Increasing the Resilience of Cyber Physical Systems in Smart Grid Environments using Dynamic Cells
Resilience is an important system property that relies
on the ability of a system to automatically recover from a degraded
state so as to continue providing its services. Resilient systems have
the means of detecting faults and failures with the added capability of
automatically restoring their normal operations. Mastering resilience
in the domain of Cyber-Physical Systems is challenging due to the
interdependence of hybrid hardware and software components, along
with physical limitations, laws, regulations and standards, among
others. In order to overcome these challenges, this paper presents a
modeling approach, based on the concept of Dynamic Cells, tailored
to the management of Smart Grids. Additionally, a heuristic algorithm
that works on top of the proposed modeling approach, to find resilient
configurations, has been defined and implemented. More specifically,
the model supports a flexible representation of Smart Grids and
the algorithm is able to manage, at different abstraction levels, the
resource consumption of individual grid elements on the presence of
failures and faults. Finally, the proposal is evaluated in a test scenario
where the effectiveness of such approach, when dealing with complex
scenarios where adequate solutions are difficult to find, is shown.
1] D. Wachholder and C. Stary, “Enabling emergent behavior in
systems-of-systems through bigraph-based modeling,” in System of
Systems Engineering Conference (SoSE), 2015 10th, may 2015, pp.
334–339.
[2] I. S. Danda B. Rawat Joel J.P.C. Rodrigues, Cyber-Physical Systems:
From Theory to Practice. CRC Press, 2015.
[3] J. Shi, J. Wan, H. Yan, and H. Suo, “A survey of Cyber-Physical
Systems,” 2011 International Conference on Wireless Communications
and Signal Processing, WCSP 2011, 2011.
[4] K. G. S. L. M. P. Gaddadevara Matt Siddesh Ganesh Chandra Deka,
Cyber-Physical Systems: A Computational Perspective. Chapman and
Hall/CRC, 2015.
[5] N. B. M. Isa, T. C. Wei, A.Yatim, and A. H. M. Yatim,
“Smart grid technology: Communications, power electronics and
control system,” in International Conference on Sustainable Energy
Engineering and Application (ICSEEA). IEEE, oct 2015, pp.
10–14. [Online]. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/
wrapper.htm?arnumber=7380737
[6] K. Sampigethaya, R. Poovendran, and T. Br, “Cyber-physical integration
in future aviation information systems,” in 2012 IEEE/AIAA 31st Digital
Avionics Systems Conference (DASC). IEEE, 2012, pp. 7C2—-1.
[7] J. Plourde, D. Arney, and J. M. Goldman, “OpenICE: An open,
interoperable platform for medical cyber-physical systems,” 2014
ACM/IEEE International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems, ICCPS
2014, p. 221, 2014.
[8] S. Karnouskos, “Cyber-physical systems in the SmartGrid,” IEEE
International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), pp. 20–23,
2011.
[9] L. Rogovchenko-Buffoni, A. Tundis, M. Z. Hossain, M. Nyberg,
and P. Fritzson, “An Integrated Toolchain For Model Based
Functional Safety Analysis,” Journal of Computational Science,
vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 408–414, 2014. [Online]. Available: http:
//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2013.08.009
[10] Y. Strengers, “Smart Energy in Everyday Life: Are You Designing
for Resource Man?” interactions, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 24–31, jul 2014.
[Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2621931
[11] H. H. Yan, J. F. Wan, and H. Suo, “Adaptive Resource Management for
Cyber-Physical Systems,” in Mechatronics and Applied Mechanics, ser.
Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 157. Trans Tech Publications,
2012, pp. 747–751.
[12] P. Smith, D. Hutchison, J. P. G. Sterbenz, M. Sch¨oller, A. Fessi,
M. Karaliopoulos, C. Lac, and B. Plattner, “Network resilience: A
systematic approach,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 49, no. 7,
pp. 88–97, 2011.
[13] G. Denker, N. Dutt, S. Mehrotra, M.-O. Stehr, C. Talcott,
and N. Venkatasubramanian, “Resilient dependable cyber-physical
systems: a middleware perspective,” Journal of Internet Services and
Applications, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 41–49, 2012. [Online]. Available:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13174-011-0057-4
[14] M. Amin, “Challenges in reliability, security, efficiency, and resilience of
energy infrastructure: Toward smart self-healing electric power grid,” in
Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery
of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008 IEEE, jul 2008, pp. 1–5.
[15] N. A. S. Abdullah, N. L. M. Noor, and E. N. M. Ibrahim, “Resilient
organization: Modelling the capacity for resilience,” International
Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems, ICRIIS,
vol. 2013, pp. 319–324, 2013.[16] X. Zhao, Z. Zhou, Z. Li, and Z. Qin, “Redundancy deployment
strategy based on energy balance for wireless sensor networks,”
in Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT), 2012
International Symposium on, oct 2012, pp. 702–706.
[17] E. Rodriguez-Diaz, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero, “Intelligent
DC Homes in Future Sustainable Energy Systems: When efficiency
and intelligence work together.” IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine,
vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 74–80, jan 2016.
[18] P. Smith and A. Schaeffer-Filho, “Management Patterns for Smart Grid
Resilience,” in Service Oriented System Engineering (SOSE), 2014 IEEE
8th International Symposium on, apr 2014, pp. 415–416.
[19] D. Seo, H. Lee, and A. Perrig, “Secure and Efficient Capability-Based
Power Management in the Smart Grid,” in Parallel and Distributed
Processing with Applications Workshops (ISPAW), 2011 Ninth IEEE
International Symposium on, may 2011, pp. 119–126.
[20] A. Pahwa, S. A. DeLoach, B. Natarajan, S. Das, A. R. Malekpour, S. M.
Shafiul Alam, and D. M. Case, “Goal-Based Holonic Multiagent System
for Operation of Power Distribution Systems,” IEEE Transactions on
Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 2510–2518, 2015.
[21] C. M. Colson, M. H. Nehrir, and R. W. Gunderson, “Distributed
multi-agent microgrids: A decentralized approach to resilient power
system self-healing,” Proceedings - ISRCS 2011: 4th International
Symposium on Resilient Control Systems, pp. 83–88, 2011.
[22] A. Berns and S. Ghosh, “Dissecting Self- * Properties,” 2009 Third IEEE
International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems,
pp. 10–19, 2009.
[23] D. E. Olivares, A. Mehrizi-Sani, A. H. Etemadi, C. A. Ca˜nizares,
R. Iravani, M. Kazerani, A. H. Hajimiragha, O. Gomis-Bellmunt,
M. Saeedifard, R. Palma-Behnke, G. A. Jim´enez-Est´evez, and N. D.
Hatziargyriou, “Trends in Microgrid Control,” IEEE Transactions on
Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1905–1919, 2014.
[24] A. Koestler, The Ghost in the Machine. Macmillan, 1967.
[25] M. Calabrese, A. Amato, V. di Lecce, and V. Piuri,
“Hierarchical-granularity holonic modelling,” Journal of Ambient
Intelligence and Humanized Computing, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 199–209,
2010.
[26] P. Legato and R. Mazza, “A Simulation Optimization based Approach
for Team Building in Cyber Security,” Journal of Simulation and Process
Modelling, 2015.
[27] M. Erol-Kantarci and H. T. Mouftah, “Energy-Efficient Information
and Communication Infrastructures in the Smart Grid: A Survey on
Interactions and Open Issues,” IEEE Communications Surveys and
Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 179–197, 2015.
[28] A. Hahn and M. Govindarasu, “Cyber attack exposure evaluation
framework for the smart grid,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 2,
no. 4, pp. 835–843, 2011.
[29] C. Cecati, C. Citro, A. Piccolo, and P. Siano, “Smart operation of wind
turbines and diesel generators according to economic criteria,” IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 4514–4525,
2011.
[30] V. C. Gungor, D. Sahin, T. Kocak, S. Ergut, C. Buccella, C. Cecati, and
G. P. Hancke, “Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technologies
and Standards,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 7,
no. 4, pp. 529–539, nov 2011. [Online]. Available: http://ieeexplore.
ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=6011696
[31] R. M. Oviedo, F. Ramos, S. Gormus, P. Kulkarni, and
M. Sooriyabandara, “A comparison of centralized and distributed
monitoring architectures in the smart grid,” IEEE Systems Journal,
vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 832–844, 2013.
[32] S. Ramchurn, P. Vytelingum, A. Rogers, and N. Jennings, “Agent-Based
Control for Decentralised Demand Side Management in the Smart
Grid,” AAMAS ‘11, Taipei,, pp. 5–12, 2011. [Online]. Available:
http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/271985/
[33] A. Vaccaro, V. Loia, G. Formato, P. Wall, and V. Terzija, “A
Self-Organizing Architecture for Decentralized Smart Microgrids
Synchronization, Control, and Monitoring,” IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Informatics, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 289–298, feb 2015.
[Online]. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.
htm?arnumber=6863653
[34] S. Chouhan, J. Ghorbani, H. Inan, A. Feliachi, and M. A. Choudhry,
“Smart MAS restoration for distribution system with Microgrids,” IEEE
Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2013.
[35] A. Felix, H. S. V. S. K. Nunna, S. Doolla, and A. Shukla, “Multi agent
based restoration for smart distribution system with microgrids,” 2015
IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, ECCE 2015, pp.
2341–2347, 2015.
[36] A. Barbato, A. Capone, L. Chen, F. Martignon, and S. Paris,
“A distributed demand-side management framework for the smart
grid,” Computer Communications, vol. 57, pp. 13–24, 2015. [Online].
Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2014.11.001
[37] R. Deng, Z. Yang, F. Hou, M.-Y. Chow, and J. Chen, “Distributed
Real-Time Demand Response in Multiseller–Multibuyer Smart
Distribution Grid,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 30, no. 5,
pp. 2364–2374, 2015.
1] D. Wachholder and C. Stary, “Enabling emergent behavior in
systems-of-systems through bigraph-based modeling,” in System of
Systems Engineering Conference (SoSE), 2015 10th, may 2015, pp.
334–339.
[2] I. S. Danda B. Rawat Joel J.P.C. Rodrigues, Cyber-Physical Systems:
From Theory to Practice. CRC Press, 2015.
[3] J. Shi, J. Wan, H. Yan, and H. Suo, “A survey of Cyber-Physical
Systems,” 2011 International Conference on Wireless Communications
and Signal Processing, WCSP 2011, 2011.
[4] K. G. S. L. M. P. Gaddadevara Matt Siddesh Ganesh Chandra Deka,
Cyber-Physical Systems: A Computational Perspective. Chapman and
Hall/CRC, 2015.
[5] N. B. M. Isa, T. C. Wei, A.Yatim, and A. H. M. Yatim,
“Smart grid technology: Communications, power electronics and
control system,” in International Conference on Sustainable Energy
Engineering and Application (ICSEEA). IEEE, oct 2015, pp.
10–14. [Online]. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/
wrapper.htm?arnumber=7380737
[6] K. Sampigethaya, R. Poovendran, and T. Br, “Cyber-physical integration
in future aviation information systems,” in 2012 IEEE/AIAA 31st Digital
Avionics Systems Conference (DASC). IEEE, 2012, pp. 7C2—-1.
[7] J. Plourde, D. Arney, and J. M. Goldman, “OpenICE: An open,
interoperable platform for medical cyber-physical systems,” 2014
ACM/IEEE International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems, ICCPS
2014, p. 221, 2014.
[8] S. Karnouskos, “Cyber-physical systems in the SmartGrid,” IEEE
International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN), pp. 20–23,
2011.
[9] L. Rogovchenko-Buffoni, A. Tundis, M. Z. Hossain, M. Nyberg,
and P. Fritzson, “An Integrated Toolchain For Model Based
Functional Safety Analysis,” Journal of Computational Science,
vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 408–414, 2014. [Online]. Available: http:
//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2013.08.009
[10] Y. Strengers, “Smart Energy in Everyday Life: Are You Designing
for Resource Man?” interactions, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 24–31, jul 2014.
[Online]. Available: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2621931
[11] H. H. Yan, J. F. Wan, and H. Suo, “Adaptive Resource Management for
Cyber-Physical Systems,” in Mechatronics and Applied Mechanics, ser.
Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 157. Trans Tech Publications,
2012, pp. 747–751.
[12] P. Smith, D. Hutchison, J. P. G. Sterbenz, M. Sch¨oller, A. Fessi,
M. Karaliopoulos, C. Lac, and B. Plattner, “Network resilience: A
systematic approach,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 49, no. 7,
pp. 88–97, 2011.
[13] G. Denker, N. Dutt, S. Mehrotra, M.-O. Stehr, C. Talcott,
and N. Venkatasubramanian, “Resilient dependable cyber-physical
systems: a middleware perspective,” Journal of Internet Services and
Applications, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 41–49, 2012. [Online]. Available:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13174-011-0057-4
[14] M. Amin, “Challenges in reliability, security, efficiency, and resilience of
energy infrastructure: Toward smart self-healing electric power grid,” in
Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery
of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008 IEEE, jul 2008, pp. 1–5.
[15] N. A. S. Abdullah, N. L. M. Noor, and E. N. M. Ibrahim, “Resilient
organization: Modelling the capacity for resilience,” International
Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems, ICRIIS,
vol. 2013, pp. 319–324, 2013.[16] X. Zhao, Z. Zhou, Z. Li, and Z. Qin, “Redundancy deployment
strategy based on energy balance for wireless sensor networks,”
in Communications and Information Technologies (ISCIT), 2012
International Symposium on, oct 2012, pp. 702–706.
[17] E. Rodriguez-Diaz, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero, “Intelligent
DC Homes in Future Sustainable Energy Systems: When efficiency
and intelligence work together.” IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine,
vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 74–80, jan 2016.
[18] P. Smith and A. Schaeffer-Filho, “Management Patterns for Smart Grid
Resilience,” in Service Oriented System Engineering (SOSE), 2014 IEEE
8th International Symposium on, apr 2014, pp. 415–416.
[19] D. Seo, H. Lee, and A. Perrig, “Secure and Efficient Capability-Based
Power Management in the Smart Grid,” in Parallel and Distributed
Processing with Applications Workshops (ISPAW), 2011 Ninth IEEE
International Symposium on, may 2011, pp. 119–126.
[20] A. Pahwa, S. A. DeLoach, B. Natarajan, S. Das, A. R. Malekpour, S. M.
Shafiul Alam, and D. M. Case, “Goal-Based Holonic Multiagent System
for Operation of Power Distribution Systems,” IEEE Transactions on
Smart Grid, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 2510–2518, 2015.
[21] C. M. Colson, M. H. Nehrir, and R. W. Gunderson, “Distributed
multi-agent microgrids: A decentralized approach to resilient power
system self-healing,” Proceedings - ISRCS 2011: 4th International
Symposium on Resilient Control Systems, pp. 83–88, 2011.
[22] A. Berns and S. Ghosh, “Dissecting Self- * Properties,” 2009 Third IEEE
International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems,
pp. 10–19, 2009.
[23] D. E. Olivares, A. Mehrizi-Sani, A. H. Etemadi, C. A. Ca˜nizares,
R. Iravani, M. Kazerani, A. H. Hajimiragha, O. Gomis-Bellmunt,
M. Saeedifard, R. Palma-Behnke, G. A. Jim´enez-Est´evez, and N. D.
Hatziargyriou, “Trends in Microgrid Control,” IEEE Transactions on
Smart Grid, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1905–1919, 2014.
[24] A. Koestler, The Ghost in the Machine. Macmillan, 1967.
[25] M. Calabrese, A. Amato, V. di Lecce, and V. Piuri,
“Hierarchical-granularity holonic modelling,” Journal of Ambient
Intelligence and Humanized Computing, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 199–209,
2010.
[26] P. Legato and R. Mazza, “A Simulation Optimization based Approach
for Team Building in Cyber Security,” Journal of Simulation and Process
Modelling, 2015.
[27] M. Erol-Kantarci and H. T. Mouftah, “Energy-Efficient Information
and Communication Infrastructures in the Smart Grid: A Survey on
Interactions and Open Issues,” IEEE Communications Surveys and
Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 179–197, 2015.
[28] A. Hahn and M. Govindarasu, “Cyber attack exposure evaluation
framework for the smart grid,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 2,
no. 4, pp. 835–843, 2011.
[29] C. Cecati, C. Citro, A. Piccolo, and P. Siano, “Smart operation of wind
turbines and diesel generators according to economic criteria,” IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 4514–4525,
2011.
[30] V. C. Gungor, D. Sahin, T. Kocak, S. Ergut, C. Buccella, C. Cecati, and
G. P. Hancke, “Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technologies
and Standards,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, vol. 7,
no. 4, pp. 529–539, nov 2011. [Online]. Available: http://ieeexplore.
ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=6011696
[31] R. M. Oviedo, F. Ramos, S. Gormus, P. Kulkarni, and
M. Sooriyabandara, “A comparison of centralized and distributed
monitoring architectures in the smart grid,” IEEE Systems Journal,
vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 832–844, 2013.
[32] S. Ramchurn, P. Vytelingum, A. Rogers, and N. Jennings, “Agent-Based
Control for Decentralised Demand Side Management in the Smart
Grid,” AAMAS ‘11, Taipei,, pp. 5–12, 2011. [Online]. Available:
http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/271985/
[33] A. Vaccaro, V. Loia, G. Formato, P. Wall, and V. Terzija, “A
Self-Organizing Architecture for Decentralized Smart Microgrids
Synchronization, Control, and Monitoring,” IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Informatics, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 289–298, feb 2015.
[Online]. Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.
htm?arnumber=6863653
[34] S. Chouhan, J. Ghorbani, H. Inan, A. Feliachi, and M. A. Choudhry,
“Smart MAS restoration for distribution system with Microgrids,” IEEE
Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2013.
[35] A. Felix, H. S. V. S. K. Nunna, S. Doolla, and A. Shukla, “Multi agent
based restoration for smart distribution system with microgrids,” 2015
IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, ECCE 2015, pp.
2341–2347, 2015.
[36] A. Barbato, A. Capone, L. Chen, F. Martignon, and S. Paris,
“A distributed demand-side management framework for the smart
grid,” Computer Communications, vol. 57, pp. 13–24, 2015. [Online].
Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2014.11.001
[37] R. Deng, Z. Yang, F. Hou, M.-Y. Chow, and J. Chen, “Distributed
Real-Time Demand Response in Multiseller–Multibuyer Smart
Distribution Grid,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 30, no. 5,
pp. 2364–2374, 2015.
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:75591", author = "Andrea Tundis and Carlos García Cordero and Rolf Egert and Alfredo Garro and Max Mühlhäuser", title = "Increasing the Resilience of Cyber Physical Systems in Smart Grid Environments using Dynamic Cells", abstract = "Resilience is an important system property that relies
on the ability of a system to automatically recover from a degraded
state so as to continue providing its services. Resilient systems have
the means of detecting faults and failures with the added capability of
automatically restoring their normal operations. Mastering resilience
in the domain of Cyber-Physical Systems is challenging due to the
interdependence of hybrid hardware and software components, along
with physical limitations, laws, regulations and standards, among
others. In order to overcome these challenges, this paper presents a
modeling approach, based on the concept of Dynamic Cells, tailored
to the management of Smart Grids. Additionally, a heuristic algorithm
that works on top of the proposed modeling approach, to find resilient
configurations, has been defined and implemented. More specifically,
the model supports a flexible representation of Smart Grids and
the algorithm is able to manage, at different abstraction levels, the
resource consumption of individual grid elements on the presence of
failures and faults. Finally, the proposal is evaluated in a test scenario
where the effectiveness of such approach, when dealing with complex
scenarios where adequate solutions are difficult to find, is shown.", keywords = "Cyber-physical systems, energy management,
optimization, smart grids, self-healing, resilience, security.", volume = "11", number = "1", pages = "125-12", }
