Investigation of Physicochemical Properties of the Bacterial Cellulose Produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus from Date Syrup
Bacterial cellulose, a biopolysaccharide, is produced by the bacterium, Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Static batch fermentation for bacterial cellulose production was studied in sucrose and date syrup solutions (Bx. 10%) at 28 °C using G. xylinus (PTCC, 1734). Results showed that the maximum yields of bacterial cellulose (BC) were 4.35 and 1.69 g/l00 ml for date syrup and sucrose medium after 336 hours fermentation period, respectively. Comparison of FTIR spectrum of cellulose with BC indicated appropriate coincidence which proved that the component produced by G. xylinus was cellulose. Determination of the area under X-ray diffractometry patterns demonstrated that the crystallinity amount of cellulose (83.61%) was more than that for the BC (60.73%). The scanning electron microscopy imaging of BC and cellulose were carried out in two magnifications of 1 and 6K. Results showed that the diameter ratio of BC to cellulose was approximately 1/30 which indicated more delicacy of BC fibers relative to cellulose.
[1] H. Backdahl, G. Helenius, A. Bodin, U. Nannmark, B.R. Johansson, B.
Risberg, and P. Gatenholm, "Mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose
and interactions with smooth muscle cells, " Biomaterials, vol. 27, pp.
2141-2149, 2006.
[2] R. M. Brown, "Microbial cellulose modified during synthesis," US Patent
4, 942, 128,1990.
[3] R. E. Cannon and S. M. Anderson, "Biogenesis of Bacterial Cellulose,"
Critical Reviews in Microbiology, Vol. 17 (6), pp. 435-447, 1991.
[4] Y. Choi, Y. Ahn, M. Kang, H. Jun, I.S. Kim, and S. Moon,
"Characterization of acrylic acid-treated bacterial cellulose cationexchange
membrane, " Journal of Chemical Technology and
Biotechnology, vol. 79, pp. 79-84, 2004.
[5] D.Cienchanska, "Preparation and Multifunctional bacterial
cellulose/chitosan composite materials for medical applications, " Fibres
and Textiles in Eastern Europe, vol. 12, pp. 69-72, 2004.
[6] W. Czaja, A. Krystynowicz, S. Bielecki and R. M. Brown, "Microbial
cellulose-the natural power to heal wounds, " Biomaterials, vol. 27, pp.
145-151, 2006.
[7] W. Czaja, D. J. Young, M. Kawechi and R. M. Brown, "The future
prospects of microbial cellulose in biomedical applications, "
Biomacromolecules, vol. 8, pp. 1-12, 2007.
[8] J. Engelhardt, "Sources, industrial derivatives and commercial
applications of cellulose, " Carbohydr. Eur., pp. 5-14, 1995.
[9] C. H. Haigler, P. J. Weimer, "Biosynthesis and biodegradation of
cellulose, " Marcel Dekker, Inc p.5-23, p.71-98, p.219-243, 1991.
[10] P.F. Hamlyn, J. Crighton, M. G. Dobb, and A. Tasker, "Cellulose
product, " UK Patent Application GB 2314856 A No. 9713991.9, 1997.
[11]K. Hieta, S. Kuga, M. Usuda, "Electron staining of reducing ends
evidences a parallel-chain structure in Valonia cellulose. Biopolymers, "
vol. 23, pp. 1807-1810, 1984.
[12] R. Jonas and L. F. Farah, "Production and application of microbial
cellulose," Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 59, pp. 101-106,
1998.
[13] D. Klemm, D. Schumann, U. Udhardt, and S. Marsch, "Bacterial
synthesized cellulose artificial blood vessels for microsurgery, " Progress
in Polymer Science, vol. 26, pp. 1561-1603, 2001.
[14]V. I. Legeza, V. P. Galenko-Yaroshevskii, E. V. Zinov'ev, B. A.
Paramonov, G. S. Kreichman, I. I. Turkovskii, E. S. Gumenyuk, A. G.
Karnovich, and A. K. Khripunov, "Effects of new wound dressings on
healing of thermal burns of the skin in acute radiation disease, " Bulletin
of Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol. 138, pp. 311-315, 2004.
[15] Y. Nishi, M. Uryu, S. Yamanaka, K. Watanabe, N. Kitamura, M. Iguchi,
S. Mitsuhashi, "The Structure And Mechanical-Properties Of Sheets
Prepared From Bacterial Cellulose and Improvement of the Mechanical-
Properties of Sheets and Their Applicability to Diaphragms of
Electroacoustic Transducers, " Journal of Materials Science, vol. 25 (6),
pp. 2997-3001, 1990.
[16]P. Ross, R. Mayer, M. Benziman, "Cellulose biosynthesis and Function in
bacteria, Microbiological Reviews, " vol. 55 (1), pp. 35-58, 1991.
[17] M. Schramm, S. Hestrin, "Factors Affecting Production of Cellulose at
the Air/Liquid Interface of a Culture of Acetobacter xylinum, " Journal of
General Microbiology, vol. 11, pp. 123-129, 1954.
[18] G. C. Serafica, "Production of Bacterial Cellulose Using a Rotating Disk
Film Bioreactor by Acetobacter xylinum, " PhD Thesis, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, 1997.
[19]M. Shoda and Y. Sugano, "Recent advances in bacterial cellulose
production," Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, vol. 10, pp. 1-8,
2005.
[20]A. M. Sokolnicki, R. J. Fisher, T. P. Harrah and D. L. Kaplan,
"Permeability of bacterial cellulose membranes, " Journal of Membrane
Science, vol. 272, pp. 15-27, 2006.
[21] J. Sugiyama, R. Vuong, H. Chanzy, "Electron Diffraction Study Of Two
Crystalline Phases Occurring In Native Cellulose From An Algal Cell
Wall Macromolecules, " vol. 24, pp. 4168-4175, 1991.
[22]W. K. Wan and L. E. Millon, "Poly(vinyl alcohol)-bacterial cellulose
nanocomposite, " U.S. Pat.Appl., Publ. US 2005037082 A1, 16, 2005.
[23] W. K. Wan, J. L. Hutter, L. Millon and G. Guhados, "Bacterial cellulose
and its nanocomposites for biomedical applications, " ACS Symposium
Series, vol. 938, pp. 221-241, 2006.
[1] H. Backdahl, G. Helenius, A. Bodin, U. Nannmark, B.R. Johansson, B.
Risberg, and P. Gatenholm, "Mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose
and interactions with smooth muscle cells, " Biomaterials, vol. 27, pp.
2141-2149, 2006.
[2] R. M. Brown, "Microbial cellulose modified during synthesis," US Patent
4, 942, 128,1990.
[3] R. E. Cannon and S. M. Anderson, "Biogenesis of Bacterial Cellulose,"
Critical Reviews in Microbiology, Vol. 17 (6), pp. 435-447, 1991.
[4] Y. Choi, Y. Ahn, M. Kang, H. Jun, I.S. Kim, and S. Moon,
"Characterization of acrylic acid-treated bacterial cellulose cationexchange
membrane, " Journal of Chemical Technology and
Biotechnology, vol. 79, pp. 79-84, 2004.
[5] D.Cienchanska, "Preparation and Multifunctional bacterial
cellulose/chitosan composite materials for medical applications, " Fibres
and Textiles in Eastern Europe, vol. 12, pp. 69-72, 2004.
[6] W. Czaja, A. Krystynowicz, S. Bielecki and R. M. Brown, "Microbial
cellulose-the natural power to heal wounds, " Biomaterials, vol. 27, pp.
145-151, 2006.
[7] W. Czaja, D. J. Young, M. Kawechi and R. M. Brown, "The future
prospects of microbial cellulose in biomedical applications, "
Biomacromolecules, vol. 8, pp. 1-12, 2007.
[8] J. Engelhardt, "Sources, industrial derivatives and commercial
applications of cellulose, " Carbohydr. Eur., pp. 5-14, 1995.
[9] C. H. Haigler, P. J. Weimer, "Biosynthesis and biodegradation of
cellulose, " Marcel Dekker, Inc p.5-23, p.71-98, p.219-243, 1991.
[10] P.F. Hamlyn, J. Crighton, M. G. Dobb, and A. Tasker, "Cellulose
product, " UK Patent Application GB 2314856 A No. 9713991.9, 1997.
[11]K. Hieta, S. Kuga, M. Usuda, "Electron staining of reducing ends
evidences a parallel-chain structure in Valonia cellulose. Biopolymers, "
vol. 23, pp. 1807-1810, 1984.
[12] R. Jonas and L. F. Farah, "Production and application of microbial
cellulose," Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 59, pp. 101-106,
1998.
[13] D. Klemm, D. Schumann, U. Udhardt, and S. Marsch, "Bacterial
synthesized cellulose artificial blood vessels for microsurgery, " Progress
in Polymer Science, vol. 26, pp. 1561-1603, 2001.
[14]V. I. Legeza, V. P. Galenko-Yaroshevskii, E. V. Zinov'ev, B. A.
Paramonov, G. S. Kreichman, I. I. Turkovskii, E. S. Gumenyuk, A. G.
Karnovich, and A. K. Khripunov, "Effects of new wound dressings on
healing of thermal burns of the skin in acute radiation disease, " Bulletin
of Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol. 138, pp. 311-315, 2004.
[15] Y. Nishi, M. Uryu, S. Yamanaka, K. Watanabe, N. Kitamura, M. Iguchi,
S. Mitsuhashi, "The Structure And Mechanical-Properties Of Sheets
Prepared From Bacterial Cellulose and Improvement of the Mechanical-
Properties of Sheets and Their Applicability to Diaphragms of
Electroacoustic Transducers, " Journal of Materials Science, vol. 25 (6),
pp. 2997-3001, 1990.
[16]P. Ross, R. Mayer, M. Benziman, "Cellulose biosynthesis and Function in
bacteria, Microbiological Reviews, " vol. 55 (1), pp. 35-58, 1991.
[17] M. Schramm, S. Hestrin, "Factors Affecting Production of Cellulose at
the Air/Liquid Interface of a Culture of Acetobacter xylinum, " Journal of
General Microbiology, vol. 11, pp. 123-129, 1954.
[18] G. C. Serafica, "Production of Bacterial Cellulose Using a Rotating Disk
Film Bioreactor by Acetobacter xylinum, " PhD Thesis, Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute, 1997.
[19]M. Shoda and Y. Sugano, "Recent advances in bacterial cellulose
production," Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, vol. 10, pp. 1-8,
2005.
[20]A. M. Sokolnicki, R. J. Fisher, T. P. Harrah and D. L. Kaplan,
"Permeability of bacterial cellulose membranes, " Journal of Membrane
Science, vol. 272, pp. 15-27, 2006.
[21] J. Sugiyama, R. Vuong, H. Chanzy, "Electron Diffraction Study Of Two
Crystalline Phases Occurring In Native Cellulose From An Algal Cell
Wall Macromolecules, " vol. 24, pp. 4168-4175, 1991.
[22]W. K. Wan and L. E. Millon, "Poly(vinyl alcohol)-bacterial cellulose
nanocomposite, " U.S. Pat.Appl., Publ. US 2005037082 A1, 16, 2005.
[23] W. K. Wan, J. L. Hutter, L. Millon and G. Guhados, "Bacterial cellulose
and its nanocomposites for biomedical applications, " ACS Symposium
Series, vol. 938, pp. 221-241, 2006.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:57909", author = "Marzieh Moosavi-Nasab and Ali R. Yousefi", title = "Investigation of Physicochemical Properties of the Bacterial Cellulose Produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus from Date Syrup", abstract = "Bacterial cellulose, a biopolysaccharide, is produced by the bacterium, Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Static batch fermentation for bacterial cellulose production was studied in sucrose and date syrup solutions (Bx. 10%) at 28 °C using G. xylinus (PTCC, 1734). Results showed that the maximum yields of bacterial cellulose (BC) were 4.35 and 1.69 g/l00 ml for date syrup and sucrose medium after 336 hours fermentation period, respectively. Comparison of FTIR spectrum of cellulose with BC indicated appropriate coincidence which proved that the component produced by G. xylinus was cellulose. Determination of the area under X-ray diffractometry patterns demonstrated that the crystallinity amount of cellulose (83.61%) was more than that for the BC (60.73%). The scanning electron microscopy imaging of BC and cellulose were carried out in two magnifications of 1 and 6K. Results showed that the diameter ratio of BC to cellulose was approximately 1/30 which indicated more delicacy of BC fibers relative to cellulose.
", keywords = "Gluconacetobacter xylinus, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray diffractometry", volume = "4", number = "8", pages = "611-6", }
