe, T. Shirata, T. Ohashi, M. Ishida, K. Mitsuda, K. Fujiwara, K.
Morishita and K. Nakajima, "Development of high-resolution and lightweight
x-ray optics with deformed silicon wafers," Proc. SPIE, vol.
7360, pp. 0B:1-8, 2009.
[12] K. Wallace, M. Bavdaz, P. Gondoin, M. J. Collon, R. G├╝nther, M.
Ackermann, M. W. Beijersbergen, M. Olde Riekerink, M. Blom, B.
Lansdorp and L. Van de Vreede, "Silicon-pore optics development,"
Proc. SPIE, vol. 7437, pp. 0T:1-9, 2009.
[13] M. J. Collon, R. G├╝nther, M. Ackermann, R. Partapsing, G. Vacanti, M.
W. Beijersbergen, M. Bavdaz, E. Wille, K. Wallace, M. Olde Riekerink,
B. Lansdorp, L. de Vrede, L., C. van Baren, P. M├╝ller, M. Krumrey, and
M. Freyberg, "Silicon-pore x-ray optics for IXO", Proc. SPIE, vol. 7732,
pp. 1F:1-9, 2010.
[14] H. Wolter, "Spiegelsysteme streifenden Einfalls als abbildende Optiken
f├╝r Röntgenstrahlen (Grazing incidence mirror systems as imaging optics
for x rays)," AnP, vol. 445, pp. 94-114, 1952.
[15] R. Hudec, L. Pina, V. Semencova, A. Inneman, M. Skulinova, L. Sveda,
M. Mika, V. Brozek, R. Kacerovsky, J. Prokop, J. Sik, "Si and glass -
novel technologies for space," Nuclear Physics B, vol. 166, pp. 258-261,
2007.
[16] R. Hudec, V. Marsikova, M. Mika, J. Sik, M. Lorenc, L. Pina, A.
Inneman, M. Skulinova, "Advanced x-ray optics with Si wafers and
slumped glass," Proc. SPIE, vol. 7437, pp. 0S:1-12, 2009.
[17] L. Prosperio, M. Civitani, M. Ghigo, and G. Pareschi, "Thermal shaping
of thin glass substrates for segmented grazing incidence active optics,"
Proc. SPIE, vol. 7803, pp. 0K:1-11, 2010.
[18] www.us.schott.com/special_applications/english/products/thinglass/d26
3t/index.html
[19] K. Nakajima, K. Fujiwara, and K. Morishita, "Systematic studies of Si
and Ge hemispherical concave wafers prepared by plastic deformation,"
J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 311, pp. 4587-4592, 2009.
[20] K. Nakajima, K. Fujiwara, W. Pan and H. Okuda, ÔÇ×Shaped siliconcrystal
wafers obtained by plastic deformation and their application to
silicon-crystal lenses," Nature Materials, vol. 4, pp. 47-50, 2005.
[21] K. Nakajima, K. Fujiwara and K. Morishita, "Systematic studies of Si
and Ge hemispherical concave wafers prepared by plastic deformation,"
J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 311, pp. 4587-4592, 2009.
[1] Q. D. Wang, E. V. Gotthelf and C. C. Lang, "A faint discrete source
origin for the highly ionized iron emission from the Galactic Centre
region," Natur, vol. 415, pp. 148-150, 2002.
[2] R. Giacconi, A. Zirm, J. Wang, P. Rosati, M. Nonino, P. Tozzi, R. Gilli
V. Mainieri, G. Hasinger, L. Kewley, J. Bergeron, S. Borgani, R.
Gilmozzi, N. Grogin, A. Koekemoer, E. Schreier, W. Zheng, and C.
Norman, "Chandra Deep Field South: The 1 Ms Catalog," ApJS, vol.
139, pp. 369-410, 2002.
[3] M. D. Stage, G. E. Allen, J. C. Houck, and J. E. Davis, "Cosmic-ray
diffusion near the Bohm limit in the Cassiopeia-A supernova remnant,"
NatPh, vol. 2, pp. 614-619, 2006.
[4] R. C. Hickox, C. Jones, W. R. Forman, S. S. Murray, M. Brodwin, M. J.
I. Brown, P. R. Eisenhardt, R. J. Cool, B. T. Jannuzi, A. Dey, K. Brand,
V. Gorjian, and N. Caldwell, "A Large Population of Mid-Infraredselected,
Obscured Active Galaxies in the Boötes Field," ApJ, vol. 671,
pp. 1365-1387, 2007.
[5] B. Luo, F. E. Bauer, W. N. Brandt, D. M. Alexander, B. D. Lehmer, D.
P. Schneider, M. Brusa, A. Comastri, A. C. Fabian, A. Finoguenov, R.
Gilli, G. Hasinger, A. E. Hornschemeier, A. Koekemoer, V. Mainieri,
M. Paolillo, P. Rosati, O. Shemmer, J. D. Silverman, I. Smail, A. T.
Steffen, and C. Vignali, "The Chandra Deep Field-South survey: 2 Ms
source catalogs," ApJS, vol. 179, pp. 19-36, 2008.
[6] http://ixo.gsfc.nasa.gov
[7] W. W. Zhang, M. Atanassova, P. Augustin, P. N. Blake, G. Byron, T.
Carnahan, K. W. Chan, C. Fleetwood, C. He, M. D. Hill, M. Hong, L.
Kolos, J. P. Lehan, J. R. Mazzarella, R. McClelland, L. Olsen, R. Petre,
D. Robinson, R. Russell, T. T. Saha, M. Sharpe, M. V. Gubarev, W. D.
Jones, S. L. O'Dell, W. Davis, D. R. Caldwell, M. Freeman, W. A.
Podgorski, and P. B. Reid, "Mirror technology development for the
International X-ray Observatory mission," Proc. SPIE, vol. 7437, 0Q:1-
12, 2009.
[8] M. Ghigo, S. Basso, M. Bavdaz, P. Conconi, O. Citterio, M. Civitani, P.
Friedrich, D. Gallieni, B. Guldimann, F. Martelli, R. Negri, G. Pagano,
G. Pareschi, G. Parodi, L. Proserpio, B. Salmaso, F. Scaglione, D. Spiga,
G. Tagliaferri, L. Terzi, M. Tintori, M. Vongehr, E. Wille, A. Winter and
A. Zambra, "Hot slumping glass technology for the grazing incidence
optics of future missions with particular reference to IXO," Proc. SPIE,
vol. 7732, pp.0C:1-12, 2010.
[9] R. Hudec, J. Sik, M. Lorenc, L. Pina, V. Marsikova, M. Mika, A.
Inneman and M. Skulinova, "Extremely lightweight X-ray optics based
on thin substrates," Proc. SPIE, vol. 8076, 807604, 2011.
[10] R. Hudec, L. Pina, V. Marsikova, A. Inneman, M. Skulinova, and M.
Mika, "New Technologies for Future Space X-ray Telescopes," AIP
Conf. Proc., vol. 1248, pp. 587-588, 2010.
[11] Y. Ezoe, T. Shirata, T. Ohashi, M. Ishida, K. Mitsuda, K. Fujiwara, K.
Morishita and K. Nakajima, "Development of high-resolution and lightweight
x-ray optics with deformed silicon wafers," Proc. SPIE, vol.
7360, pp. 0B:1-8, 2009.
[12] K. Wallace, M. Bavdaz, P. Gondoin, M. J. Collon, R. G├╝nther, M.
Ackermann, M. W. Beijersbergen, M. Olde Riekerink, M. Blom, B.
Lansdorp and L. Van de Vreede, "Silicon-pore optics development,"
Proc. SPIE, vol. 7437, pp. 0T:1-9, 2009.
[13] M. J. Collon, R. G├╝nther, M. Ackermann, R. Partapsing, G. Vacanti, M.
W. Beijersbergen, M. Bavdaz, E. Wille, K. Wallace, M. Olde Riekerink,
B. Lansdorp, L. de Vrede, L., C. van Baren, P. M├╝ller, M. Krumrey, and
M. Freyberg, "Silicon-pore x-ray optics for IXO", Proc. SPIE, vol. 7732,
pp. 1F:1-9, 2010.
[14] H. Wolter, "Spiegelsysteme streifenden Einfalls als abbildende Optiken
f├╝r Röntgenstrahlen (Grazing incidence mirror systems as imaging optics
for x rays)," AnP, vol. 445, pp. 94-114, 1952.
[15] R. Hudec, L. Pina, V. Semencova, A. Inneman, M. Skulinova, L. Sveda,
M. Mika, V. Brozek, R. Kacerovsky, J. Prokop, J. Sik, "Si and glass -
novel technologies for space," Nuclear Physics B, vol. 166, pp. 258-261,
2007.
[16] R. Hudec, V. Marsikova, M. Mika, J. Sik, M. Lorenc, L. Pina, A.
Inneman, M. Skulinova, "Advanced x-ray optics with Si wafers and
slumped glass," Proc. SPIE, vol. 7437, pp. 0S:1-12, 2009.
[17] L. Prosperio, M. Civitani, M. Ghigo, and G. Pareschi, "Thermal shaping
of thin glass substrates for segmented grazing incidence active optics,"
Proc. SPIE, vol. 7803, pp. 0K:1-11, 2010.
[18] www.us.schott.com/special_applications/english/products/thinglass/d26
3t/index.html
[19] K. Nakajima, K. Fujiwara, and K. Morishita, "Systematic studies of Si
and Ge hemispherical concave wafers prepared by plastic deformation,"
J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 311, pp. 4587-4592, 2009.
[20] K. Nakajima, K. Fujiwara, W. Pan and H. Okuda, ÔÇ×Shaped siliconcrystal
wafers obtained by plastic deformation and their application to
silicon-crystal lenses," Nature Materials, vol. 4, pp. 47-50, 2005.
[21] K. Nakajima, K. Fujiwara and K. Morishita, "Systematic studies of Si
and Ge hemispherical concave wafers prepared by plastic deformation,"
J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 311, pp. 4587-4592, 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:51308", author = "M. Mika and L. Pina and M. Landova and L. Sveda and R. Havlikova and V. Marsikova and R. Hudec and A. Inneman", title = "Lightweight Mirrors for Space X-Ray Telescopes", abstract = "Future astronomical projects on large space x-ray
imaging telescopes require novel substrates and technologies for the
construction of their reflecting mirrors. The mirrors must be
lightweight and precisely shaped to achieve large collecting area with
high angular resolution. The new materials and technologies must be
cost-effective. Currently, the most promising materials are glass or
silicon foils. We focused on precise shaping these foils by thermal
forming process. We studied free and forced slumping in the
temperature region of hot plastic deformation and compared the
shapes obtained by the different slumping processes. We measured
the shapes and the surface quality of the foils. In the experiments, we
varied both heat-treatment temperature and time following our
experiment design. The obtained data and relations we can use for
modeling and optimizing the thermal forming procedure.", keywords = "Glass, silicon, thermal forming, x-ray", volume = "5", number = "10", pages = "844-5", }
