Internet Governance based on Multiple-Stakeholders: Opportunities, Issues and Developments
The Internet is the global data communications
infrastructure based on the interconnection of both public and private
networks using protocols that implement Internetworking on a global
scale. Hence the control of protocol and infrastructure development,
resource allocation and network operation are crucial and interlinked
aspects. Internet Governance is the hotly debated and contentious
subject that refers to the global control and operation of key Internet
infrastructure such as domain name servers and resources such as
domain names. It is impossible to separate technical and political
positions as they are interlinked. Furthermore the existence of a
global market, transparency and competition impact upon Internet
Governance and related topics such as network neutrality and
security. Current trends and developments regarding Internet
governance with a focus on the policy-making process, security and
control have been observed to evaluate current and future
implications on the Internet. The multi stakeholder approach to
Internet Governance discussed in this paper presents a number of
opportunities, issues and developments that will affect the future
direction of the Internet. Internet operation, maintenance and
advisory organisations such as the Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN) or the Internet Governance Forum
(IGF) are currently in the process of formulating policies for future
Internet Governance. Given the controversial nature of the issues at
stake and the current lack of agreement it is predicted that
institutional as well as market governance will remain present for the
network access and content.
[1] Mueller, M. , Mathiason, M. , Klein, H. (2007).The Internet and
Global Governance: Principles and Norms for a New Regime,
Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and
International Organizations, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Volume
13, issue 2, April - June 2007: pp. 237-254.
[2] Obama, Barack (2008). President-elect Barack Obama lays out
key parts of Economic Recovery Plan. Change.gov. 6 December
2008. Retrieved 27 January 2009 from
http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/the_key_parts_of_the_jobs_p
lan/
[3] Google, 2007, A Guide to Net Neutrality for Google Users.
Retrieved 13 July 2007, from
http://www.google.com/help/netneutrality.html.
[4] Collins, R., 2006. Internet Governance in the UK. Media,
Culture & Society. Vol. 28 (3): 337-358.
[5] Mathiason, John (2009). Internet Governance - The new frontier
of global institutions. Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group.
London and New York.
[6] Hernaez, Eric, 2007, Wall Street Journal on Wireless Network
Neutrality, Circle ID, 15 June 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2007 from
http://www.circleid.com/posts/wsj_on_wireless_network_neutra
lity/.
[7] ITU, Final Acts of the Plenipotentiary Conference . International
Telecommunications Union (ITU) , Extracts: Resolution 130
(Rev. Antalya, 2006):Strengthening the role of ITU in building
confidence and security in the use of information and
communication technologies and Resoultion (Antalya, 2006):
Study of definitions and terminology relating to building
confidence and security in the use of information and
communication technologie. Antalya, 2006.
[8] Forouzan, B., 2006. TCP/IP Protocol Suite. McGraw-Hill,
International Edition.
[9] Sassen, S. , 2002, Locating cities on global circuits,
Environment and Urbanization, Volume 14, No. 1 (2002): pp.
13-30.
[10] Choi, Junho H. et. al. , 2006, Comparing world city networks: a
network analysis of Internet backbone and air transport intercity
linkages, Global Networks, Volume 6, No. 1 (2006): pp. 81-99.
[11] Budde, Paul, 2006, Regional: Internet: The Americas - 2006,
Communication Pty Ltd. , p. 27.
[12] Keizer, Gregg, 2005. Dutch Botnet Bigger Than Expected.
TechWeb Technology News. Oktober 21, 2005.
[13] Leyden, John (2004). Telenor takes down 'massive' botnet.
Enterprise Security. 9th September 2004.
[14] Leyden, John (2005). ISPs urged to throttle spam zombies:
International clean-up campaign. The Register. 24th May 2005.
[15] Grizzard, Julian et al (2007). Peer-to-Peer Botnets: Overview
and Case Study. HotBots '07 / 4th USENIX Symposium on
Networked Systems Design & Implementation (NSDI '07).
Cambridge (MA), 11-13 April 2007.
[16] Goth, G. (2007). Fast-Moving Zombies: Botnets Stay a Step
Ahead of the Fixes. IEEE Internet Computing. Volume 11 (2):
7-9.
[17] Carr, Nicolas, 2007. Botnets - a hidden menace that threaten the
future of the Internet. The Guardian. 5 April 2007.Christou, G.,
2006. The Internet and Public-Private Governance in the
European Union. Journal of Public Policy, Vol . 26, 1: 43-61.
[18] Weber, Tim, 2007. Criminals 'may overwhelm the web'. BBC
News website. 25 January 2007.
[19] Beznosov, Konstantin and Beznosova, Olga (2007). On the
imbalance of the security problem space and its expected
consequences. Information Management & Computer Security.
Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 2007, Volume: 15 (5):420 -
431.
[20] Lane, Jill (2003). Digital Zapatistas. TDR/The Drama Review.
2003 47:2 (T178): 129-144.
[21] Brett Stalbaum, ÔÇÿThe Zapatista Tactical FloodNet: A
collabortive, activist and conceptual art work of the net-,
Retrieved 25 Jamuary 2008 from
http://www.thing.net/~rdom/ecd/ZapTact.html
[22] Ford, Captain Christopher M. (2007). What Is Insurgency?
Military review, US Department of Law. May / June 2007: 85-
91.
[23] Chadwick, Andrew, 2007, Digital Network Repertoires and
Organizational Hybridity. Political Communication, Volume 24,
H. 3: 283-301.
[24] Thomson, Iain, 2008, ÔÇÿEnterprise security software market
booms-. Vnunet news. 18 June2008. Retrieved on 24 January
2009 from
http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2219275/enterprisesoftware-
market
[25] Post, Gerald V. , Kagan, Albert, 2007, Evaluating information
security tradeoffs: Restricting access can interfere with user
tasks. Elsevier / Computers & Security. No. 26, 2007: 229-237.
[26] Kranton, R. E. and Minehart, D. F. , 2001, A theory of buyerseller
networks. American Economic Review 91: 485-508.
[27] D-Ignazio, Alession and Giovanetti, Emanulele, 2006, FROM
EXOGENOUS TO ENDOGENOUS ECONOMIC
NETWORKS: INTERNET APPLICATIONS, Journal of
Economic Surveys 20 (5), 757-796.
[28] O'Rourke, J. S. et al, 2007. Google in China: government
censorship and corporate reputation. Journal of Business
Strategy Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Volume 28,
Number 3, 2007: 12-22.
[29] Ponce de Leon, Carlos Silva, 2005, Intra-regional Internet
connectivity still an ongoing issue. Telecommunications Policy,
Elsevier Ltd. , 29: 367-386.
[30] European Parliament and the Council of the European Union,
2002. Directive 2002/21/EC of 7 March 2002 on a common
regulatory Framework for Electronic Communications Network
and Services. OJL 108/33, 24 April.
[31] Bradner, S. (1998). IETF Working Group Guidelines and
Procedures. Network Working Group / Request for Comments:
2418. September 1998
[32] Wray, R., 2005. EU says Internet could fall apart. The Guardian.
12 October 2005.
[33] Marsden, Christopher T., 2008. Beyond Europe: The Internet,
Regulation, and Multistakeholder Governance - Representing
the Consumer Interest? Journal of Consumer Policy. March
2008, Volume 31, Issue 1: 115-132.
[34] Mueller, Milton, 2009. Top Internet Governance Issues to
Watch in 2009. Internet Governance Project Blog. 09 Jan 2009.
Available under
http://blog.Internetgovernance.org/blog/_archives/2009/1/9/4051
237.html (27 Jamuary 2009)
[35] IGF, 2006. The Mandate of the IGF, Internet Governance Forum
/ Paragraph 72 of the WSIS Tunis Agenda. Available under
http://www.intgovforum.org/mandate.htm (27 January 2009).
[36] Kumar, N. and Mowshowitz, A., "Increasing Internet access and
freedoms with IGF participation," Technology and Society
Magazine, IEEE , vol.27, no.2, pp.33-36, Summer 2008
[37] NYT, 2008. Editorial: Mr. Obama's Internet Agenda. New York
Times. December 15, 2008
[38] Hardt, M. & Negri, A., 2000. Empire, Cambridge Mass.:
Harvard University Press.
[39] Tapscott, Don and Williams, Anthony. 2007. Wikinomics: How
Mass Collaboration Changes Everything. Atlantic Books.
[1] Mueller, M. , Mathiason, M. , Klein, H. (2007).The Internet and
Global Governance: Principles and Norms for a New Regime,
Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and
International Organizations, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Volume
13, issue 2, April - June 2007: pp. 237-254.
[2] Obama, Barack (2008). President-elect Barack Obama lays out
key parts of Economic Recovery Plan. Change.gov. 6 December
2008. Retrieved 27 January 2009 from
http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/the_key_parts_of_the_jobs_p
lan/
[3] Google, 2007, A Guide to Net Neutrality for Google Users.
Retrieved 13 July 2007, from
http://www.google.com/help/netneutrality.html.
[4] Collins, R., 2006. Internet Governance in the UK. Media,
Culture & Society. Vol. 28 (3): 337-358.
[5] Mathiason, John (2009). Internet Governance - The new frontier
of global institutions. Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group.
London and New York.
[6] Hernaez, Eric, 2007, Wall Street Journal on Wireless Network
Neutrality, Circle ID, 15 June 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2007 from
http://www.circleid.com/posts/wsj_on_wireless_network_neutra
lity/.
[7] ITU, Final Acts of the Plenipotentiary Conference . International
Telecommunications Union (ITU) , Extracts: Resolution 130
(Rev. Antalya, 2006):Strengthening the role of ITU in building
confidence and security in the use of information and
communication technologies and Resoultion (Antalya, 2006):
Study of definitions and terminology relating to building
confidence and security in the use of information and
communication technologie. Antalya, 2006.
[8] Forouzan, B., 2006. TCP/IP Protocol Suite. McGraw-Hill,
International Edition.
[9] Sassen, S. , 2002, Locating cities on global circuits,
Environment and Urbanization, Volume 14, No. 1 (2002): pp.
13-30.
[10] Choi, Junho H. et. al. , 2006, Comparing world city networks: a
network analysis of Internet backbone and air transport intercity
linkages, Global Networks, Volume 6, No. 1 (2006): pp. 81-99.
[11] Budde, Paul, 2006, Regional: Internet: The Americas - 2006,
Communication Pty Ltd. , p. 27.
[12] Keizer, Gregg, 2005. Dutch Botnet Bigger Than Expected.
TechWeb Technology News. Oktober 21, 2005.
[13] Leyden, John (2004). Telenor takes down 'massive' botnet.
Enterprise Security. 9th September 2004.
[14] Leyden, John (2005). ISPs urged to throttle spam zombies:
International clean-up campaign. The Register. 24th May 2005.
[15] Grizzard, Julian et al (2007). Peer-to-Peer Botnets: Overview
and Case Study. HotBots '07 / 4th USENIX Symposium on
Networked Systems Design & Implementation (NSDI '07).
Cambridge (MA), 11-13 April 2007.
[16] Goth, G. (2007). Fast-Moving Zombies: Botnets Stay a Step
Ahead of the Fixes. IEEE Internet Computing. Volume 11 (2):
7-9.
[17] Carr, Nicolas, 2007. Botnets - a hidden menace that threaten the
future of the Internet. The Guardian. 5 April 2007.Christou, G.,
2006. The Internet and Public-Private Governance in the
European Union. Journal of Public Policy, Vol . 26, 1: 43-61.
[18] Weber, Tim, 2007. Criminals 'may overwhelm the web'. BBC
News website. 25 January 2007.
[19] Beznosov, Konstantin and Beznosova, Olga (2007). On the
imbalance of the security problem space and its expected
consequences. Information Management & Computer Security.
Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 2007, Volume: 15 (5):420 -
431.
[20] Lane, Jill (2003). Digital Zapatistas. TDR/The Drama Review.
2003 47:2 (T178): 129-144.
[21] Brett Stalbaum, ÔÇÿThe Zapatista Tactical FloodNet: A
collabortive, activist and conceptual art work of the net-,
Retrieved 25 Jamuary 2008 from
http://www.thing.net/~rdom/ecd/ZapTact.html
[22] Ford, Captain Christopher M. (2007). What Is Insurgency?
Military review, US Department of Law. May / June 2007: 85-
91.
[23] Chadwick, Andrew, 2007, Digital Network Repertoires and
Organizational Hybridity. Political Communication, Volume 24,
H. 3: 283-301.
[24] Thomson, Iain, 2008, ÔÇÿEnterprise security software market
booms-. Vnunet news. 18 June2008. Retrieved on 24 January
2009 from
http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2219275/enterprisesoftware-
market
[25] Post, Gerald V. , Kagan, Albert, 2007, Evaluating information
security tradeoffs: Restricting access can interfere with user
tasks. Elsevier / Computers & Security. No. 26, 2007: 229-237.
[26] Kranton, R. E. and Minehart, D. F. , 2001, A theory of buyerseller
networks. American Economic Review 91: 485-508.
[27] D-Ignazio, Alession and Giovanetti, Emanulele, 2006, FROM
EXOGENOUS TO ENDOGENOUS ECONOMIC
NETWORKS: INTERNET APPLICATIONS, Journal of
Economic Surveys 20 (5), 757-796.
[28] O'Rourke, J. S. et al, 2007. Google in China: government
censorship and corporate reputation. Journal of Business
Strategy Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Volume 28,
Number 3, 2007: 12-22.
[29] Ponce de Leon, Carlos Silva, 2005, Intra-regional Internet
connectivity still an ongoing issue. Telecommunications Policy,
Elsevier Ltd. , 29: 367-386.
[30] European Parliament and the Council of the European Union,
2002. Directive 2002/21/EC of 7 March 2002 on a common
regulatory Framework for Electronic Communications Network
and Services. OJL 108/33, 24 April.
[31] Bradner, S. (1998). IETF Working Group Guidelines and
Procedures. Network Working Group / Request for Comments:
2418. September 1998
[32] Wray, R., 2005. EU says Internet could fall apart. The Guardian.
12 October 2005.
[33] Marsden, Christopher T., 2008. Beyond Europe: The Internet,
Regulation, and Multistakeholder Governance - Representing
the Consumer Interest? Journal of Consumer Policy. March
2008, Volume 31, Issue 1: 115-132.
[34] Mueller, Milton, 2009. Top Internet Governance Issues to
Watch in 2009. Internet Governance Project Blog. 09 Jan 2009.
Available under
http://blog.Internetgovernance.org/blog/_archives/2009/1/9/4051
237.html (27 Jamuary 2009)
[35] IGF, 2006. The Mandate of the IGF, Internet Governance Forum
/ Paragraph 72 of the WSIS Tunis Agenda. Available under
http://www.intgovforum.org/mandate.htm (27 January 2009).
[36] Kumar, N. and Mowshowitz, A., "Increasing Internet access and
freedoms with IGF participation," Technology and Society
Magazine, IEEE , vol.27, no.2, pp.33-36, Summer 2008
[37] NYT, 2008. Editorial: Mr. Obama's Internet Agenda. New York
Times. December 15, 2008
[38] Hardt, M. & Negri, A., 2000. Empire, Cambridge Mass.:
Harvard University Press.
[39] Tapscott, Don and Williams, Anthony. 2007. Wikinomics: How
Mass Collaboration Changes Everything. Atlantic Books.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:49640", author = "Martin Hans Knahl", title = "Internet Governance based on Multiple-Stakeholders: Opportunities, Issues and Developments", abstract = "The Internet is the global data communications
infrastructure based on the interconnection of both public and private
networks using protocols that implement Internetworking on a global
scale. Hence the control of protocol and infrastructure development,
resource allocation and network operation are crucial and interlinked
aspects. Internet Governance is the hotly debated and contentious
subject that refers to the global control and operation of key Internet
infrastructure such as domain name servers and resources such as
domain names. It is impossible to separate technical and political
positions as they are interlinked. Furthermore the existence of a
global market, transparency and competition impact upon Internet
Governance and related topics such as network neutrality and
security. Current trends and developments regarding Internet
governance with a focus on the policy-making process, security and
control have been observed to evaluate current and future
implications on the Internet. The multi stakeholder approach to
Internet Governance discussed in this paper presents a number of
opportunities, issues and developments that will affect the future
direction of the Internet. Internet operation, maintenance and
advisory organisations such as the Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN) or the Internet Governance Forum
(IGF) are currently in the process of formulating policies for future
Internet Governance. Given the controversial nature of the issues at
stake and the current lack of agreement it is predicted that
institutional as well as market governance will remain present for the
network access and content.", keywords = "Internet Governance, ICANN, Democracy, Security", volume = "3", number = "4", pages = "249-7", }
