Interaction at a Distance – An Approach for Redesigning for Distance Education
Different forms of interaction are an integral part of
modern courses. Traditional courses held on-campus might focus on
teacher-student interaction, or student-student interaction, or both.
However when these traditional on-campus courses are to be held as
distance courses there is a risk that these well-designed interactions
will be difficult or impossible to uphold. For example, studentstudent
interaction in traditional project assignments might not work
well if the students are scattered across the world. Thus, even a welldesigned
traditional on-site course cannot without modification be
turned into a distance course. Traditional on-site courses simply have
to be redesigned to become true distance courses. This paper
describes a structured approach which facilitates the redesign of a
traditional course into a distance course. The approach is based on
that the desired forms of course flexibility are identified, and
thereafter that the course activities are redesigned to facilitate
interaction in a distance course. The approach is making use of
known patterns of pedagogic interaction and existing guidelines for
distance education design. The approach is illustrated with an
example course in the field of information systems design.
[1] Hrastinski, S., "Nätbaserad utbildning en introduktion," ISBN:
9789144053240, Studentlitteratur, 2009.
[2] Moore, M., "Three Types of Interaction," Editorial, The american
journal of distance education,Vol.3,No2, 1989.
[3] Grandzol, J., R., Grandzol, C., J., "Best Practices for Online Business
Education," International Review of Research in Open and Distance
Learning, ISSN: 1492-3831, Vol.7, No. 1, 2006.
[4] Swan, K.,"Learning effectiveness: What the research tells us," In J.
Bourne and J. C. Moore (eds.) Elements of Quality Online Education:
Practice and direction, pp. 13-45, Needham, MA, Sloan, 2003.
[5] Waddoups , G., Howell , S.,"Bringing Online Learning to Campus: The
Hybridization of Teaching and Learning at Brigham Young
University,"International Review of Research in Open and Distance
Learning, ISSN: 1492-3831, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2002.
[6] Anderson, T., "Towards a Theory of On-line Learning, Towards a
theory of online learning," Anderson, in T. (eds.) The Theory and
Practice of Online Learning, AU Press, Athabasca University, pp. 45-
74, 2008.
[7] Shachar, M., "Meta-Analysis: The preferred method of choice for the
assessment of distance learning quality factors,"International Review of
Research in Open and Distance Learning, ISSN: 1492-3831, Vol.9, No.
3, 2008.
[8] Laurillard, D., "The Pedagogical Challenges to Collaborative
Technologies,"Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning,
Springer, Vol. 4, pp. 5-20, 2009.
[9] McKee, T., "Thirty Years of Distance Education: Personal
Reflections,"International Review of Research in Open and Distance
Learning, ISSN: 1492-3831,Vol.11, No. 2, 2010.
[10] Moore, M., "Theory of transactional distance," In Keegan, D. (eds)
Theoretical Principles of Distance Education, Routledge publishing, pp.
22-38, 1997.
[11] Bernard, R., Abrami, P., Borokhovski, E., Wade, A., Tamim, R., Surkes,
M., Bethel, E., "A Meta-Analysis of Three Types of Interaction
Treatments in Distance Education," In Review of Educational Research,
Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 1243-1289, 2009.
[12] Dysthe, O., "Dialogperspektiv på elektroniska diskussioner," in Dysthe,
O. (eds) Dialog, samspel och lärande, Studentlitteratur, pp. 295-319,
2003.
[13] Anderson, T., "Getting the Mix Right Again: An Updated and
Theoretical Rationale for Interaction,"International Review of Research
in Open and Distance Learning. Vol.4, No. 2, ISSN: 1492-3831, 2003.
[14] Nicol, D., Macfarlane-Dick, D., "Formative Assessment and Selfregulated
Learning: a Model and Seven Principles of Good Feedback
Practice,"Studies in Higher Education, Vol. 31, Iss 2, pp. 119-218, 2006.
[15] Brown, A., Voltz, B., "Elements of Effective e-Learning Design,"The
International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, Vol.
6, No. 1, ISSN: 1492-3831, 2005.
[16] Wettergren G., Hansson, H. Ekenberg, L., "A model for Mega online
courses: Development, implementation and evaluation of an effective
large scale online learning course," Proceedings of International Council
for Open and Distance Education (ICDE'08), 2008.
[17] Endean, M.,"Learning Materials at a Distance," In Baillie, C., and
Burton, L., Learning materials science and engineering at a distance,
The UK Centre for Materials Education, 2003.
[18] Salmon, G., "E-moderating: The Key to Teaching and Learning
Online,"Routledge publishing, ISBN: 978-0415335447, 2004.
[19] Salmon, G., "E-tivities: the Key to Active Online Learning,"Routledge
publishing, ISBN: 978-0749436865, 2002.
[20] PLANET,The Pattern Language Network,
http://patternlanguagenetwork.myxwiki.org, Accessed 1 March 2012.
[21] Trindade, A., R., Carmo, H., Bidarra, J., "Current Developments and
Best Practice in Open and Distance Learning,"International Review of
Research in Open and Distance Learning, ISSN: 1492-3831, Vol.1, No.
1, 2000.
[1] Hrastinski, S., "Nätbaserad utbildning en introduktion," ISBN:
9789144053240, Studentlitteratur, 2009.
[2] Moore, M., "Three Types of Interaction," Editorial, The american
journal of distance education,Vol.3,No2, 1989.
[3] Grandzol, J., R., Grandzol, C., J., "Best Practices for Online Business
Education," International Review of Research in Open and Distance
Learning, ISSN: 1492-3831, Vol.7, No. 1, 2006.
[4] Swan, K.,"Learning effectiveness: What the research tells us," In J.
Bourne and J. C. Moore (eds.) Elements of Quality Online Education:
Practice and direction, pp. 13-45, Needham, MA, Sloan, 2003.
[5] Waddoups , G., Howell , S.,"Bringing Online Learning to Campus: The
Hybridization of Teaching and Learning at Brigham Young
University,"International Review of Research in Open and Distance
Learning, ISSN: 1492-3831, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2002.
[6] Anderson, T., "Towards a Theory of On-line Learning, Towards a
theory of online learning," Anderson, in T. (eds.) The Theory and
Practice of Online Learning, AU Press, Athabasca University, pp. 45-
74, 2008.
[7] Shachar, M., "Meta-Analysis: The preferred method of choice for the
assessment of distance learning quality factors,"International Review of
Research in Open and Distance Learning, ISSN: 1492-3831, Vol.9, No.
3, 2008.
[8] Laurillard, D., "The Pedagogical Challenges to Collaborative
Technologies,"Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning,
Springer, Vol. 4, pp. 5-20, 2009.
[9] McKee, T., "Thirty Years of Distance Education: Personal
Reflections,"International Review of Research in Open and Distance
Learning, ISSN: 1492-3831,Vol.11, No. 2, 2010.
[10] Moore, M., "Theory of transactional distance," In Keegan, D. (eds)
Theoretical Principles of Distance Education, Routledge publishing, pp.
22-38, 1997.
[11] Bernard, R., Abrami, P., Borokhovski, E., Wade, A., Tamim, R., Surkes,
M., Bethel, E., "A Meta-Analysis of Three Types of Interaction
Treatments in Distance Education," In Review of Educational Research,
Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 1243-1289, 2009.
[12] Dysthe, O., "Dialogperspektiv på elektroniska diskussioner," in Dysthe,
O. (eds) Dialog, samspel och lärande, Studentlitteratur, pp. 295-319,
2003.
[13] Anderson, T., "Getting the Mix Right Again: An Updated and
Theoretical Rationale for Interaction,"International Review of Research
in Open and Distance Learning. Vol.4, No. 2, ISSN: 1492-3831, 2003.
[14] Nicol, D., Macfarlane-Dick, D., "Formative Assessment and Selfregulated
Learning: a Model and Seven Principles of Good Feedback
Practice,"Studies in Higher Education, Vol. 31, Iss 2, pp. 119-218, 2006.
[15] Brown, A., Voltz, B., "Elements of Effective e-Learning Design,"The
International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, Vol.
6, No. 1, ISSN: 1492-3831, 2005.
[16] Wettergren G., Hansson, H. Ekenberg, L., "A model for Mega online
courses: Development, implementation and evaluation of an effective
large scale online learning course," Proceedings of International Council
for Open and Distance Education (ICDE'08), 2008.
[17] Endean, M.,"Learning Materials at a Distance," In Baillie, C., and
Burton, L., Learning materials science and engineering at a distance,
The UK Centre for Materials Education, 2003.
[18] Salmon, G., "E-moderating: The Key to Teaching and Learning
Online,"Routledge publishing, ISBN: 978-0415335447, 2004.
[19] Salmon, G., "E-tivities: the Key to Active Online Learning,"Routledge
publishing, ISBN: 978-0749436865, 2002.
[20] PLANET,The Pattern Language Network,
http://patternlanguagenetwork.myxwiki.org, Accessed 1 March 2012.
[21] Trindade, A., R., Carmo, H., Bidarra, J., "Current Developments and
Best Practice in Open and Distance Learning,"International Review of
Research in Open and Distance Learning, ISSN: 1492-3831, Vol.1, No.
1, 2000.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:54575", author = "Martin Henkel", title = "Interaction at a Distance – An Approach for Redesigning for Distance Education", abstract = "Different forms of interaction are an integral part of
modern courses. Traditional courses held on-campus might focus on
teacher-student interaction, or student-student interaction, or both.
However when these traditional on-campus courses are to be held as
distance courses there is a risk that these well-designed interactions
will be difficult or impossible to uphold. For example, studentstudent
interaction in traditional project assignments might not work
well if the students are scattered across the world. Thus, even a welldesigned
traditional on-site course cannot without modification be
turned into a distance course. Traditional on-site courses simply have
to be redesigned to become true distance courses. This paper
describes a structured approach which facilitates the redesign of a
traditional course into a distance course. The approach is based on
that the desired forms of course flexibility are identified, and
thereafter that the course activities are redesigned to facilitate
interaction in a distance course. The approach is making use of
known patterns of pedagogic interaction and existing guidelines for
distance education design. The approach is illustrated with an
example course in the field of information systems design.", keywords = "Distance education, interaction in education, course
design.", volume = "6", number = "5", pages = "811-7", }
