Influence of Slope Shape and Surface Roughness on the Moving Paths of a Single Rockfall
Rockfall is a kind of irregular geological disaster. Its
destruction time, space and movements are highly random. The impact
force is determined by the way and velocity rocks move. The
movement velocity of a rockfall depends on slope gradient of its
moving paths, height, slope surface roughness and rock shapes. For
effectively mitigate and prevent disasters brought by rockfalls, it is
required to precisely calculate the moving paths of a rockfall so as to
provide the best protective design. This paper applies Colorado
Rockfall Simulation Program (CRSP) as our study tool to discuss the
impact of slope shape and surface roughness on the moving paths of a
single rockfall. The analytical results showed that the slope, m=1:1,
acted as the threshold for rockfall bounce height on a monoclinal slight
slope. When JRC ´╝£ 1.2, movement velocity reduced and bounce
height increased as JCR increased. If slope fixed and JRC increased,
the bounce height of rocks increased gradually with reducing
movement velocity. Therefore, the analysis on the moving paths of
rockfalls with CRSP could simulate bouncing of falling rocks. By
analyzing moving paths, velocity, and bounce height of falling rocks,
we could effectively locate impact points of falling rocks on a slope.
Such analysis can be served as a reference for future disaster
prevention and control.
[1] G. P. Giani, "Rock Slope Stability Analysis," Balkema, Rotterdam, pp.
361, 1992.
[2] T. J. Pfeiffer, and T. D. Bowen, "Computer simulation of rockfalls,"
Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologist, vol. 26, pp.
135-146, 1989.
[3] T. J. Pfeiffer, J. D. Higgin, and R. D. Andrew, "Colorado Rockfall
Simulation Program," User Manual for Version 2.1- Colorado School of
Mines, Golden, CO, 1991.
[4] S. S. Wu, "Rockfall evaluation by computer simulation," Transportation
Research Record 1031, TBR, National Research Council. Washington
D. C., pp. 1-5, 1984.
[5] A. M. Ritchie,"The evaluation of rockfall and its control," Highway
Research Record, No. 17, Washington D.C., pp. 1-5, 1963.
[6] R. M. Ritchie,"Evaluation of rockfalls and its control," Highway
Research Record, No. 17, Washington D.C., pp. 13-28, 1963.
[7] H. Wadell,"Volumn shape and roughness of rock particles," Journal of
Geology, vol. 40, pp. 443-451, 1932.
[8] A. Azzoni, L.G. Barbera, and A. Zaninetti, "Analysis and prediction of
rockfalls using a mathematical model," Int. J.of Rock Mech.Sci. and
Geomech. Abstr., vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 709-724, 1995.
[9] Y. Okura, H. Kitahara, T. Sammori, and A. Kawanami, "The effects of
rockfall volume on runout distance," Engineering Geology vol. 58, pp.
109-124, 2000.
[10] P. G. Fookes, and M. Sweeney, "Stabilization and control of local rock
falls and degrading rock slope," Quarterly J. Engrg. Geology, vol. 9, pp.
37-55, 1976.
[11] I. Statham, "A simple dynamic model of rockfall: some theoretical
principles and field experiments," International Colloquium on Physical
and Geomechanical Models, pp. 237-258, 1979.
[12] P. Paronuzzi, "Probabilistic approach for design optimization of rockfall
protective barriers," Quarterly J. Engrg. Geology, vol. 22, pp. 135-146,
1989.
[13] S. G. Evans, and O. Hungr, "The assessment of rockfall hazard at the
base of talus slopes," Can. Geotech. J, vol. 30, pp. 630-636, 1993.
[14] D. Bozzolo, and R. Pamini, "Simulation of rock falls down a valley
side," Acta Mech., vol. 63, pp. 113-130, 1986.
[15] T. J. Pfeiffer, and T. D. Bowen, "Computer simulation of rockfalls,"
Bull. Ass. Engrg. Geology, vol. 26, pp. 135-146, 1989.
[16] A. Azzoni, G. L. Barbera, and A. Zaninetti, "Analysis and prediction of
rockfalls using a mathematical model," Int. J.of Rock Mech.Sci. and
Geomech. Abstr., vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 709-724, 1995.
[17] A. Azzoni, and M. H. Freitas, "Experimentally gained parameters,
decisive for rockfall analysis," Rock Mech. and Rock Engrg., vol. 28,
No. 2, pp. 111-124, 1995.
[18] S. G. Evans, and O. Hungr, "The assessment of rockfall hazard at the
base of talus slopes," Can. Geotech. J, vol. 30, pp. 630-636, 1993.
[19] Gere, and Timoshenko, Mechanics of Materials, Second Edition,
Appendix E, pp. 1-54, 1980.
[20] N. Barton, and V. Choubey, "The shear strength of rock joints in theory
and practice," Rock Mechanics, vol. 10, pp. 1-54, 1977.
[1] G. P. Giani, "Rock Slope Stability Analysis," Balkema, Rotterdam, pp.
361, 1992.
[2] T. J. Pfeiffer, and T. D. Bowen, "Computer simulation of rockfalls,"
Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologist, vol. 26, pp.
135-146, 1989.
[3] T. J. Pfeiffer, J. D. Higgin, and R. D. Andrew, "Colorado Rockfall
Simulation Program," User Manual for Version 2.1- Colorado School of
Mines, Golden, CO, 1991.
[4] S. S. Wu, "Rockfall evaluation by computer simulation," Transportation
Research Record 1031, TBR, National Research Council. Washington
D. C., pp. 1-5, 1984.
[5] A. M. Ritchie,"The evaluation of rockfall and its control," Highway
Research Record, No. 17, Washington D.C., pp. 1-5, 1963.
[6] R. M. Ritchie,"Evaluation of rockfalls and its control," Highway
Research Record, No. 17, Washington D.C., pp. 13-28, 1963.
[7] H. Wadell,"Volumn shape and roughness of rock particles," Journal of
Geology, vol. 40, pp. 443-451, 1932.
[8] A. Azzoni, L.G. Barbera, and A. Zaninetti, "Analysis and prediction of
rockfalls using a mathematical model," Int. J.of Rock Mech.Sci. and
Geomech. Abstr., vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 709-724, 1995.
[9] Y. Okura, H. Kitahara, T. Sammori, and A. Kawanami, "The effects of
rockfall volume on runout distance," Engineering Geology vol. 58, pp.
109-124, 2000.
[10] P. G. Fookes, and M. Sweeney, "Stabilization and control of local rock
falls and degrading rock slope," Quarterly J. Engrg. Geology, vol. 9, pp.
37-55, 1976.
[11] I. Statham, "A simple dynamic model of rockfall: some theoretical
principles and field experiments," International Colloquium on Physical
and Geomechanical Models, pp. 237-258, 1979.
[12] P. Paronuzzi, "Probabilistic approach for design optimization of rockfall
protective barriers," Quarterly J. Engrg. Geology, vol. 22, pp. 135-146,
1989.
[13] S. G. Evans, and O. Hungr, "The assessment of rockfall hazard at the
base of talus slopes," Can. Geotech. J, vol. 30, pp. 630-636, 1993.
[14] D. Bozzolo, and R. Pamini, "Simulation of rock falls down a valley
side," Acta Mech., vol. 63, pp. 113-130, 1986.
[15] T. J. Pfeiffer, and T. D. Bowen, "Computer simulation of rockfalls,"
Bull. Ass. Engrg. Geology, vol. 26, pp. 135-146, 1989.
[16] A. Azzoni, G. L. Barbera, and A. Zaninetti, "Analysis and prediction of
rockfalls using a mathematical model," Int. J.of Rock Mech.Sci. and
Geomech. Abstr., vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 709-724, 1995.
[17] A. Azzoni, and M. H. Freitas, "Experimentally gained parameters,
decisive for rockfall analysis," Rock Mech. and Rock Engrg., vol. 28,
No. 2, pp. 111-124, 1995.
[18] S. G. Evans, and O. Hungr, "The assessment of rockfall hazard at the
base of talus slopes," Can. Geotech. J, vol. 30, pp. 630-636, 1993.
[19] Gere, and Timoshenko, Mechanics of Materials, Second Edition,
Appendix E, pp. 1-54, 1980.
[20] N. Barton, and V. Choubey, "The shear strength of rock joints in theory
and practice," Rock Mechanics, vol. 10, pp. 1-54, 1977.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:53677", author = "Iau-Teh Wang and Chin-Yu Lee", title = "Influence of Slope Shape and Surface Roughness on the Moving Paths of a Single Rockfall", abstract = "Rockfall is a kind of irregular geological disaster. Its
destruction time, space and movements are highly random. The impact
force is determined by the way and velocity rocks move. The
movement velocity of a rockfall depends on slope gradient of its
moving paths, height, slope surface roughness and rock shapes. For
effectively mitigate and prevent disasters brought by rockfalls, it is
required to precisely calculate the moving paths of a rockfall so as to
provide the best protective design. This paper applies Colorado
Rockfall Simulation Program (CRSP) as our study tool to discuss the
impact of slope shape and surface roughness on the moving paths of a
single rockfall. The analytical results showed that the slope, m=1:1,
acted as the threshold for rockfall bounce height on a monoclinal slight
slope. When JRC ´╝£ 1.2, movement velocity reduced and bounce
height increased as JCR increased. If slope fixed and JRC increased,
the bounce height of rocks increased gradually with reducing
movement velocity. Therefore, the analysis on the moving paths of
rockfalls with CRSP could simulate bouncing of falling rocks. By
analyzing moving paths, velocity, and bounce height of falling rocks,
we could effectively locate impact points of falling rocks on a slope.
Such analysis can be served as a reference for future disaster
prevention and control.", keywords = "Rockfall, Slope Shape, Moving Path, SurfaceRoughness.", volume = "4", number = "5", pages = "104-7", }